Amasya'da (Türkiye) Otoyol -Kent Gradyanındaki Toprak ve Euphorbia rigida türünde Ağır Metal Birikimi ve Biyomonitörlük Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 6, 923 - 931, 30.11.2025

Dudu Duygu Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1777922

Abstract

Trafik, özellikle Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu ve Cr gibi ağır metallerin başlıca kaynağı olup, bu elementlerin toprak ve bitkilerde birikimi ekosistem sağlığı ve insan sağlığı açısından ciddi risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, trafik kaynaklı kirliliğin düzenli izlenmesi için güvenilir biyomonitör türlerin kullanımı büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Amasya’da trafik ve kentsel baskıyı temsil eden altı lokalitede (otoyol kenarı, şehir içi, 300 m, 500 m, 1000 m, kontrol) toprak ve Euphorbia rigida bireylerinde ağır metal birikimini ve türün biyomonitörlük potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. ICP-OES analizleriyle Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb ve Zn ölçülmüş; toprakta Jeo-birikim İndeksi (Igeo) ve Zenginleşme Faktörü (EF), bitkide ise biyokonsantrasyon Faktörü (BCF) ve Transfer Faktörü (TF) hesaplanmıştır. Zn ve Cd trafiğe mesafeyle azalırken, Cu, Cr ve Pb değerleri şehir içinde en yüksek bulunmuştur. Toprak analizlerinde, Cd (oto yol kenarında Igeo=1.813) orta derecede antropojenik kirlenmeye işaret etmiş; Zn (EF = 3.814) ve Pb (EF = 3.357) ise kent ve yol kenarlarında önemli ölçüde zenginleşme göstermiştir. Bitki dokularında birikim sırası Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd şeklinde gerçekleşmiştir. E.rigida, tüm lokalitelerde Zn için BCF > 1 değeriyle hiperakümülatör davranış sergilemiş, en yüksek konsantrasyon yıkanmış köklerde 573.90 mg kg⁻¹ olarak ölçülerek toksisite üst sınırını aşmıştır. Pb ve Cd için ise TF ≤ 1 olması, metali köklerinde tutarak fitostabilizasyon eğilimine işaret etmiştir. Sonuçlar, E. rigida’nın özellikle Zn ve kısmen Pb kirliliğinde etkin bir biyomonitör olduğunu, yol ve kentsel alanlarda düzenli izleme için kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Amasya; ağır metaller (Cd , Cr , Cu , Pb , Zn); biyomonitörlük; Euphorbia rigida; trafik kirliliği.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma insan katılımcıları veya deney hayvanlarını içermemektedir. Bitki ve toprak örnekleri ilgili mevzuata uygun olarak ve doğaya zarar vermeden toplanmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Amasya Üniversitesi

Project Number

FMB-BAP 18-0310

Thanks

Amasya Üniversitesi BAP (FMB-BAP 18-0310) desteğine teşekkür ederim.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Euphorbia rigida Along a Roadside–Urban Gradient in Amasya (Türkiye) and Evaluation of the Species’ Biomonitoring Potential

Abstract

Traffic is a major source of heavy metals, particularly Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Cr, and the accumulation of these elements in soil and plants poses a serious risk to ecosystem health and human health. Therefore, the use of reliable biomonitor species for the regular monitoring of traffic-related pollution is of great importance. In this study, heavy metal accumulation in soil and Euphorbia rigida individuals and the species' biomonitoring potential were investigated at six locations (motorway edge, city centre, 300 m, 500 m, 1000 m, control) representing traffic and urban pressure in Amasya. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured using ICP-OES analysis; the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF) were calculated for soil, while the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Transfer Factor (TF) were calculated for plants. Zn and Cd decreased with distance from traffic, while Cu, Cr, and Pb values were highest within the city. Soil analyses indicated moderate anthropogenic contamination for Cd (Igeo = 1.813 at the roadside); Zn (EF = 3.814) and Pb (EF = 3.357) showed significant enrichment in the city and at the roadside. The order of accumulation in plant tissues was Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd. E. rigida exhibited hyperaccumulator behaviour for Zn with a BCF > 1 value in all localities, with the highest concentration measured in washed roots at 573.90 mg kg⁻¹ exceeding the toxicity threshold. For Pb and Cd, TF ≤ 1 indicated a tendency towards phytostabilisation by retaining the metal in its roots. The results confirm that E. rigida is an effective biomonitor, particularly for Zn and, to a lesser extent, Pb contamination.

Keywords

Amasya; Euphorbia rigida; , biomonitoring; heavy metals (Cd , Cr , Cu , Pb , Zn) , traffic pollution

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human participants or experimental animals. Plant and soil samples were collected in accordance with the relevant regulations and without causing harm to nature.

Supporting Institution

Amasya Universty

Project Number

FMB-BAP 18-0310

Thanks

I thank Amasya University BAP (FMB-BAP 18-0310) for its support.

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