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The Determination of Lead and Cadmium Concentration in the Agricultural Soils Alongside Highway 080 of Igdir Province

Year 2021, , 80 - 91, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.998323

Abstract

Gases emitted from both industrial estates and automobile exhausts in agricultural areas cause heavy metal pollution and these metals accumulate in the soil and plants. In this study, 72 soil samples were taken at 5 km intervals from 24 points along the Tuzluca-Iğdır-Nakhchivan route, through which the 080 State Road passes, at 0-10-30 meters perpendicularly inwards from the road and at a depth of 0-20 cm. Total lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulations were determined in the samples. The significant decrease in lead and Cd concentrations away from the road indicates that heavy metal deposits have being caused by traffic. The effect of prevailing winds on total Pb and Cd deposition in north and south of the State Highway 080 was statistically insignificant. As the relationships between heavy metal concentrations and soil physical properties were considered, significant negative correlations were found between total Cd concentrations and sand and organic matter contents. Heavy metal pollution index (PI) values were found to be slightly and moderately polluted for Pb and close to highly polluted for Cd according to treshold values. The pollution load index (PLI) values were calculated as a function of the pollution index and according to the PLI results, it was evaluated that Pb and Cd triggered each other in terms of increasing toxic effects. It has been concluded that, with the re-establishment of the Silk Road, the traffic-related pollution will increase in the region.

Supporting Institution

Iğdır Üniversitesi, BAP Koordinasyon Birimi

Project Number

2017-FBE-L16

Thanks

This research paper is a part of the 2017-FBE-L16 project. We, authors, are grateful for the financial support from the Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Igdir University.

References

  • Allison, L. E., Moodie, C. D., 1965. Carbonate. In C.A. Black et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd Edition.
  • Alloway, B. J., 2013. Heavy metals in soils trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Springer, 3rd Edition, pp 396.
  • Al-Massaedh, A. A., Al-Momani, I. F., 2020. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in roadside soils along Irbid-Amman Highway, Jordan by ICP-OES. Jordan Journal of Chemistry, 15, 1-12.
  • Al-Massaedh, A. A., Gharaibeh, A., Radaydeh, S., & Al-Momani, I., 2018. Assessment of toxic and essential heavy metals in imported dried fruits sold in the local markets of Jordan. European Journal of Chemistry, 9(4), 394-399.
  • Altınbaş, Ü., Çengel, M., Uysal, H., Okur, B., Okur, N., Kurucu, Y., Delibacak, S., 2008. Soil science (In Turkish). Ege University, Agricultural Faculty Publications No: 557, 3rd Edition İzmir, Turkey.
  • Anonymous., 2005. Soil Pollution Regulation (In Turkish). Appendix 1-A Soil Pollution Parameters Limit Values, Heavy Metal Limit Values in Soil, The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (Dated 31.05.2005 and Numbered 25831 Official Gazette).
  • Anonymous., 2021a. 18. Region State Highways Volume Maps (In Turkish). http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/TrafikHacimHaritasi. Date of access: 28.02.2021.
  • Anonymous., 2021b. European Commission Directorate General Environment. Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds from Wastes Used as Organic Fertilizers. Final Rep., July. WPA Consulting Engineers Inc. Ref. Nr. TEND/AML/2001/07/20, pp. 73-74. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/pdf/hm_finalreport.pdf. Date of access: 28.02.2021.
  • Aydemir, O., 1992. Plant nutrition and soil fertility (In Turkish). Erzurum Atatürk University Publications. No: 734, pp. 247, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • Aydın, A., Sezen, Y., 1995. Soil chemistry laboratory book (In Turkish). E.A.U. Agricultural Faculty Course Publications No: 174, pp. 146, Offset plant, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • Bouyoucos, G. D., 1951. A Recablibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of the soil. Agronomy Journal, 43, 434-438.
  • Cheung, K. C., Poon, B. H. T., Lan, C. Y., Wong, M. H., 2003. Assessment of Metal and Nutrient Concentrations in River Water and Sediment Collected from the Cities in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere, 52(9), 1431-1440.
  • Çepel, N., 1997. Soil pollution, erosion and environmental damage (In Turkish). TEMA Foundation Publications, No: 14, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Dellavalle, N. B., 1992. Determination of specific conductance in supertanat 1:2 Soil: Water solution in handbook on reference methods for soil analysis. Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Inc. Athens, GA.
  • Demiralay, İ., 1993. Soil physical analysis (In Turkish). Erzurum Atatürk University Publications No: 143, pp. 132, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • Duong T. T., Lee, B. K., 2011. Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics, Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 554–562.
  • Hacıoğlu Deniz, M., 2009. The relationship between urbanization and environment in the perspective of industrialization (In Turkish). İstanbul University, Faculty of Literature, Geography Department, Journal of Geography, 19, 95-105. İstanbul, Turkey.
  • He, Z. L., Yang, X. E., Stoffella, P. J., 2005. Trace elements in agroecosystems and impact on the environment. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19, 125-140.
  • Jarup, L., 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination; Br. Med. Bull., 68, 167-182.
  • Kacar, B., 2009. Soil analysis (In Turkish). 3rd Edition, Nobel Academic Publisher, pp. 351-375.
  • Kahvecioğlu, Ö., Kartal, G., Güven, A., Timur, S., 2003. Environmental Effects of Metals-I (In Turkish). Turkey Union of Chambers of Architects Engineers, Journal of Chamber of Metallurgical Engineers, 136, 47-53.
  • Karaoğlu, M., Şimşek, U., Tohumcu, F., Erdel, E., 2017. Determining surface soil properties of wind erosion area of Igdir-Aralik and estimating the soil loss. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(5), 3170-3175.
  • Karaoğlu, M., Şimşek, U., Erdel, E., Tohumcu, F., 2018. A case study: Wind characteristics of Igdir province in terms of wind erosion and introduction of second wind erosion area. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(11), 7460-7469.
  • Keçeci, M., Usta, S., Uygur, V., 2020. Lead adsorption in the soils and the effect of soil properties: case study from Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 1-13.
  • Kluge, B., Wessolek, G., 2012. Heavy metal pattern and solute concentrations in soils along the oldest highway of the world – the AVUS Autobahn. Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 6469-6481.
  • Lodenius, M., 1989. Heavy metals in the soil, interaction and long term changes. In: Szabolcs, (I. Edit), 1987, Ecological impact of Acidification, 131-136, Budapest.
  • Massadeh, A., Al-Massaedh, A. A., 2018. Determination of heavy metals in canned fruits and vegetables sold in Jordan market. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(2), 1-7.
  • Modrzewska, B., Wyszkowski, M., 2014. Trace metals content in soils along the state road 51 (Northeastern Poland), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 2589-2597.
  • Ojuri, O. O., Taiwo, O. A., Oluwatuyi, O. E., 2016. Heavy metal migration along a rural highway route: Ilesha-Akure roadside soil, southwestern, Nigeria. Global NEST Journal, 18(4), 742-760.
  • Orbey, M. T., Göğer, N. G., Ertaş, N., Yılmaz, Ş., Berkkan, A., Basan, H., Şatana, E., Alp, O., 2012. Analytical chemistry practices, (In Turkish). G.Ü. Pharmaceutics Faculty Publications, No: 3, Ankara.
  • Özkan, G., 2009. Endüstriyel Bölge Komşuluğunda Kıyısal Kırsal Alandaki Hava Kalitesi; Muallimköy’de Partikül Madddede ve Topraktaki Ağır Metal Kirliliği. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). GYTE Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsüsü, Gebze, 9,12-22.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. Handbook 60, pp 160, Department of Agriculture, United States.
  • Rowell, D.L., 1994. Soil science methods and applications. Longman Scientific & Technical, New York, Wiley, pp. 350.
  • Seven, T., Can, B., Darende, B. N., Ocak, S., 2018. Hava ve Toprakta Ağır Metal Kirliliği. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(2), 91-103.
  • Siti Norbaya, M. R., Sharizal, H., Mohd Lias, K., NorShahrizan, M. H., 2014. Analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metal in soil, Perlis. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 18(1), 155-161.
  • Sposito, G., 2008. The chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition. pp. 329.
  • Surucu, A., Mohammad, D. M., Gunal, E., Budak, M., 2018. Concentration of heavy metals in soils along three major roads of Sulaimani, Northeast Iraq. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 13, 523-538.
  • Şimşek, O., Nadaroğlu, Y., Yücel, G., Yıldırım, M., Erciyas, H., 2017. Frost event and frost calendar of Turkey (In Turkish). State Meteorology Service Publication, pp. 177, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Tomlinson, D. L., Wilson, J. G., Harris, C. R., Jeffrey, D. W., 1980. Problems in the assessment of Heavy Metal Levels in Estuaries and the formation of Pollution Index. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters, 33, 566-572.
  • Walkley, A., 1947. A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63, 251-263.
  • Wei, B., Jiang, F., Li, X., Mu, S., 2009. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China. Microchemical Journal, 93, 147-152.
  • Wuana, R. A., Okieimen, F. E., 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN Ecology), 11, 1-19.
  • Yu, H., Ni, S. J., He, Z. W., Zhang, C. J., Nan, X., Kong, B., Weng, Z. Y., 2014. Analysis of the spatial relationship between heavy metals in soil and human activities based on landscape geochemical interpretation, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 146, 136-148.
  • Zechmeister, H., Hohenwallner, D., Riss, A., Hanus-Illnar, A., 2005. Estimation of element deposition derived from road traffic sources by using mosses. Environmental Pollution, 138, 238-249.
Year 2021, , 80 - 91, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.998323

Abstract

Project Number

2017-FBE-L16

References

  • Allison, L. E., Moodie, C. D., 1965. Carbonate. In C.A. Black et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd Edition.
  • Alloway, B. J., 2013. Heavy metals in soils trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Springer, 3rd Edition, pp 396.
  • Al-Massaedh, A. A., Al-Momani, I. F., 2020. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in roadside soils along Irbid-Amman Highway, Jordan by ICP-OES. Jordan Journal of Chemistry, 15, 1-12.
  • Al-Massaedh, A. A., Gharaibeh, A., Radaydeh, S., & Al-Momani, I., 2018. Assessment of toxic and essential heavy metals in imported dried fruits sold in the local markets of Jordan. European Journal of Chemistry, 9(4), 394-399.
  • Altınbaş, Ü., Çengel, M., Uysal, H., Okur, B., Okur, N., Kurucu, Y., Delibacak, S., 2008. Soil science (In Turkish). Ege University, Agricultural Faculty Publications No: 557, 3rd Edition İzmir, Turkey.
  • Anonymous., 2005. Soil Pollution Regulation (In Turkish). Appendix 1-A Soil Pollution Parameters Limit Values, Heavy Metal Limit Values in Soil, The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (Dated 31.05.2005 and Numbered 25831 Official Gazette).
  • Anonymous., 2021a. 18. Region State Highways Volume Maps (In Turkish). http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/TrafikHacimHaritasi. Date of access: 28.02.2021.
  • Anonymous., 2021b. European Commission Directorate General Environment. Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds from Wastes Used as Organic Fertilizers. Final Rep., July. WPA Consulting Engineers Inc. Ref. Nr. TEND/AML/2001/07/20, pp. 73-74. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/pdf/hm_finalreport.pdf. Date of access: 28.02.2021.
  • Aydemir, O., 1992. Plant nutrition and soil fertility (In Turkish). Erzurum Atatürk University Publications. No: 734, pp. 247, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • Aydın, A., Sezen, Y., 1995. Soil chemistry laboratory book (In Turkish). E.A.U. Agricultural Faculty Course Publications No: 174, pp. 146, Offset plant, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • Bouyoucos, G. D., 1951. A Recablibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of the soil. Agronomy Journal, 43, 434-438.
  • Cheung, K. C., Poon, B. H. T., Lan, C. Y., Wong, M. H., 2003. Assessment of Metal and Nutrient Concentrations in River Water and Sediment Collected from the Cities in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere, 52(9), 1431-1440.
  • Çepel, N., 1997. Soil pollution, erosion and environmental damage (In Turkish). TEMA Foundation Publications, No: 14, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Dellavalle, N. B., 1992. Determination of specific conductance in supertanat 1:2 Soil: Water solution in handbook on reference methods for soil analysis. Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Inc. Athens, GA.
  • Demiralay, İ., 1993. Soil physical analysis (In Turkish). Erzurum Atatürk University Publications No: 143, pp. 132, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • Duong T. T., Lee, B. K., 2011. Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics, Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 554–562.
  • Hacıoğlu Deniz, M., 2009. The relationship between urbanization and environment in the perspective of industrialization (In Turkish). İstanbul University, Faculty of Literature, Geography Department, Journal of Geography, 19, 95-105. İstanbul, Turkey.
  • He, Z. L., Yang, X. E., Stoffella, P. J., 2005. Trace elements in agroecosystems and impact on the environment. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19, 125-140.
  • Jarup, L., 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination; Br. Med. Bull., 68, 167-182.
  • Kacar, B., 2009. Soil analysis (In Turkish). 3rd Edition, Nobel Academic Publisher, pp. 351-375.
  • Kahvecioğlu, Ö., Kartal, G., Güven, A., Timur, S., 2003. Environmental Effects of Metals-I (In Turkish). Turkey Union of Chambers of Architects Engineers, Journal of Chamber of Metallurgical Engineers, 136, 47-53.
  • Karaoğlu, M., Şimşek, U., Tohumcu, F., Erdel, E., 2017. Determining surface soil properties of wind erosion area of Igdir-Aralik and estimating the soil loss. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(5), 3170-3175.
  • Karaoğlu, M., Şimşek, U., Erdel, E., Tohumcu, F., 2018. A case study: Wind characteristics of Igdir province in terms of wind erosion and introduction of second wind erosion area. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(11), 7460-7469.
  • Keçeci, M., Usta, S., Uygur, V., 2020. Lead adsorption in the soils and the effect of soil properties: case study from Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 1-13.
  • Kluge, B., Wessolek, G., 2012. Heavy metal pattern and solute concentrations in soils along the oldest highway of the world – the AVUS Autobahn. Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 6469-6481.
  • Lodenius, M., 1989. Heavy metals in the soil, interaction and long term changes. In: Szabolcs, (I. Edit), 1987, Ecological impact of Acidification, 131-136, Budapest.
  • Massadeh, A., Al-Massaedh, A. A., 2018. Determination of heavy metals in canned fruits and vegetables sold in Jordan market. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(2), 1-7.
  • Modrzewska, B., Wyszkowski, M., 2014. Trace metals content in soils along the state road 51 (Northeastern Poland), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 2589-2597.
  • Ojuri, O. O., Taiwo, O. A., Oluwatuyi, O. E., 2016. Heavy metal migration along a rural highway route: Ilesha-Akure roadside soil, southwestern, Nigeria. Global NEST Journal, 18(4), 742-760.
  • Orbey, M. T., Göğer, N. G., Ertaş, N., Yılmaz, Ş., Berkkan, A., Basan, H., Şatana, E., Alp, O., 2012. Analytical chemistry practices, (In Turkish). G.Ü. Pharmaceutics Faculty Publications, No: 3, Ankara.
  • Özkan, G., 2009. Endüstriyel Bölge Komşuluğunda Kıyısal Kırsal Alandaki Hava Kalitesi; Muallimköy’de Partikül Madddede ve Topraktaki Ağır Metal Kirliliği. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). GYTE Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsüsü, Gebze, 9,12-22.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. Handbook 60, pp 160, Department of Agriculture, United States.
  • Rowell, D.L., 1994. Soil science methods and applications. Longman Scientific & Technical, New York, Wiley, pp. 350.
  • Seven, T., Can, B., Darende, B. N., Ocak, S., 2018. Hava ve Toprakta Ağır Metal Kirliliği. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(2), 91-103.
  • Siti Norbaya, M. R., Sharizal, H., Mohd Lias, K., NorShahrizan, M. H., 2014. Analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metal in soil, Perlis. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 18(1), 155-161.
  • Sposito, G., 2008. The chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition. pp. 329.
  • Surucu, A., Mohammad, D. M., Gunal, E., Budak, M., 2018. Concentration of heavy metals in soils along three major roads of Sulaimani, Northeast Iraq. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 13, 523-538.
  • Şimşek, O., Nadaroğlu, Y., Yücel, G., Yıldırım, M., Erciyas, H., 2017. Frost event and frost calendar of Turkey (In Turkish). State Meteorology Service Publication, pp. 177, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Tomlinson, D. L., Wilson, J. G., Harris, C. R., Jeffrey, D. W., 1980. Problems in the assessment of Heavy Metal Levels in Estuaries and the formation of Pollution Index. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters, 33, 566-572.
  • Walkley, A., 1947. A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63, 251-263.
  • Wei, B., Jiang, F., Li, X., Mu, S., 2009. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China. Microchemical Journal, 93, 147-152.
  • Wuana, R. A., Okieimen, F. E., 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN Ecology), 11, 1-19.
  • Yu, H., Ni, S. J., He, Z. W., Zhang, C. J., Nan, X., Kong, B., Weng, Z. Y., 2014. Analysis of the spatial relationship between heavy metals in soil and human activities based on landscape geochemical interpretation, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 146, 136-148.
  • Zechmeister, H., Hohenwallner, D., Riss, A., Hanus-Illnar, A., 2005. Estimation of element deposition derived from road traffic sources by using mosses. Environmental Pollution, 138, 238-249.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mücahit Karaoğlu 0000-0002-7388-9192

Cemal Küçük 0000-0002-4609-4634

Project Number 2017-FBE-L16
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date September 21, 2021
Acceptance Date October 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Karaoğlu, M., & Küçük, C. (2021). The Determination of Lead and Cadmium Concentration in the Agricultural Soils Alongside Highway 080 of Igdir Province. Journal of Agriculture, 4(2), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.998323