Immune System and Nutrition in Fish

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 165 - 178, 31.12.2023

Naime Filiz Karadaş

https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.1372988

Abstract

Fish have a complex immune system consisting of various defense mechanisms to protect their bodies from disease-causing organisms and external threats. While fish's immune system shares some similarities with that of humans, it also has some differences. Understanding and researching the immune system of fish in recent years has become crucial for combating infections in both natural habitats and fish farms. The health of fish depends not only on environmental factors but also on the strength of their immune systems. In fish farms, the risk of infectious diseases spreading increases due to high fish density and limited living spaces. Therefore, fish producers employ various methods to strengthen the immune system of fish. Immunostimulants play a significant role in this context. These compounds, which stimulate both specific and non-specific immune systems in fish, can enhance resistance to infectious diseases. The immune system of fish can vary depending on species and environmental conditions. Factors such as nutrition, stress, water temperature, and water quality can affect the immune system of fish. Thus, in situations like fish farming or aquarium maintenance, measures such as maintaining proper water conditions, providing balanced nutrition, practicing hygiene, and implementing disease prevention strategies should be taken into account to support the health of fish.

Keywords

Fish, İmmune system, Nutrients, Immunonutrition

References

• Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H. (2007). Basic Immunology. Istanbul Medical Publishing, 1–223.
• Altınterim, B. (2011). Fish immunology, herbal and chemical immunostimulants. Journal of Iğdır University Institute of Science and Technology, 1(4), 69–76.
• Alexander, J. B., and Ingram, G. A. (1992). Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 2, 249–279.
• Alvarez-Pellitero., P. (2008). Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol, 126, 171–198.
• Albers, R., Antoine, J.M., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Calder, P.C., Gleeson, M., Lesourd, B., Samartín, S., Sanderson, I.R., Van Loo, J., Vas Dias, F.W., Watzl, B. (2005). Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies. Br. J. Nutr, 94, 452–481.
• Aoki, C., Neurosci, J. (1992). Terminal fragment of ß-adrenergic receptors: astrocytic localization in the adult visual cortex and their relation to catecholamine axon terminals as revealed by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. PMCID: PMC2838201, 12, 781-792.
• Anderson, J.S., Sunderland, R. (2002). Effect of extruder moisture and dryer processing temperature on vitamin C and E and astaxanthin stability. Aquaculture, 207, 137–149.
• Arda, M., Seçer, S., Sarıeyyüpoğlu, M. (2002). Fish Diseases. Medisan Publishing House. Ankara, 1-36
• Bell, J.G., Ashton, I., Secombes, C.J., Weitzel, B.R., Dick, J.R., Sargent, J.R. (1996). Dietary lipid affects phospholipid fatty acid compositions, eicosanoid production and immune function in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 54, 173–182.
• Blazer, V.S. (1982). The effects of marginal deficiencies of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol on the natural resistance and immune response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Ph.D. Diss. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 113 pp.
• Blazer, V.S., Wolke, R.E. (1984a). The effects of “tocopherol on the immune response and nonspecific resistance factors of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), Aquaculture, 37, 1-9.
• Blazer, V.S., Wolke, R.E. (1984). Effect of diet on the immune response of rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41, 1244-1247.
• Blazer, VS., Ankley, G.T., Finco-Kent, D. (1989). Dietary influences on disease resistance factors in channel catfish. Dev. Comp. Immunol, 13, 43-48.
• Blazer, V.S. (1992). Nutrıtıon and dısease resıstance ın fısh. Annual Rev. of Fish Diseases, pp. 309-323.
• Boshra, H., Li, J., Sunyer, J.O. (2006). Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 20, 239–262.
• Bricknell, I., Dalmo, R.A. (2005). The use of immunostimulants in fish larval aquaculture. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 19, 457–472.
• Carroll, M.C., Janeway Jr., C.A. (1999). Innate immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol, 11, 11–12.
• Croy, T.R., Amend, D.F. (1977). Immunization of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) against vibriosis using the hyperosmotic infiltration technique. Aquaculture, 12, 317–25.
• Dawood, M.A.O. (2016). Effect of various feed additives on the performance of aquatic animals, Vol. PhD Dissertation, Kagoshima University.
• Dawood, M.A.O., Koshio, S. (2018). Vitamin C supplementation tooptimize growth, health and stress resistance in aquatic animals. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10, 334–350.
• Delbert, M. (2003). Nutrition and Fish Health. Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, 671-702.
• Dixon, B., Van Erp, S.H.M., Rodrigues, P.N.S., Egberts, E., Stet, R.M. (1995). Fish majör histocompatibility complex genes: an expansion. Dev. Comp. Immunol, 19, 109–133.
• Du Pasquier, L. (2000). The immune systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. Comp. Biochem Physiol. Part, B, 126, S30.
• Du Pasquier, L. (2001). The immune system of invertebrates and vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 129, 1–15.
• Du Pasquier, L. (2004). Innate immunity in early chordates and the appearance of adaptive immunity. C R Biol, 327, 591–601.
• Ellis, A.E. (1989). The immunology of telcosts. In: Roberts W, editor. Fish pathology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall. P, 135–52.
• Ellis, A. E. (2001). Innate host defence mecahinsms of fish against viruses and bacteria. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 25, 827-839.
• Epstein, J., Eichbaum, Q., Sheriff, S., Ezekowitz, R. A. B. (1996). The collectins in innate immunity. Current Biology, 8, 29–35.
• Harding, C.V., Neefjes, J. (2005). Antigen processing and recognition. Curr. Opin. Immunol, 17, 55–57.
• Hardy, R.W. (2001). Nutritional deficiencies in commercial aquaculture: likelihood, onset and identification. In: Lim, C., Webster, C.D. (Eds.), Nutrition and Fish Health. The Haworth Press, Inc. Binghamton, New York, pp, 131–147.
• Janeway, J., C, A., Medzhitov, R. (1998). Introduction: the role of innate immunity in the adaptive immune response. Semin. Immunol, 10, 349–350.
• Johnson, K.A., Flyrm, J.I.C., Amend, D.F. (1982). Duration of immunity in salmonids vaccinated by direct immersion with Yersenia ruckeri and Vibrio anguillarum bacterins. J Fish Dis, 5, 207–13.
• Kiron, V., Fukuda, H., Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T. (1995). Essential fatty acid nutrition and defence mechanisms in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol, 111, 361–367.
• Kiron, V. (2012). immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173, 111– 133.
• Kumaran, S., Deivasigamani, B., Alagappan, K.M, Sakthivel, M. (2010). Infection and immunization trials of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) against fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, 31, 39–41.
• Li, P., Yin, Y.L., Li, D., Woo Kim, S., Wu, G. (2007). Amino acids and immune function. Br. J. Nutr, 98, 237–252.
• Magnadottir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 20, 37–151 pp.
• Magnadottir, B. (2010). Immunological control of fish diseases. Mar. Biotechnol, 12, 361–379.
• Mahmoud, A.O. (2021). Nutritional immunity of fish intestines: important insightsfor sustainable aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13, 642–663.
• Montero, D., Grasso, V., Izquierdo, M.S., Ganga, R., Real, E., Tort, L., Caballero, M.J., Acosta, E. (2008). Total substitution of fish oil by vegetable oils in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diets: effects on hepatifc Mx expression and some immune parameters. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 24, 147–155.
• Montalban-Arques, A., De Schryver, P., Bossier, P., Gorkiewicz, G., Mulero, V, Gatlin, D. (2015). Selective manipulation ofthe gut microbiota improves immune status in vertebrates. Frontiers in Immunology, 6, 512.
• Nonaka, M., Smith, S.L. (2000). Complement system of bony and cartilaginous fish. Fish. Shellfish Immunol, 10, 215–228.
• Oliva-Teles, A. (2012). Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish.Journal of Fish Diseases, 35, 83–108.
• Paterson, W.D., Desautels, D., Weber, J.M. (1981). The immune response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. to the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease Renibacterium salmoniarum. J Fish Dis, 4, 99–111.
• Plouffe, D.A., Hanington, P.C., Walsh, J.G., Wilson, E.C., Belosevic, M. (2005). Comparison of select innate immune mechanisms of fish and mammals. Xenotransplantation, 12, 266–277.
• Press, C. M., Evensen, Ø. (1999). The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 9(4), 309–318. DOI:10.1006/fsim.1998.0181
• Pradipta, R., Rauta, B.N., Surajit, D.(2012). Immune system and immune responses in fish and their role in comparative immunity study. A model for higher organisms. P.R. Rauta et al, Immunology Letters, 148, 23–33.
• Randelli, E., Buonocore, F., Scapigliati, G. (2008). Cell markers and determinants in fish immunology. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25(4), 326–340. DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.019
• Ringø, E., Birkbeck, T. (1999). Intestinal microflora of fish larvaeand fry.Aquaculture Research, 30, 73–93.
• Riaz, M.N. (2000). Extruders in Food Applications. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA
• Sakai, D.K. (1984). Opsonization by fish antibody and complement in the immune phagocytosis by peritoneal exudate cells isolated from salmonid fishes. J Fish Dis, 7, 29–38.
• Secombes, C.J., Fletcher, T.C. (1992). The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanisms of fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis, 1, 53–71.
• Sumyia, M., Summerfield, J.A. (1997). The role of collectins in host defence. Seminars in Liver Diseases, 17, 311–318.
• Tacon, A.G.J. (1985). Nutritional fih pathology. FAO. Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme, ADCP/REP/85/22, 33.
• Tacon, A.G.J. (1995). Fishmeal replacers: review of antinutrients within oilseeds and pulses – a limiting factor for the aquafeed green revolution. In: Feed Ingredients Asia’95 Conference, 19–21 September, pp. 23–48.
• Timothy, J.B. (2008). Modulation of the immune system of fish by their environment. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25, 373-383.
• Tort, L., Balasch, J.C., Mackenzie, S. (2003). Fish immune system. A crossroads between innate and adaptive responses. Inmunologia, 22, 277–286.
• Young, V.R. (2000). Protein and amino acids. Nutrition and Immunology. Principles and Practice. Humana Press, New Jersey, 49–64.
• Warr, G.W. (1995). The immunoglobulin genes of fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol, 19, 1–12.