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THINKING ABOUT RADICALIZATION AFTER SO CALLED ISLAMIC STATE: AN INTRODUCTION

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 63 - 76, 15.06.2018

Abstract

Radicalization is one of
the most debated concepts of the last decades which covers the process in which
the individual, who feels alone in the society, departs from mainstream point
of view and even adopts violent activities and beliefs. States attach special
importance to coping with radicalization because of the fact that
radicalization is not only a prospective process but also a retro-active one.
In other words, radicalization is, up to a point, preventable, restrainable and
reversible process. The process of radicalization tells us a lot about the
reasons why people join terrorist organizations, and provides an insight into
deradicalization of those who leave such organizations.  



            Terrorist organizations benefited from the environment of
failed states in Iraq and Syria and increased their number of terrorist
fighters into tens of thousands. During this period, a number of foreign
fighters illegally entered Iraq and Syria to join different terrorist
organisations. However, a lot of States face with the problem of returned
foreign terrorist fighters after the defeat of so called Islamic State.  States have to meet the challenge of returnees
as they pose a risk of engaging in new recruitment, planning and carrying out new
terror plots.  Therefore, it is important
for States to adopt counterradicalisation policies for those people who
alienate in societies and have potential to adopt radical beliefs, to disengage
those people who have already adopted such beliefs or participated in conflicts,
and to deradicalize those who are disengaged or leave the terrorist organisations. 

References

  • Acun, Can and Keskin, Bünyamin. (2016). “PKK’nın Kuzey Suriye Örgütlenmesi: PYD-YPG”. [Rapor]. Siyaset, Ekonomi Ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETAV).
  • Borum, Randy. (2011). “Radicalization into violent extremism I: A review of social science theories”. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7-35.
  • Barrett, Richard. (2017, October). “Beyond The Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees”. The Soufan Center.
  • Berger, J.M. (2016, August). “Promoting Disengagement from Violent Extremism.” [Policy Brief].The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT).
  • Demant, Froukje et al. (2008). “Decline and disengagement: An analysis of processes of deradicalization”. Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. Amsterdam.
  • Dzhekova, Rositsa et al. (2016). “Understanding Radicalisation. Review of Literature.” Center for the Study of Democracy, Sofia.
  • Ebaugh, Helen R. F. (1988). Becoming an ex: The process of role exit. University of Chicago Press.
  • El-Badawy, Emma et al. (2015). “Inside the Jihadi mind: Understanding ideology and propaganda”. The Tony Blair Faith Foundation. http://www.tonyblairfaithfoundationus.org/sites/default/files/Inside%20the%20Jihadi%20Mind.pdf (Retrieved on 21.12.2015).
  • Hearne, Ellie B. and Laiq, Nur. (2010, June). “A new approach? Deradicalization programs and counterterrorism”. In International Peace Institute. Conference on Countering Violent Extremism: Learning from Deradicalization Programs in Some Muslim-MajorityStates, Meeting Notes. NY: International Peace Institute.
  • Hegghammer, Thomas and Nesser, Petter. (2015). “Assessing the Islamic State’s commitment to attacking the West. Perspectives on Terrorism”, 9(4). http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/440/html (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Horgan, John. (2008). “Deradicalization or Disengagement? A Process in Need of Clarity and a Counterterrorism Initiative in Need of Evaluation”. Vol 2, No 4, Perspectives on Terrorism(3-8).
  • McAllister, Bradley and Schmid, Alex. P. (2011). “Theories of terrorism.” In The Routledge handbook of terrorism research. Routledge.
  • McCauley, Clark and Moskalenko, Sophia. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205.
  • Ministry of Interior Affairs (MIA). (2017, July). “Türkiye’nin DAEŞ ile Mücadelesi”. http://www.mia.gov.tr/kurumlar/mia.gov.tr/Genel/deas%CC%A7%207%20temmuz.pdf (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Orton, Kyle. (2017). “The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria”. The Henry Jackson Society.
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2018). Deradicalization. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/deradicalization (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2018). Radical. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/radical (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2018). Radicalism. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/radicalism (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Rabasa, Angel et al. (2010). “Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists”. RAND Corporation. Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN). (2017, July). “Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families”. RAN. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/ran_br_a4_m10_en.pdf (Retrieved on 03.12.2017).
  • Schmid, Alex. P. (2013). “Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review”. ICCT Research Paper, 97, 22.
  • Scruton, Roger. (2007). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought. Springer,
  • Taarnby, Michael (2005). Recruitment of Islamist Terrorists in Europe Trends and Perspectives. Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Justice.
  • Temizer, Selen et al. (2016, December 14). “Halep'teki yabancı işgal gücü: Şii milisler”. Anadolu Ajansı. http://aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/halepteki-yabanci-isgal-gucu-sii-milisler/706241 (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. (2008, September). “First Report of the Working Group on Radicalisation and Extremism That Lead to Terrorism”. http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/radicalisation.pdf (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution. (2014, September 24). “Addressing the growing issue of foreign terrorist fighters”, Symbol No: S/RES/2178 (2014). UNSC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2014, November 19). “Statement by the President of the Security Council”, Symbol No: S/PRST/2014/23. UNSC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2015, May 19). “Analysis and recommendations with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist fighters” [Report prepared by the 1267 Committee]. Symbol No: S/2015/358. UNSC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2017, August 7). “Twentieth report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2253 (2015) concerning ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities”. Symbol No: S/2017/573. UNSC.
  • United States Bipartisan Policy Center (USBPC). (2011, June). “Preventing Violent Radicalisation in America”. USBPC. http://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/NSPG.pdf (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Vidino, Lorenzo and Brandon, James. (2012). “Countering radicalization in Europe”. London, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence.

DAEŞ'İN ARDINDAN RADİKALLEŞMEYİ DÜŞÜNMEK: GİRİŞ

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 63 - 76, 15.06.2018

Abstract

Toplumda yalnızlaşan bireyin ana akım düşüncelerden
koparak toplumun kabul etmediği düşünceleri kabul etmesi veya daha da ileri
giderek şiddet içerikli eylemleri benimsemesi ile sonuçlanan süreci kapsayan
radikalleşme olgusu, son yıllarda en çok tartışılan kavramlardan biridir.
Devletler, radikalleşme ile mücadele konusunu oldukça önem vermektedir çünkü
radikalleşme sadece ileriye dönük değil aynı zamanda geriye de gidebilen bir
süreçtir. Diğer bir deyişle radikalleşme bir noktaya kadar önlenebilir, engelleneniler
ve geriye döndürülebilir bir süreçtir. Radikalleşme süreçleri bize terör
örgütlerine katılan kişilerin katılım sebepleri ile ilgili ipuçları verirken
örgütten ayrılan kişilerin tekrar ılımlaştırılması için de ışık tutmaktadır.



            Irak ve
Suriye’deki çatışmaların yarattığı başarısız devlet ortamından yararlanan terör
örgütleri, savaşçı sayılarını on binlerce kişiye çıkartmışlardır. Bu dönemde,
çok sayıda yabancı savaşçı değişik terör örgütlerine katılmak için yasa dışı
şekilde Irak ve Suriye’ye giriş yaptılar. Ancak, sözde İslam Devletinin Irak ve
Suriye’deki yenilgisinden sonra birçok ülke savaştan geri dönen savaşçı sorunu
ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Geri dönen kişiler döndükleri ülkeler için
örgütlere yeni üye kazandırma faaliyetlerine girişmeleri, yeni terör
saldırıları organize etmeleri ve uygulamaları açısından oldukça büyük sorun
teşkil etmektedir. Bu anlamda, devletlerin toplumdan soyutlanan ve radikal
düşünceleri benimseme olasılığı bulunan kişiler için radikalleşme karşıtı
politikalar, radikalleşmiş bireylerin şiddet içerikli eylemler ve düşüncelerden
ayrışması ve radikalleşen kişilerin tekrar ılımlaştırılması konularında
politikalar benimsemeleri önem arz etmektedir.

References

  • Acun, Can and Keskin, Bünyamin. (2016). “PKK’nın Kuzey Suriye Örgütlenmesi: PYD-YPG”. [Rapor]. Siyaset, Ekonomi Ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETAV).
  • Borum, Randy. (2011). “Radicalization into violent extremism I: A review of social science theories”. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7-35.
  • Barrett, Richard. (2017, October). “Beyond The Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees”. The Soufan Center.
  • Berger, J.M. (2016, August). “Promoting Disengagement from Violent Extremism.” [Policy Brief].The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT).
  • Demant, Froukje et al. (2008). “Decline and disengagement: An analysis of processes of deradicalization”. Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. Amsterdam.
  • Dzhekova, Rositsa et al. (2016). “Understanding Radicalisation. Review of Literature.” Center for the Study of Democracy, Sofia.
  • Ebaugh, Helen R. F. (1988). Becoming an ex: The process of role exit. University of Chicago Press.
  • El-Badawy, Emma et al. (2015). “Inside the Jihadi mind: Understanding ideology and propaganda”. The Tony Blair Faith Foundation. http://www.tonyblairfaithfoundationus.org/sites/default/files/Inside%20the%20Jihadi%20Mind.pdf (Retrieved on 21.12.2015).
  • Hearne, Ellie B. and Laiq, Nur. (2010, June). “A new approach? Deradicalization programs and counterterrorism”. In International Peace Institute. Conference on Countering Violent Extremism: Learning from Deradicalization Programs in Some Muslim-MajorityStates, Meeting Notes. NY: International Peace Institute.
  • Hegghammer, Thomas and Nesser, Petter. (2015). “Assessing the Islamic State’s commitment to attacking the West. Perspectives on Terrorism”, 9(4). http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/440/html (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Horgan, John. (2008). “Deradicalization or Disengagement? A Process in Need of Clarity and a Counterterrorism Initiative in Need of Evaluation”. Vol 2, No 4, Perspectives on Terrorism(3-8).
  • McAllister, Bradley and Schmid, Alex. P. (2011). “Theories of terrorism.” In The Routledge handbook of terrorism research. Routledge.
  • McCauley, Clark and Moskalenko, Sophia. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205.
  • Ministry of Interior Affairs (MIA). (2017, July). “Türkiye’nin DAEŞ ile Mücadelesi”. http://www.mia.gov.tr/kurumlar/mia.gov.tr/Genel/deas%CC%A7%207%20temmuz.pdf (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Orton, Kyle. (2017). “The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria”. The Henry Jackson Society.
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2018). Deradicalization. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/deradicalization (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2018). Radical. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/radical (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2018). Radicalism. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/radicalism (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Rabasa, Angel et al. (2010). “Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists”. RAND Corporation. Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN). (2017, July). “Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families”. RAN. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/ran_br_a4_m10_en.pdf (Retrieved on 03.12.2017).
  • Schmid, Alex. P. (2013). “Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review”. ICCT Research Paper, 97, 22.
  • Scruton, Roger. (2007). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought. Springer,
  • Taarnby, Michael (2005). Recruitment of Islamist Terrorists in Europe Trends and Perspectives. Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Justice.
  • Temizer, Selen et al. (2016, December 14). “Halep'teki yabancı işgal gücü: Şii milisler”. Anadolu Ajansı. http://aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/halepteki-yabanci-isgal-gucu-sii-milisler/706241 (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. (2008, September). “First Report of the Working Group on Radicalisation and Extremism That Lead to Terrorism”. http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/radicalisation.pdf (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution. (2014, September 24). “Addressing the growing issue of foreign terrorist fighters”, Symbol No: S/RES/2178 (2014). UNSC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2014, November 19). “Statement by the President of the Security Council”, Symbol No: S/PRST/2014/23. UNSC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2015, May 19). “Analysis and recommendations with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist fighters” [Report prepared by the 1267 Committee]. Symbol No: S/2015/358. UNSC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2017, August 7). “Twentieth report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2253 (2015) concerning ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities”. Symbol No: S/2017/573. UNSC.
  • United States Bipartisan Policy Center (USBPC). (2011, June). “Preventing Violent Radicalisation in America”. USBPC. http://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/NSPG.pdf (Retrieved on 01.12.2017).
  • Vidino, Lorenzo and Brandon, James. (2012). “Countering radicalization in Europe”. London, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Peer-reviewed Research Articles
Authors

Tunahan Akdaş

Publication Date June 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Akdaş, Tunahan. “THINKING ABOUT RADICALIZATION AFTER SO CALLED ISLAMIC STATE: AN INTRODUCTION”. Journal of Analytic Divinity 2/2 (June 2018), 63-76.

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·  Adress: Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversity, Faculty of Islamic Sciences, Esenboga Campus, Cubuk/Ankara