Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Mezopotamya’da Bir İngiliz Kadın Ajanı: Gertrude Bell ve Tarihsel Rolü

Year 2025, Issue: 47, 88 - 98, 26.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2025-1575845

Abstract

Irak’ın zengin petrol rezervleri, ticaret yollarına hâkimiyeti ve tarıma elverişli geniş zirai alanları emperyalist devletlerin bu bölgeye yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Ortadoğu’daki ticari ve siyasi menfaatleri nedeniyle bölgedeki varlığını daim kılmak isteyen İngiltere, Osmanlı Devleti’nden hoşnut olmayan Arap kabileleri ve aşiretleriyle doğrudan irtibata geçmiştir. Bu süreçte kullanmış olduğu yöntemlerden birisi de misyoner, arkeolog ve seyyah gibi ünvanlarla çalışan ajanları vasıtasıyla bölgede yürütülen istihbarat faaliyetleridir. “Çöl Kraliçesi” namıyla ünlenen Gertrude Bell (1868-1926) bu isimlerin başında gelmektedir. İngiltere, sömürge yolları üzerinde bulunan Irak coğrafyasını istihbarat uzmanları vasıtasıyla detaylı bir şekilde etüt ederek, kendi konumunu güçlendirici bir siyaset tayinine çabalamıştır. Gertrude Bell, Arap coğrafyasındaki kabile ve aşiretlerin haritalarını ve özelliklerini belirleyerek, yerel güçleri Türklere karşı İngiltere’nin yanında yer almaya ikna etmeye çalışmıştır. Newcastle Üniversitesi’ndeki Gertrude Bell Archive’da 1874-1926 yılları arasında yazılmış 1600 mektubundan ve 1877-1919 yılları arasında yazılmış günlüklerinden onun bu çalışmalarını takip etmek mümkündür. 1900’lü yılların başlarından itibaren Arap bölgesinde gerçekleştirdiği seyahatlerde demografik yapı, siyasal dinamikler ve mezhepsel ayrımlara odaklanmış; aşiretlerin bölgesel stratejik önemi hakkında değerli istihbarat bilgileri sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, mezhepsel ve etnik yapıyı analiz ederek, kabilelerin birbirleriyle, merkezi yönetimle ve yabancılarla olan ilişkilerini tespit etmek için çaba göstermiştir.

References

  • 1. Newcastle University Gertrude Bell Archive (http:gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk) google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Stepmother, Dame FLorence Bell, Jerusalem, 2 March 1900. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Stepmother, Dame Florence Bell, 12 February 1905. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Stepmother, Dame Florence Bell, 21 May 1911. google scholar
  • Diary Entry by Gertrude Bell, 2 March 1914. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Basra, 11 August 1916. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Basra, 10 March 1917. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Bağdat, 7 February 1921. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Bağdat, 8 JuLy 1921. google scholar
  • ALLawi, ALi A.: Irak Kralı I. Faysal, Trans. Hakan Abacı, Türkiye İş Bankası Publishing, İstanbul, 2016. google scholar
  • BeLL, Gertrude L.: Mezopotamya’da 1915-1920 Sivil Yönetimi, Trans. Vedii İlmen, Yaba Publishing, İstanbul, 2004. google scholar
  • BodLey, R. - Hearst, L.: Gertrude Bell, Macmillan, First Printing, New York, 1940. google scholar
  • Cox, Percy - CLayton, GiLbert - Bell Hugh and Goodenough, William: “Gertrude BeLL’s Journey to Hayil: Discussion”, The Geographical Journal, VoL. 70, No. 1, JuLy, 1927, pp. 17-25. google scholar
  • Dougherty, Raymond P.: “Miss Gertrude L. BeLL”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 23 (Oct., 1926), pp. 28-29. google scholar
  • GoLdschmidt, Arthur; Davidson, Jr. Lawrence: A Concise History of The Middle East, Westview Publishing, CoLorado, 2006. google scholar
  • Hogarth, D. G.: “Gertrude Bell’s Journey to Hayil “, The Geographical Journal, VoL. 70, No. 1, July 1927, pp. 1-17. google scholar
  • Karaca, Taha Niyazi: Sınırları Çizen Kadın-İngiliz Casus Gertrude Bell, Kronik Publishing, İstanbuL, 2018. google scholar
  • KoloğLu, Orhan: Lawrence Efsanesi, Yeditepe Publishing, İstanbul, 2018. google scholar
  • Köse, Osman: “Hindistan’dan İngilizLeri Kovma ve Yeni Bir Sömürge Kurmaya Yönelik Proje: Fransa - Rusya Gizli Görüşmeleri (1800)”, History Studies, VoL.4, No.3, October 2012, pp. 83-96. google scholar
  • Lawrence, T. E.: Çölde İsyan Osmanlı Ortadoğu’yu Nasıl Kaybetti?, Trans. Oğuz Satır, Kronik PubLishing., İstanbuL, 2023. google scholar
  • Mansfield, Peter: Ortadoğu Tarihi, Trans. Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal, Sal Publishing, İstanbul, 2012. google scholar
  • MeYer, Kari E. - B. Brysac, Shareen: Ortadoğu Tarihi-Kral Yaratanlar, Trans. Emine Eminel, Ankara, 2016. google scholar
  • Monroe, ELizabeth: “Gertrude BeLL (1868-1926)”, Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), VoL. 7, No. 1 (1980), pp. 3-23. google scholar
  • NeviLLe, Peter: Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy, Scarecrow Publishing, PLYmouth, 2013. google scholar
  • O’Brien, Rosemary: Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries, 1913-1914, Syracuse University Publishing, 2000. google scholar
  • RİYad N. Er-ReYYİs: OsmanlInın Çöküş Döneminde Arap Casusları, Trans. D. Ahsen Batur, SeLenge Publishing İstanbul, 2006. google scholar
  • Şahin, İsmail - Şahin, Cemile - Yüce Samet: “Birinci DünYa Savaşı Sonrası İngiltere’nin Irak’ta Devlet Kurma Çabaları”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Vol. 8, No. 15, Winter 2014, pp.,105-132. google scholar
  • Wallach, Janet: Çöl Kraliçesi, Trans. Püren Özgören, Can Publishing, İstanbul, 2004. google scholar
  • Yozgat, NazmİYe - Kartın, Cengiz: “Arap Bürosu’nun Gizli Raporları: Arap Bülteni”, Sinop UniversityJournal of Social Sciences, Vol.5, Issue 2, 2021, pp.247-286. google scholar
  • Yurdakul, Nurcan Özkaplan: İngiltere Ortadoğu’ya Nasıl Girdi?, Kronik Publishing, İstanbul, 2021. google scholar

A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role

Year 2025, Issue: 47, 88 - 98, 26.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2025-1575845

Abstract

Iraq’s rich petroleum reserves, control over trade routes, and vast agricultural lands suitable for cultivation have drawn the attention of imperialist powers to the region. Due to its commercial and political interests in the Middle East, Britain sought to maintain its presence in the area and established direct contact with Arab tribes and clans that were dissatisfied with the Ottoman Empire. One of the methods employed in this process was the use of intelligence activities carried out by agents working under the guise of missionaries, archaeologists, and travelers. Among the most notable of these figures is Gertrude Bell (1868–1926), known as the “Queen of the Desert.” The British Empire aimed to thoroughly study the geography of Iraq, which lay along its colonial routes, through intelligence specialists in order to shape policies that would strengthen its position. Gertrude Bell attempted to map out the tribes and clans of the Arab world, identifying their characteristics and working to persuade local powers to side with Britain against the Turks. Her efforts can be traced through over 1,600 letters written between 1874 and 1926 and diaries kept between 1877 and 1919, which are preserved in the Gertrude Bell Archive at Newcastle University. Starting from the early 1900s, her travels throughout the Arab region focused on demographic structures, political dynamics, and sectarian divisions. She provided valuable intelligence regarding the regional strategic importance of various tribes. Furthermore, she analyzed sectarian and ethnic structures, striving to determine the relationships between the tribes, central authorities, and foreign actors.

References

  • 1. Newcastle University Gertrude Bell Archive (http:gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk) google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Stepmother, Dame FLorence Bell, Jerusalem, 2 March 1900. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Stepmother, Dame Florence Bell, 12 February 1905. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Stepmother, Dame Florence Bell, 21 May 1911. google scholar
  • Diary Entry by Gertrude Bell, 2 March 1914. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Basra, 11 August 1916. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Basra, 10 March 1917. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Bağdat, 7 February 1921. google scholar
  • Letter from Gertrude Bell to Her Father, Sir Hugh Bell, Bağdat, 8 JuLy 1921. google scholar
  • ALLawi, ALi A.: Irak Kralı I. Faysal, Trans. Hakan Abacı, Türkiye İş Bankası Publishing, İstanbul, 2016. google scholar
  • BeLL, Gertrude L.: Mezopotamya’da 1915-1920 Sivil Yönetimi, Trans. Vedii İlmen, Yaba Publishing, İstanbul, 2004. google scholar
  • BodLey, R. - Hearst, L.: Gertrude Bell, Macmillan, First Printing, New York, 1940. google scholar
  • Cox, Percy - CLayton, GiLbert - Bell Hugh and Goodenough, William: “Gertrude BeLL’s Journey to Hayil: Discussion”, The Geographical Journal, VoL. 70, No. 1, JuLy, 1927, pp. 17-25. google scholar
  • Dougherty, Raymond P.: “Miss Gertrude L. BeLL”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 23 (Oct., 1926), pp. 28-29. google scholar
  • GoLdschmidt, Arthur; Davidson, Jr. Lawrence: A Concise History of The Middle East, Westview Publishing, CoLorado, 2006. google scholar
  • Hogarth, D. G.: “Gertrude Bell’s Journey to Hayil “, The Geographical Journal, VoL. 70, No. 1, July 1927, pp. 1-17. google scholar
  • Karaca, Taha Niyazi: Sınırları Çizen Kadın-İngiliz Casus Gertrude Bell, Kronik Publishing, İstanbuL, 2018. google scholar
  • KoloğLu, Orhan: Lawrence Efsanesi, Yeditepe Publishing, İstanbul, 2018. google scholar
  • Köse, Osman: “Hindistan’dan İngilizLeri Kovma ve Yeni Bir Sömürge Kurmaya Yönelik Proje: Fransa - Rusya Gizli Görüşmeleri (1800)”, History Studies, VoL.4, No.3, October 2012, pp. 83-96. google scholar
  • Lawrence, T. E.: Çölde İsyan Osmanlı Ortadoğu’yu Nasıl Kaybetti?, Trans. Oğuz Satır, Kronik PubLishing., İstanbuL, 2023. google scholar
  • Mansfield, Peter: Ortadoğu Tarihi, Trans. Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal, Sal Publishing, İstanbul, 2012. google scholar
  • MeYer, Kari E. - B. Brysac, Shareen: Ortadoğu Tarihi-Kral Yaratanlar, Trans. Emine Eminel, Ankara, 2016. google scholar
  • Monroe, ELizabeth: “Gertrude BeLL (1868-1926)”, Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), VoL. 7, No. 1 (1980), pp. 3-23. google scholar
  • NeviLLe, Peter: Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy, Scarecrow Publishing, PLYmouth, 2013. google scholar
  • O’Brien, Rosemary: Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries, 1913-1914, Syracuse University Publishing, 2000. google scholar
  • RİYad N. Er-ReYYİs: OsmanlInın Çöküş Döneminde Arap Casusları, Trans. D. Ahsen Batur, SeLenge Publishing İstanbul, 2006. google scholar
  • Şahin, İsmail - Şahin, Cemile - Yüce Samet: “Birinci DünYa Savaşı Sonrası İngiltere’nin Irak’ta Devlet Kurma Çabaları”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Vol. 8, No. 15, Winter 2014, pp.,105-132. google scholar
  • Wallach, Janet: Çöl Kraliçesi, Trans. Püren Özgören, Can Publishing, İstanbul, 2004. google scholar
  • Yozgat, NazmİYe - Kartın, Cengiz: “Arap Bürosu’nun Gizli Raporları: Arap Bülteni”, Sinop UniversityJournal of Social Sciences, Vol.5, Issue 2, 2021, pp.247-286. google scholar
  • Yurdakul, Nurcan Özkaplan: İngiltere Ortadoğu’ya Nasıl Girdi?, Kronik Publishing, İstanbul, 2021. google scholar
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Turkish History (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cemile Şahin 0000-0001-9989-8903

Nejla Dogan 0000-0003-4104-9700

Publication Date June 26, 2025
Submission Date October 29, 2024
Acceptance Date April 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 47

Cite

APA Şahin, C., & Dogan, N. (2025). A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role. Recent Period Turkish Studies(47), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2025-1575845
AMA Şahin C, Dogan N. A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role. Recent Period Turkish Studies. June 2025;(47):88-98. doi:10.26650/YTA2025-1575845
Chicago Şahin, Cemile, and Nejla Dogan. “A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and Her Historical Role”. Recent Period Turkish Studies, no. 47 (June 2025): 88-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2025-1575845.
EndNote Şahin C, Dogan N (June 1, 2025) A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role. Recent Period Turkish Studies 47 88–98.
IEEE C. Şahin and N. Dogan, “A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role”, Recent Period Turkish Studies, no. 47, pp. 88–98, June2025, doi: 10.26650/YTA2025-1575845.
ISNAD Şahin, Cemile - Dogan, Nejla. “A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and Her Historical Role”. Recent Period Turkish Studies 47 (June2025), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2025-1575845.
JAMA Şahin C, Dogan N. A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role. Recent Period Turkish Studies. 2025;:88–98.
MLA Şahin, Cemile and Nejla Dogan. “A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and Her Historical Role”. Recent Period Turkish Studies, no. 47, 2025, pp. 88-98, doi:10.26650/YTA2025-1575845.
Vancouver Şahin C, Dogan N. A British Woman Agent in Mesopotamia: Gertrude Bell and her Historical Role. Recent Period Turkish Studies. 2025(47):88-9.