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Sosyal Franchising Sistemine Yönelik Teorik Bir İnceleme

Year 2023, , 31 - 49, 11.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1307418

Abstract

Çalışmanın konusunu, sosyal girişimleri büyütmek ve ölçeklendirmek için bir yöntem olan sosyal franchising sistemi oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, sosyal girişimleri ve sosyal franchising’i açıklamaya ve anlamaya yönelik bir değerlendirme sunarak sosyal franchising konusundaki bilgileri derinleştirmeye yardımcı olmaktır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle, sosyal girişimcilik kavramı tanımlanmıştır. Daha sonra sosyal franchising kavramı tanımlanarak sosyal franchising ile ticari franchising arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar ele alınmış, sosyal girişimlerin sosyal franchising sistemi içerisinde yer almalarının sağlayacağı avantajlar belirtilmiştir. Çalışmada son olarak, kavramın teorik açıdan daha iyi anlaşılması adına sosyal franchising’i açıklamaya yönelik teorilere yer verilmiştir. Söz konusu teoriler Kaynak Kıtlığı Teorisi, Vekalet Teorisi ve Sosyal Sermaye Teorisidir. Bu doğrultuda sosyal franchising kavramı, belirtilen teoriler ışığında incelenmiş, her bir teorinin sosyal franchising kavramını ne ölçüde açıkladığı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın, sosyal franchisingle ilgili kavramsal bir çerçeve sunarak alan yazına, sosyal girişimlerin ve sosyal franchising’in karşı karşıya olduğu finansal ve sürdürülebilirlik konularındaki kısıtlılıkları açıklamak ve bu kısıtlılıkların üstesinden gelmek için yapılması gerekenler noktasında rehberlik ederek de uygulayıcılara katkı sunması beklenmektedir.

References

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  • Amies, M. (2000). Nor-for-profit franchising?. FranchisingWorld,32(6), 38–39.
  • Amin, A., Cameron, A., & Hudson, R. (2002). Placing the social economy. (1st Edition ). Routledge İmprint. Beckmann, M., & Zeyen, A. (2014). Franchising as a strategy for combining small and large group avantages (logics) in social entrepreneurship: A hayekian perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(3). 502–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012470 758
  • Berelowitz, D., Richardson, M., & Towner, M. (2013, September). Realising the potential of social replication. Research for The Big Lottery Fund by The International Centre for Social Franchising ,11. http://www.socialimpactconsulting.org.uk/uploads/1/0/1/8/10187028/big_lottery_social_replication_research.pdf
  • Beyeler, N., York De La Cruz, A., & Montagu, D. (2013). The impact of clinical social franchising on health services in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One, 8(4), e60669. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0060669
  • Bishai, D., Chakraborty, N. M., Walker, D., Foundation, M. G., & Brieger, W. (2008).Social franchising to improve quality and access in private health care in developing countries.Harvard Health Policy Review, 9(1),184-197.
  • Burt, R. S. (1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social Networks, 9(4), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(97)00003-8
  • Gastrogiovanni, G. J., Combs, J. G., & Justis, R. T. (2006). Resource scarcity and agency theory predictions concerning the continued use of franchising in multi-outlet networks. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00152.x
  • Cebeci, R. (2005). Franchising rehberi̇. 4. Kosgeb Girişimciliği Geliştirme Merkezi: Ankara.
  • Sözen, C., & Basım, N. (2017). Örgüt Kuramları. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Christie, M. J., & Honig, B. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: New research findings. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.003
  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Commentary : social institutions and social theory. American Social Review, 55(3), 333–339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095759.
  • Combs, J. G., & Ketchen, D. J. (1999). Can capital scarcity help agency theory explain franchising? Revisiting the capital scarcity hypothesis.Academy of Management Journal, 42(2),196–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/257092
  • Cumberland, D. M., & Litalien, B. C. (2018). Social franchising: a systematic review. Journal of Marketing Cannels, 25(3), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046669x.2019.1657757
  • Dant, R. (1995). Motivations for Franchising: Rhetoric Versus Reality. International Small Business Journal , 14, 10–32.
  • Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. (2006). Framing a theory of social entrepreneurship: building on two schools of practice and thought, Research on Social Entrepreneurship. Arnova Occasional Paper Series,1(3), 39–44.
  • Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Social enterprise in Europe: a the crossroads of market, public policies and third sector. Policy and Society,29(3),231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.07.002
  • Dess, J. G. (1998). The Meaning of social entrepreneurship. Journal of Educational Sociology, 13(9), 4-5. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261721
  • Du toit, A.(2017). An introduction to social franchising(p.640).Handbook of Research on Franchising. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364181
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
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  • Giudici, A., Combs, J. G., Cannatelli, B. L., & Smith, B. R. (2020). Successful scaling in social franchising: The case of Impact Hub. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(2), 288314.https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587188015
  • Hoffman, R. & Preble, J. (1991). Franchising: Selecting a strategy for rapid growth. Long Range Planning , 24(4), 74–85.
  • Hurley, K. (2016). From social enterprise to social franchise: an introductory guide to achieving scale through replication(p.24-39). Centre For Social Innovation. https://socialinnovation.org/from-social-enterprise-to-social-franchise-an-introductory-guide-to-achieving-scale-through-replication/.
  • İçli, G., & Anıl, N. (2017). Franchising kavramının dönüşümü: sosyal franchising. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 39. (ISSN: 2146-3417 / E-ISSN:2587-2052 )
  • Katz, R. & Page, A. (2010). Symposium: the role of social enterprise. Vermont Law Review, 35(2003) 1–48.
  • Kaufmann, P. J., & Dant, R. P. (1999). Franchising and the domain of entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1),5–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00095-5
  • Koehlmoos, T. P., Gazi, R., Hossain, S. S., & Zaman, K. (2009). The effect of social franchising on access to and quality of health services in low-and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 1, CD007136.
  • Koka, B. R., & Prescott, J. E. (2002). Strategic alliances as social capital: a multidimensional view.Strategic Management Journal, 23(9), 795–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.252
  • Lafontaine, F., & Blair, D. (2009). The evolution of franchising and franchise contracts: evidence from The United States. Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal,3(2), 381-383.
  • Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: a source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1),36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
  • Martin, R.L., & Osberg, S.(2007). Social Entrepreneurship: the case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, 34-36.
  • Mendell, M. (2010). Reflections on the evolving landscape of social enterprise in North America. Policy and Society, 29(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.07.003
  • Montagu, D. (2002).Review article: Franchising of health services in low-income countries. Health Policy and Planning, 17(2), 121.
  • Mumtaz, Z. (2018). Social franchising: whatever happened to old-fashioned notions of evi-dence-based practice?. The Lancet Global Health, 6(2), 130–131.
  • Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
  • Naatu, F., & Alon, I. (2019). Social franchising: bibliyometrik ve teorik bir inceleme.Journal of promotion management, 25,738-7645. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1584777
  • Neilsen E.H., & Rao M.V.H. (1987). The strategy-legitimacy nexus: a thick description. Academy of Management Review , 12(3), 523–533.
  • Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010).The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
  • Nijmeijer, K. J. (2014). Making franchising in healthcare work. Instituut Beleid en Management Gezondheidszorg (iBMG). http://repub.eur.nl/pub/77225/
  • Norton, S.W. (1988). Franchising, brand name capital, and the entrepreneurial capacity problem. Strategic Management Journal 9,105–114.
  • Oxenfeldt, A.R., & Kelly, A.O. (1968). Will successful franchise systems ultimately become wholly-owned chain. Journal of Retailing,44(4), 69–87.
  • Patouillard, E., Goodman, C. A., Hanson, K. G., & Mills, A. J. (2007). Can working with the private for-profit sector improve utilization of quality health services by the poor? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal for Equity in Health, 6(1), 17. https://doi:10.1186/1475- 9276-6-17
  • Penn-Kekana, L., Powell-Jackson, T., Haemmerli, M., Dutt, V., Lange, I. L., Mahapatra, A., & Shukla, V. (2018). Process evaluation of a social franchising model to improvematernal health: evidence from a multi-methods study in Uttar Pradesh, India. Implementation Science, 13(1), 1–15.
  • Pfeffer, J. (1993). Barriers to the advance of organizational science: paradigm development as a dependent variable. The Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 599-620. https://doi.org/10.2307/258592
  • Piggot, C. (2004). Up, up and away. The possibilities of social franchis-ing.Social Enterprise,3, 8–10.
  • Pinnell, N. (2008). Best practices in social and private enterprise franchising. BALTA Golden Mussel Project. Literature Review, 3 ,3-5.
  • Raz, K.G. (2012). Toward an improved legal form for social enterprise. Review of Law and Social Change, 36(2), 283-308
  • Reed R, Luffman GA. (1986). Diversification: the growing confusion. Strategic Management Journal, 7(1), 29–35.
  • Rosado-Serrano, A., Paul, J., & Dikova, D. (2018). International franchising: a literaturereview and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 85,238–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.049
  • Rubin, P. H. (1978). Structure of the franchise contract. The Journal of Law and Economics, 21(1),223–233.
  • Sayğan Tunçay, S., & Süral Özer, P. (2017). Asil-vekil ilişkilerinin kültürel bağlamda sosyal ağ kuramı çerçevesinde sosyal ağ analizi kullanılarak incelenmesi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 478-510. DOI: 10.20491/isarder.2017.281
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A Theoretical Review of the Social Franchising System

Year 2023, , 31 - 49, 11.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1307418

Abstract

The subject of the study is the social franchising system, which is a method for growing and scaling social enterprises. In this direction, the aim of the study is to help deepen the knowledge on social franchising by providing an evaluation to explain and understand social enterprises and social franchising. In this context, firstly, the concept of social entrepreneurship is defined. Then, the concept of social franchising was defined and the similarities and differences between social franchising and commercial franchising were discussed, and the advantages of social enterprises in the social franchising system were stated. . Finally, in order to better understand the concept from a theoretical perspective, theories to explain social franchising are included in the study. These theories are Resource Scarcity Theory, Agency Theory, and Social Capital Theory. In this direction, the concept of social franchising has been examined in the light of the mentioned theories, and it has been tried to reveal the extent to which each theory explains the concept of social franchising. It is expected that the study will contribute to the literature by providing a conceptual framework for social franchising, explaining the financial and sustainability constraints faced by social enterprises and social franchising, and guiding the practitioners at the point of what needs to be done to overcome these limitations.

References

  • Aliouche, H. E. (2019). How social franchising can address global social issues. International Journal of Franchising Law, 17(1), 25–27.
  • Amies, M. (2000). Nor-for-profit franchising?. FranchisingWorld,32(6), 38–39.
  • Amin, A., Cameron, A., & Hudson, R. (2002). Placing the social economy. (1st Edition ). Routledge İmprint. Beckmann, M., & Zeyen, A. (2014). Franchising as a strategy for combining small and large group avantages (logics) in social entrepreneurship: A hayekian perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(3). 502–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012470 758
  • Berelowitz, D., Richardson, M., & Towner, M. (2013, September). Realising the potential of social replication. Research for The Big Lottery Fund by The International Centre for Social Franchising ,11. http://www.socialimpactconsulting.org.uk/uploads/1/0/1/8/10187028/big_lottery_social_replication_research.pdf
  • Beyeler, N., York De La Cruz, A., & Montagu, D. (2013). The impact of clinical social franchising on health services in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One, 8(4), e60669. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0060669
  • Bishai, D., Chakraborty, N. M., Walker, D., Foundation, M. G., & Brieger, W. (2008).Social franchising to improve quality and access in private health care in developing countries.Harvard Health Policy Review, 9(1),184-197.
  • Burt, R. S. (1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social Networks, 9(4), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(97)00003-8
  • Gastrogiovanni, G. J., Combs, J. G., & Justis, R. T. (2006). Resource scarcity and agency theory predictions concerning the continued use of franchising in multi-outlet networks. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00152.x
  • Cebeci, R. (2005). Franchising rehberi̇. 4. Kosgeb Girişimciliği Geliştirme Merkezi: Ankara.
  • Sözen, C., & Basım, N. (2017). Örgüt Kuramları. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Christie, M. J., & Honig, B. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: New research findings. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.003
  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Commentary : social institutions and social theory. American Social Review, 55(3), 333–339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095759.
  • Combs, J. G., & Ketchen, D. J. (1999). Can capital scarcity help agency theory explain franchising? Revisiting the capital scarcity hypothesis.Academy of Management Journal, 42(2),196–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/257092
  • Cumberland, D. M., & Litalien, B. C. (2018). Social franchising: a systematic review. Journal of Marketing Cannels, 25(3), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046669x.2019.1657757
  • Dant, R. (1995). Motivations for Franchising: Rhetoric Versus Reality. International Small Business Journal , 14, 10–32.
  • Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. (2006). Framing a theory of social entrepreneurship: building on two schools of practice and thought, Research on Social Entrepreneurship. Arnova Occasional Paper Series,1(3), 39–44.
  • Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Social enterprise in Europe: a the crossroads of market, public policies and third sector. Policy and Society,29(3),231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.07.002
  • Dess, J. G. (1998). The Meaning of social entrepreneurship. Journal of Educational Sociology, 13(9), 4-5. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261721
  • Du toit, A.(2017). An introduction to social franchising(p.640).Handbook of Research on Franchising. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364181
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
  • Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. http://www.jstor.com/stable/2776392
  • Giudici, A., Combs, J. G., Cannatelli, B. L., & Smith, B. R. (2020). Successful scaling in social franchising: The case of Impact Hub. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(2), 288314.https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587188015
  • Hoffman, R. & Preble, J. (1991). Franchising: Selecting a strategy for rapid growth. Long Range Planning , 24(4), 74–85.
  • Hurley, K. (2016). From social enterprise to social franchise: an introductory guide to achieving scale through replication(p.24-39). Centre For Social Innovation. https://socialinnovation.org/from-social-enterprise-to-social-franchise-an-introductory-guide-to-achieving-scale-through-replication/.
  • İçli, G., & Anıl, N. (2017). Franchising kavramının dönüşümü: sosyal franchising. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 39. (ISSN: 2146-3417 / E-ISSN:2587-2052 )
  • Katz, R. & Page, A. (2010). Symposium: the role of social enterprise. Vermont Law Review, 35(2003) 1–48.
  • Kaufmann, P. J., & Dant, R. P. (1999). Franchising and the domain of entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1),5–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00095-5
  • Koehlmoos, T. P., Gazi, R., Hossain, S. S., & Zaman, K. (2009). The effect of social franchising on access to and quality of health services in low-and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 1, CD007136.
  • Koka, B. R., & Prescott, J. E. (2002). Strategic alliances as social capital: a multidimensional view.Strategic Management Journal, 23(9), 795–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.252
  • Lafontaine, F., & Blair, D. (2009). The evolution of franchising and franchise contracts: evidence from The United States. Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal,3(2), 381-383.
  • Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: a source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1),36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
  • Martin, R.L., & Osberg, S.(2007). Social Entrepreneurship: the case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, 34-36.
  • Mendell, M. (2010). Reflections on the evolving landscape of social enterprise in North America. Policy and Society, 29(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.07.003
  • Montagu, D. (2002).Review article: Franchising of health services in low-income countries. Health Policy and Planning, 17(2), 121.
  • Mumtaz, Z. (2018). Social franchising: whatever happened to old-fashioned notions of evi-dence-based practice?. The Lancet Global Health, 6(2), 130–131.
  • Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
  • Naatu, F., & Alon, I. (2019). Social franchising: bibliyometrik ve teorik bir inceleme.Journal of promotion management, 25,738-7645. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1584777
  • Neilsen E.H., & Rao M.V.H. (1987). The strategy-legitimacy nexus: a thick description. Academy of Management Review , 12(3), 523–533.
  • Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010).The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
  • Nijmeijer, K. J. (2014). Making franchising in healthcare work. Instituut Beleid en Management Gezondheidszorg (iBMG). http://repub.eur.nl/pub/77225/
  • Norton, S.W. (1988). Franchising, brand name capital, and the entrepreneurial capacity problem. Strategic Management Journal 9,105–114.
  • Oxenfeldt, A.R., & Kelly, A.O. (1968). Will successful franchise systems ultimately become wholly-owned chain. Journal of Retailing,44(4), 69–87.
  • Patouillard, E., Goodman, C. A., Hanson, K. G., & Mills, A. J. (2007). Can working with the private for-profit sector improve utilization of quality health services by the poor? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal for Equity in Health, 6(1), 17. https://doi:10.1186/1475- 9276-6-17
  • Penn-Kekana, L., Powell-Jackson, T., Haemmerli, M., Dutt, V., Lange, I. L., Mahapatra, A., & Shukla, V. (2018). Process evaluation of a social franchising model to improvematernal health: evidence from a multi-methods study in Uttar Pradesh, India. Implementation Science, 13(1), 1–15.
  • Pfeffer, J. (1993). Barriers to the advance of organizational science: paradigm development as a dependent variable. The Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 599-620. https://doi.org/10.2307/258592
  • Piggot, C. (2004). Up, up and away. The possibilities of social franchis-ing.Social Enterprise,3, 8–10.
  • Pinnell, N. (2008). Best practices in social and private enterprise franchising. BALTA Golden Mussel Project. Literature Review, 3 ,3-5.
  • Raz, K.G. (2012). Toward an improved legal form for social enterprise. Review of Law and Social Change, 36(2), 283-308
  • Reed R, Luffman GA. (1986). Diversification: the growing confusion. Strategic Management Journal, 7(1), 29–35.
  • Rosado-Serrano, A., Paul, J., & Dikova, D. (2018). International franchising: a literaturereview and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 85,238–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.049
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  • Sayğan Tunçay, S., & Süral Özer, P. (2017). Asil-vekil ilişkilerinin kültürel bağlamda sosyal ağ kuramı çerçevesinde sosyal ağ analizi kullanılarak incelenmesi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 478-510. DOI: 10.20491/isarder.2017.281
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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ozge Ugurlu 0000-0002-0946-5889

Güler Tozkoparan 0000-0001-9082-7092

Early Pub Date July 11, 2023
Publication Date July 11, 2023
Submission Date May 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Ugurlu, O., & Tozkoparan, G. (2023). Sosyal Franchising Sistemine Yönelik Teorik Bir İnceleme. İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, 4(1), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1307418

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