Effect of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acid Applications on Available Phosphorus in Calcareous Soils

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) fertiliser in calcareous soils precipitates as Ca-phosphates within weeks, generating plant-unavailable forms and reducing fertiliser-P recovery to ≤ 25%. Mobilising soil-accumulated P and prolonging fertiliser-P residence in the soil solution are therefore central agronomic challenges. The present study evaluated five low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs; acetic, oxalic, malic, citric and salicylic acid) at 10 mmol kg⁻¹ in a 90-day incubation (sampling at d 14, 30, 60 and 90) on four P-deficient calcareous soils (initial Olsen-P ≤ 10 mg kg⁻¹), without and with KH₂PO₄ addition (+50 mg P kg⁻¹). Under unfertilised conditions the effectiveness order was: oxalic acid (OA, 9.92 mg kg⁻¹) > control (C, 9.30 mg kg⁻¹) > malic acid (MA, 9.23 mg kg⁻¹) > acetic acid (AA, 9.13 mg kg⁻¹) > citric acid (CA, 9.11 mg kg⁻¹) > salicylic acid (SA, 8.93 mg kg⁻¹). Under P fertilisation the order shifted to: SA (43.6 mg kg⁻¹) > OA (42.4 mg kg⁻¹) = C = AA (42.1 mg kg⁻¹) > CA (40.1 mg kg⁻¹) > MA (38.0 mg kg⁻¹). Variance analysis showed that soil, fertilisation, organic acid and all two- and three-way interactions were highly significant (P < 0.001). Oxalic acid performed well in both regimes, whereas salicylic acid was particularly effective under P fertilisation. Combined LMWOA + water-soluble P-fertiliser application is therefore recommended for sustaining P availability over an extended cropping period in calcareous soils.

Keywords

• Phosphorus availability
• Calcareous soils
• Low-molecular-weight organic acids; Oxalic acid; Salicylic acid; Incubation

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK

Project Number

2209-A, 1919B012319204

Ethical Statement

This article requires no Ethics Committee Report Approval

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the TUBİTAK for their financial support

Kireçli Topraklarda Düşük Molekül Ağırlıklı Organik Asit Uygulamalarının Alınabilir Fosfor Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Fosfor (P) gübresinin kireçli topraklarda uygulanmasından sonraki birkaç hafta içinde Ca-fosfatlar şeklinde çökelmesi, bitki tarafından alınamayan formların oluşmasına yol açmakta ve gübre-P geri kazanımını ≤ %25 seviyesine düşürmektedir. Bu nedenle, toprakta birikmiş P’nin mobilizasyonu ve gübre-P’nin toprak çözeltisinde kalış süresinin uzatılması temel tarımsal zorluklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, beş düşük molekül ağırlıklı organik asidin (LMWOAs; asetik, oksalik, malik, sitrik ve salisilik asit) 10 mmol kg⁻¹ dozunda, 90 günlük inkübasyon süresince (örnekleme günleri: 14, 30, 60 ve 90) dört düşük P içeriğine sahip kireçli toprakta (başlangıç Olsen-P ≤ 10 mg kg⁻¹), KH₂PO₄ ilavesiz ve ilaveli (+50 mg P kg⁻¹) koşullarda etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Gübre uygulanmayan koşullarda etkinlik sırası şu şekilde bulunmuştur: oksalik asit (OA, 9.92 mg kg⁻¹) > kontrol (C, 9.30 mg kg⁻¹) > malik asit (MA, 9.23 mg kg⁻¹) > asetik asit (AA, 9.13 mg kg⁻¹) > sitrik asit (CA, 9.11 mg kg⁻¹) > salisilik asit (SA, 8.93 mg kg⁻¹). P gübrelemesi altında ise sıralama şu şekilde değişmiştir: SA (43.6 mg kg⁻¹) > OA (42.4 mg kg⁻¹) = C = AA (42.1 mg kg⁻¹) > CA (40.1 mg kg⁻¹) > MA (38.0 mg kg⁻¹). Varyans analizi, toprak, gübreleme, organik asit ve tüm iki ve üçlü etkileşimlerin yüksek derecede anlamlı olduğunu göstermiştir (P < 0.001). Oksalik asit her iki rejimde de iyi performans sergilerken, salisilik asit özellikle gübreleme koşullarında etkili olmuştur. Bu nedenle, düşük molekül ağırlıklı organik asitlerin suyla çözünebilen P gübreleri ile birlikte uygulanması, kireçli topraklarda P’nin uzun süreli yarayışlılığının sağlanması için önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Fosfor yarayışlılığı
• Kireçli topraklar
• Düşük molekül ağırlıklı organik asitler
• Oksalik asit
• Salisilik asit
• İnkübasyon

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK

Project Number

2209-A, 1919B012319204

Ethical Statement

Bu makale Etik Komite onayına ihtiyaç duymamaktadır.

Thanks

Yazarlar maddi destekleri için TÜBİTAK'a teşekkürlerini sunmaktadır.

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