Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region

Çağatay Esin; Başar Ulaş Sayılkan

doi:10.35229/jaes.1733178

TR EN

Karadeniz Bölgesindeki 562 Köpekte Kalp Hastalıklarının Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Kalp hastalıklarının önlenmesi ve tedavisi için kardiyak verilerin retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi esastır. Bu şekilde tanıda doğru adımlar atılabilir. Bu çalışmada Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin çeşitli illerinden Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Hayvan Hastanesi'ne getirilen ve kalp hastalığı tanısı konulan 562 köpeğe ait verilerin retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Klinik bulgular, elektrokardiyografik ve ekokardiyografik muayeneler ile kan analizleri değerlendirilmiştir. 525 hastada (%93,41) edinsel kalp hastalığı, 37 hastada (%6,59) ise doğmasal kalp hastalığı saptanmıştır. Köpeklerde en sık görülen edinsel kalp hastalığı dilate kardiyomiyopati, en sık görülen doğmasal kalp hastalığı ise patent duktus arteriosus olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, İç Hastalıkları departmanına bu yıllar arasında toplamda 11614 köpek gelmiştir. Bunlardan 562 tanesine kardiyak hastalığı teşhisi konulmuştur. Yani karadeniz bölgesindeki kardiyak hastalıkların prevalansı %4.84 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile kalp hastalıklarının tanısında klinik bulgular, fiziksel muayene ve tanı uygulamalarının birlikte değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Dilate kardiyomiyopati, ekokardiyografi, kalp, kardiyak, köpek.

Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region

Abstract

Retrospective evaluation of cardiac data is essential for the prevention and treatment of cardiac diseases. In this way, correct steps can be taken in diagnosis. In this study, it was aimed to retrospectively evaluate the data of 562 dogs brought to Ondokuz Mayıs University Animal Hospital from various provinces of the Black Sea region and diagnosed with cardiac diseases. Clinical findings, electrocardiographic data, echocardiography and blood analysis were evaluated. 525 patients (93.41%) had acquired heart disease and 37 patients (6.59%) had congenital heart disease. The most common acquired heart disease in dogs was dilated cardiomyopathy and the most common congenital heart disease was patent ductus arteriosus. In addition, a total of 11614 dogs came to the Internal Medicine department between these years. Of these, 562 were diagnosed with cardiac disease. In other words, the prevalence of cardiac diseases in the Black Sea region was determined as 4.84%. With this study, it was concluded that clinical findings, physical examination and diagnostic practices should be evaluated together in the diagnosis of cardiac diseases.

Keywords

Cardiac, dilated cardiomyopathy, dog, echocardiography, heart.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted by evaluating the records previously obtained within the scope of routine clinical processes and no additional interventions were made. Therefore, there is no need for ethics committee approval for this retrospective study. Also, the principles of animal welfare and data security were strictly adhered to during the research process. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institution. In addition, all examinations and procedures were performed by the two authors named in the publication. Cases in which the two authors were not involved were not included in the study.

References

Baisan, R.A., Bîrsan, O., & Vulpe, V. (2016). Electrocardiographic changes in chronic valvular disease and dilated cardiomyopathy in dog. Human and Veterinary Medicine, 8(2), 98-102.
Bhatt, C.M., Patel, P., Ghetia, T., & Mazzeo, P.L. (2023). Effective heart disease prediction using machine learning techniques. Algorithms, 16(2), 88. DOI: 10.3390/a16020088
Bonagura, J.D., & Visser, L.C. (2022). Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 40, 15-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.004
Cihan, H., & Yılmaz, Z. (2011). Bursa’daki köpeklerde kalp hastalıklarının prevalansı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 5- 10.
Civelek, T., & Başer, D.F. (2014). Köpeklerde Atrial Septal Defekt: Ekokardiyografik Tanı. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 5(1), 67-70.
Çolakoğlu, E.Ç., Sevim, K., Kalınbacak, A., & Kaya, U. (2022). Retrospective evaluation of cardiopulmonary diseases in cats and dogs: 570 cases. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 15(2), 182- 188. DOI: 10.30607/kvj.1061377
Dan, G.O., Church, D.B., McGreevy, P.D., Thomson, P.C., & Brodbelt, D.C. (2014). Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PloS one, 9(3), e90501. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090501
Doocy, K.R., Saunders, A.B., Gordon, S.G., Jeffery, N. (2018). Comparative, multidimensional imaging of patent ductus arteriosus and a proposed update to the morphology classification system for dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 32(2), 648-657. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15068
Ellis-Reis, R.E., Visser, L.C., Hsue, W., Sharpe, A.N., & Kaplan, J.L. (2023). Echocardiographic evaluation of regurgitant fraction in dogs with subclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease: method comparison, effects of pimobendan, and reproducibility. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 45, 27-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.12.002
Elsharkawy, S.H., Torad, F.A.S., Abu-Aita, N.A., Abdel-Ghany, A.K., & El-Husseiny, I.N. (2022). Acquired cardiac diseases in 72 dogs: a prospective study [2017-2020]. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 11(4): 427-434 DOI: 10.47278/journal.ijvs/2022.132

Fortney, W.D. (2012). Implementing a successful senior/geriatric health care program for veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and office managers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 42(4), 823-834.
Freeman, L.M., Stern, J.A., Fries, R., Adin, D.B., & Rush, J.E. (2018). Diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs: what do we know. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 253(11), 1390-1394. DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1390
Freid, K. J., Freeman, L. M., Rush, J. E., Cunningham, S. M., Davis, M. S., Karlin, E. T., Yang, V. K. (2021). Retrospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary İnternal Medicine, 35(1), 58-67. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15972
Garncarz, M., Parzeniecka-Jaworska, M., & SzaluśJordanow, O. (2017). Congenital heart defects in dogs: A retrospective study of 301 dogs. Med Weter, 73(10), 651-656.
Gavaghan, B. (2007). The value and limitations of echocardiography in small animal practice. Gómez-Duarte, L. (2011). Degenerative valve disease in dogs: update on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 24(2), 201-208.
Guglielmini, C., Goncalves Sousa, M., Baron Toaldo, M., Valente, C., Bentivoglio, V., Mazzoldi, C., & Poser, H. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 34(6), 2223-2231. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15927
Hoque, M., Saxena, A. C., Gugjoo, M. B., & Bodh, D. (2019). Cardiac diseases in dogs. Indian J. Anim. Health, 58(1), 1-20. DOI: 10.36062/ijah.58.1.2019.01-20
Jalongo, M.R. (2023). Pet keeping in the time of COVID19: The canine and feline companions of young children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 51(6), 1067-1077. DOI: 10.1007/s10643-021- 01251-9
Keene, B.W., Atkins, C.E., Bonagura, J.D., Fox, P.R., Häggström, J., Fuentes, V.L., & Uechi, M. (2019). ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. Journal of Veterinary İnternal Medicine, 33(3), 1127-1140. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15488
Kumar, K.S., & Amruth Kumar, V.V.V. (2024). Diagnosis of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) in Aged Dogs. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 58(1). DOI: 10.18805/IJAR.B4403
Li, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Regressive vision transformer for dog cardiomegaly assessment. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1539. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023- 50063-x
Lim, S., Wesselowski, S., Kadotani, S., Winter, R.L., & Saunders, A.B. (2025). Clinical and imaging characteristics of patent ductus arteriosus in Standard poodles and their crossbreeds. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 59, 48-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.005
Lucina, S.B., Sarraff, A.P., Wolf, M., Silva, V.B., Sousa, M.G., Froes, T.R. (2021). Congenital heart disease in dogs: a retrospective study of 95 cases. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 43, 100505. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100505
Martin, M.W.S., Stafford Johnson, M.J., Strehlau, G., & King, J.N. (2010). Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of prognostic findings in 367 clinical cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 51(8), 428-436. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00966.x
Matli, B., & Rao, V.V. (2022). Assesment electrocardiogaphic and echocardiographic parameters in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Indian Journal of Canine Practice, 14(2). DOI: 10.29005/IJCP.2022.14.2.69-75
Meurs, K.M., Lahmers, S., Keene, B.W., White, S.N., Oyama, M.A., Mauceli, E., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2012). A splice site mutation in a gene encoding for PDK4, a mitochondrial protein, is associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher. Human Genetics 131, 1319-1325. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1158-2
Na, Y., Lee, D., Yun, T., Koo, Y., Chae, Y., Kim, H., & Kang, B.T. (2021). Comparison of electrocardiographic parameters in dogs with different stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 85(4), 261-270.
Nirmal, N.P., Medhe, S., Dahal, M., Koirala, P., Nirmal, S., Al-Asmari, F., & Xu, B. (2024). Betalains protect various body organs through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Food Science and Human Wellness, 13(3), 1109-1117. DOI: 10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250093
Ogawa, M., Ogi, H., Miyakawa, H., Hsu, H. H., Miyagawa, Y., & Takemura, N. (2022). Evaluation of the association between electrocardiogram parameters and left cardiac remodeling in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Veterinary World, 15(8), 2072. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2072-2083
Oliveira, P., Domenech, O., Silva, J., Vannini, S., Bussadori, R., & Bussadori, C. (2011). Retrospective review of congenital heart disease in 976 dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25(3), 477-483. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939- 1676.2011.0711.x
Oyama, M.A., Fox, P.R., Rush, J.E., Rozanski, E.A., & Lesser, M. (2008). Clinical utility of serum Nterminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for identifying cardiac disease in dogs and assessing disease severity. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232(10), 1496-1503. DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.10.1496
Özkanlar, Y., & Ertürk, N. (2014). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Kalp Hastalıklarında Ekokardiyografik Tanı Yöntemleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 5(1), 9-17.
Yaramış, Ç.P, Olğun Erdikmen, D., Altundağ, Y., Özkan, E., & Güzel, B.C. (2024). Examination of the Vertebral Heart Scale and Anatomical Structure of Different Dog Breeds by Computed Tomography. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 30(3). DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2023.30599
Piantedosi, D., Piscitelli, A., De Rosa, A., Serrano Lopez, B., Claretti, M., Boz, E., & Bussadori, C. (2019). Evaluation of left ventricular dimension and systolic function by standard transthoracic echocardiography before and 24- hours after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in 120 dogs. Plos one, 14(10), e0223676. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223676
Sahoo, K.K., Gupta, D.K., Mourya, A., Shahi, A., Das, G., Pathak, S., & Ahirwar, M.K. (2021). Electrocardiographic interpretations of cardiac disorders in dogs. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 55(12), 1476-1483. DOI: 10.18805/IJAR.B4551
Saikrishna, K.S., Jeyaraja, K., Vairamuthu, S., Shafiuzama, M., & Selvaraj, P. (2022). Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy and their Management. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology, 18(5). DOI: 10.48165/ijvsbt.18.5.13
Saini, N., Uppal, S.K., & Anand, A. (2023). Radiographic assessment of dogs with congestive heart failure. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 57(7), 922- 927. DOI: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4352
Schober, K.E., Hart, T.M., Stern, J.A., Li, X., Samii, V.F., Zekas, L.J., & Bonagura, J.D. (2010). Detection of congestive heart failure in dogs by Doppler echocardiography. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 24(6), 1358-1368. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0592.x
Turgut, K., Sen, I., Ince, M.E., Naseri, A., Suleymanoglu, H., Ertan, M., & Sagmanligil, V. (2020). The end-systolic wall stress/endsystolic volume index ratio for systolic function in anatolian shepherd dogs with stage b2 degenerative mitral valve disease. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 26(2), 299-303 DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2019.22661
Vezzosi, T., Grosso, G., Tognetti, R., Meucci, V., Patata, V., Marchesotti, F., & Domenech, O. (2021). The Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic score: A severity classification of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(3), 1238-1244. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16131
Ware, W.A., Bonagura, J. D., & Scansen, B.A. (2021). Myocardial diseases of the dog. In Cardiovascular Disease in Companion Animals (pp. 607-648). CRC Press.
Ware, W.A., Bonagura, J.D., & Scansen, B.A. (2021). Cardiovascular Examination. In Cardiovascular Disease in Companion Animals (pp. 33-44). CRC Press.
Wesselowski, S., Gordon, S.G., Fries, R., Saunders, A. B., Sykes, K.T., Vitt, J., & Barnett, B.G. (2023). Use of physical examination, electrocardiography, radiography, and biomarkers to predict echocardiographic stage B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease in preclinical Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 50, 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.10.001
Wesselowski, S., Gordon, S.G., Meddaugh, N., Saunders, A.B., Häggström, J., Cusack, K., & Matthews, D.J. (2022). Prediction of clinically important acquired cardiac disease without an echocardiogram in large breed dogs using a combination of clinical, radiographic and electrocardiographic variables. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 40, 126-141. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.07.003

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnosis and Diagnostics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Çağatay Esin ^*
0000-0002-7029-9066
Türkiye

Başar Ulaş Sayılkan
0000-0003-1116-3035
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 15, 2025

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

July 2, 2025

Acceptance Date

August 5, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 10 Number: 5

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1733178

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA33LA23YM

APA

Esin, Ç., & Sayılkan, B. U. (2025). Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(5), 606-614. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1733178

AMA

1.Esin Ç, Sayılkan BU. Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region. JAES. 2025;10(5):606-614. doi:10.35229/jaes.1733178

Chicago

Esin, Çağatay, and Başar Ulaş Sayılkan. 2025. “Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region”. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 10 (5): 606-14. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1733178.

EndNote

Esin Ç, Sayılkan BU (September 1, 2025) Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 10 5 606–614.

IEEE

[1]Ç. Esin and B. U. Sayılkan, “Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region”, JAES, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 606–614, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.35229/jaes.1733178.

ISNAD

Esin, Çağatay - Sayılkan, Başar Ulaş. “Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region”. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 10/5 (September 1, 2025): 606-614. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1733178.

JAMA

1.Esin Ç, Sayılkan BU. Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region. JAES. 2025;10:606–614.

MLA

Esin, Çağatay, and Başar Ulaş Sayılkan. “Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region”. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, vol. 10, no. 5, Sept. 2025, pp. 606-14, doi:10.35229/jaes.1733178.

Vancouver

1.Çağatay Esin, Başar Ulaş Sayılkan. Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 562 Dogs in the Black Sea Region. JAES. 2025 Sep. 1;10(5):606-14. doi:10.35229/jaes.1733178

Cited By

Retrospective Evaluation of Cardiac Diseases in 504 Cats in the Black Sea Region: BLACK-CARD STUDY

Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1796599

EBSCOHost Scilit CABI

JAES/AAS-Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences/Anatolian Academic Sciences&Anadolu Çevre ve Hayvancılık Dergisi/Anadolu Akademik Bilimler-AÇEH/AAS