Research Article
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Sığ bir tatlı su gölünün trofik durumunu belirlemede farklı indekslerin kullanımı

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 6, 1002 - 1009, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1782076

Abstract

Göller, insan, yaban hayatı, sulama, balıkçılık, turizm, içme suyu, rekreasyon ve milli park için dünyanın önemli su ekosistemleri, tatlı su kaynaklarıdır. Aşırı kullanım, antropojenik baskılar ve iklim değişikliği gölleri giderek artan olumsuz etkilere maruz bırakmaktadır. Göller su kaybı, kuruma, bozulma ve kirlenme yaşamakta, bu da hızlı bir trofik durum artışına ve ötrofikasyona neden olmaktadır. Göllerin yapısı, kirliliği, bozulması, kullanılabilirliği ve sürdürülebilirliği trofik durumlarıyla yakından bağlantılıdır. Göl yönetimi ve korunmasıda; TS'un belirlenmesi ve yorumlanması için nesnel, gerçekçi ve kolay uygulanabilir yöntemlere ihtiyaç vardır. Dünya çapında çeşitli drofik durum veya seviye indeksleri geliştirilmiş ve uygulanmaktadır. Kovada sığ bir tatlı su gölüdür (Isparta, Türkiye), göl ve çevresi milli park olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Kovada Gölü ve kanalının trofik durumu Mayıs-Ekim 2024 arasında aylık örneklemeler ve standart kimyasal analizler yapılarak değerlendirilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmada Carlson Trofik Durum İndeksi, Yeni Zelanda Trofik Seviye İndeksi, Türkiye Yüzey Suyu Kalitesi Yönetmeliği İndeksi ve OECD trofik seviye kriterleri kullanılmıştır. Gölde yüksek TP ve TN seviyeleri, orta Chl-a ve düşük SD karakteristiktir. Uygulanan TS indeksleri ve kriterlere göre göl hipertrofik olarak sınıflandırılmıştır, SD ölçüm zorlukları yanı sıra kullanılan parameter ve indeksler uygun ve etkilidir. Kovada Kanalı gölün hidrolojisini, besin maddelerini ve trofik durumunu etkilemektedir. Kanal ile göle taşınan tarımsal, evsel ve endüstriyel kirleticiler, kuraklığa bağlı su seviyesi düşüşleri sığlaşmayla birlikte ötrofikasyonu şiddetlendirmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için özel bir etik onay gerekli değildi.

Supporting Institution

Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü

Thanks

Saha laboratuvar çalışmaları, Türkiye Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarım Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından finanse edilen bir göl izleme projesine bağlı olarak Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü (SAREM) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar, SAREM yönetimine çok teşekkür ederler.

References

  • Abell, J.M., van Dam-Bates, P., Özkundakci, D., & Hamilton, D.P. (2020). Reference and current trophic level index of New Zealand lakes: benchmarks to inform lake management and assessment. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(4), 636-657. DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2020.1726974
  • Alp, A., Sağlam, C., & Gönülol, A. (2016). A study on water quality and trophic state of Akgöl Lagoon (Mersin, Turkey). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 19(1), 58-63. DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2015.1132057
  • Anonymous. (2015). Türkiye Yüzey Suları Kalitesi Yönetmeliği. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  • APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.). Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
  • Bahadır, M. (2014). Kovada Gölü Milli Parkı’nın sürdürülebilir yönetimi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 18(30), 287-310.
  • Balali, S., Hoseini, S.A., Ghorbani, R., & Balali, S. (2012). Correlation of chlorophyll-a with secchi disk depth and water turbidity in the ınternational alma gol wetland, Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 4(5), 504-508. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2012.04.05.63190
  • Brown T., & Simpson (2008). Managing Phosphorus Inputs to Urban Lakes I. Determining the Trophic State of Your Lake. Urban Lake Management 771-781 https://www.scribd.com/document/525648476/CARLSON- INDEX
  • Bryers, G., & Bowman, E. (2000). Protocol for monitoring trophic levels of New Zealand lakes and reservoirs. Lakes Consulting: Auckland, New Zealand. 122 p. https://webstatic.niwa.co.nz/library/047809096X.pdf
  • Bulut, C., & Kubilay, A. (2018). Eğirdir Gölü su kalitesinin trofik durum indeksleriyle belirlenmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 14(4), 324- 338. DOI: 10.22392/egirdir.415073
  • Burns, N.M., Rutherford, J.C., & Clayton, J.S. (1999). A Monitoring and Classification System for New Zealand Lakes and Reservoirs. Lake and Reservoir Management, 15(4), 255-271. DOI: 10.1080/07438149909354122
  • Carlson, R.E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22(2), 361-369.
  • Carlson, R.E., & Simpson, J. (1996). A Coordinator’s Guide to Volunteer Lake Monitoring Methods. NALMS
  • Carpenter, S.R., Caraco, N.F., Correll, D.L., Howarth, R.W., Sharpley, A.N., & Smith, V.H. (1998). Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications, 8(3), 559-568. Cevher, C. (2025). Kovada Gölünün (Isparta) Trofik Durumunun İndekslerle Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ISUBÜ LEE, Isparta
  • Chanamé-Zapata, F., Custodio, M., Poma-Chávez, C., & Cruz, A.H. D.L. (2020). Nutrient concentrations and trophic state of three Andean lakes from Junín, Perú. Revista Ambiente & Água, 15(4), e2525.
  • Çetinkaya, O. (2024). Trophic state indices: the use in lake management, fisheries and aquaculture. In Current Aproaches on Scientific Studies. (pp. 123-161) ISBN: 978-625-367-780-0
  • Çiçek, N.L., & Yamuç, F. (2017). Using epilithic algae assemblages to assess water quality in Lake Kovada and Kovada Channel (Turkey), and in relation to environmental factors. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(4), 701-711. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v17_4_06
  • Dodds, W.K., & Whiles, M.R. (2010). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. Academic Press. 2nd Ed. London
  • EPA (2000). Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual for Lakes and Reservoirs. EPA822-B00-001U.S. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018- 10/documents/nutrient-criteria-manual-lakes-reservoirs.pdf
  • Ertaş, A., Boz, T., & Tüney Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). The determination of Water Quality in Balaban Lake (West Anatolia of Turkey) with Trophic State Indices. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 350- 360. DOI: 10.22392/actaquatr.820775
  • Frumin, G.T., Haldna, M., & Tammeorg, O. (2017). Trophic status of peipus lake. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 87, 3266- 3271. DOI: 10.1134/S1070363217130242
  • Hatvani, I.G., de Barros, V.D., Tanos, P., Kovács, J., Kovács, I.S., & Clement, A. (2020). Spatiotemporal changes and drivers of trophic status over three decades in the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, Lake Balaton. Ecological Engineering, 151, 105861. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105861
  • Jones, C.G., & Taylor, P.D. (2012). Ecosystem services: Urban parks under a magnifying glass. Environmental Research, 156, 1-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.001
  • Kalff, J. (2002). Limnology: Inland Water Ecosystems. Prentice Hall.
  • Kazancı, N., Girgin, S., Dügel, M., Oguzkurt, D., Mutlu, B., Dere, Ş., Barlas, M. & Özçelik, M. (1999). Köyceğiz, Beyşehir, Eğirdir, Akşehir, Eber, Çorak, Kovada, Yarışlı, Bafa, Salda, Karataş, Çavuşçu Gölleri, Küçük ve Büyük Menderes Deltası, Güllük Sazlığı ve Karamuk Bataklığının Limnolojisi. TİSAD IV. ISBN 8-975-7852-59-7
  • Köklü, R., & Alkış, A. (2021). A new statistical perspective on trophic ındexes for shallow lakes. Water Resources, 48(2), 324-330. DOI: 10.1134/S0097807821020123
  • Mahadev, P.M., Somashekar, R.K., Radhakrishna, N., & Muralidhara, B.K. (2020). Water chemistry and trophic state of seven lakes of mandya district, karnataka, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(10), 85-91. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.012
  • Meteoblue. (2025). Simulated historical climate and weather data for Eğirdir, https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climat emodelled/e%c4%9firdir_republic-of-t%c3%bcrkiye_315905
  • OECD. (1982). Eutrophication of Waters: Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • Schindler, D.W. (2006). Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1_part_2), 356-363. DOI: 10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0356
  • Smith, V.H. (2003). Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: a global problem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(2), 126-139. DOI: 10.1007/BF02987408
  • Taheri Tizro, A., Ghashghaie M., & Nozari, H. (2016). Assessment of carson trophic index in dam lake: a case study of Ekbatan Dam. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 4(4), 25-33. DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.JHS.4.4.25
  • Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd Ed.). Academic Press. Yarar, M., & Magnin, G. (1997). Türkiye'nin Önemli Kuş Alanları. DHKD Yay.
  • Yılmaz, H., & Akçay, M. (2013). The general characteristics and main problems of national parks in Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(21), 2524-2530.
  • Yüce, A. (1999). Kovada Gölü ve Kanalı Alglerinin Taksonomik ve Ekolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, SDÜ, FBE, Isparta
  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., & Ertan, Ö.O. (2012). Eğirdir ve Kovada göllerini bağlayan kovada kanalı ile göllerin kanala yakın bölümünde trofik durumun belirlenmesi. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 29(3), 137-141.
  • Zhu, G., Qin, B., Gao, G., Zhang, L., Luo, L., & Zhang, Y. (2007). Effects of hydrodynamics on phosphorus concentrations in water of Lake Taihu, a large, shallow, eutrophic lake of China. Hydrobiologia, 581(1), 53-61. . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1- 4020-6158-5_6

Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 6, 1002 - 1009, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1782076

Abstract

The lakes are world’s important aquatic ecosystems and freshwater resources for human, wildlife, irrigation, fisheries, tourism, drinking water, recreation and national park. The over use, increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change make lakes subject to growing negative impacts. Lakes are experiencing water loss, drying out, degradation and pollution, causing rapid trophic state (TS) rise and eutrophication. The structure, pollution, degradation, usability, and sustainability of lakes are closely linked to their TS. For lake management and conservation; to determine and interpret of TS are need objective, realistic, easily applicable methods. Various TS or level indices have been developed and being applied globally. Kovada is a shallow freshwater lake (Isparta, Turkiye), lake and surroundings were designated as national park. In this study, Kovada Lake and its inlet's TS were assessed and interpreted on monthly samplings and standard chemical analyses conducted between May and October 2024. Carlson Trophic State Index, New Zealand Trophic Level Index, Türkiye Surface Water Quality Regulation Index and OECD TS criteria were employed. The high TP, TN levels, moderate Chl-a, and low SD were characteristic. According to applied TS indices and criteria lake's TS is classified as hypertrophic, besides SD measurement difficulties, used indices were appropriate and effective. The canal influences lake's hydrology, nutrients and TS. Agricultural, domestic and industrial pollutants transported via canal, along with drought-induced water level declines and progressive shallowing, are exacerbating eutrophication.

Ethical Statement

No specific ethical approval was necessary for this study.

Supporting Institution

Eğirdir Fisheries Research Institute

Thanks

The field-laboratory facilities were supported by the Eğirdir Fisheries Research Institute (SAREM) affiliated with a ongoing lakes monitoring Project that funded by Turkish MoAF, Agricultural Research and Policy General directorate. The authors thank a lot the SAREM administration.

References

  • Abell, J.M., van Dam-Bates, P., Özkundakci, D., & Hamilton, D.P. (2020). Reference and current trophic level index of New Zealand lakes: benchmarks to inform lake management and assessment. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(4), 636-657. DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2020.1726974
  • Alp, A., Sağlam, C., & Gönülol, A. (2016). A study on water quality and trophic state of Akgöl Lagoon (Mersin, Turkey). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 19(1), 58-63. DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2015.1132057
  • Anonymous. (2015). Türkiye Yüzey Suları Kalitesi Yönetmeliği. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  • APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.). Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
  • Bahadır, M. (2014). Kovada Gölü Milli Parkı’nın sürdürülebilir yönetimi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 18(30), 287-310.
  • Balali, S., Hoseini, S.A., Ghorbani, R., & Balali, S. (2012). Correlation of chlorophyll-a with secchi disk depth and water turbidity in the ınternational alma gol wetland, Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 4(5), 504-508. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2012.04.05.63190
  • Brown T., & Simpson (2008). Managing Phosphorus Inputs to Urban Lakes I. Determining the Trophic State of Your Lake. Urban Lake Management 771-781 https://www.scribd.com/document/525648476/CARLSON- INDEX
  • Bryers, G., & Bowman, E. (2000). Protocol for monitoring trophic levels of New Zealand lakes and reservoirs. Lakes Consulting: Auckland, New Zealand. 122 p. https://webstatic.niwa.co.nz/library/047809096X.pdf
  • Bulut, C., & Kubilay, A. (2018). Eğirdir Gölü su kalitesinin trofik durum indeksleriyle belirlenmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 14(4), 324- 338. DOI: 10.22392/egirdir.415073
  • Burns, N.M., Rutherford, J.C., & Clayton, J.S. (1999). A Monitoring and Classification System for New Zealand Lakes and Reservoirs. Lake and Reservoir Management, 15(4), 255-271. DOI: 10.1080/07438149909354122
  • Carlson, R.E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22(2), 361-369.
  • Carlson, R.E., & Simpson, J. (1996). A Coordinator’s Guide to Volunteer Lake Monitoring Methods. NALMS
  • Carpenter, S.R., Caraco, N.F., Correll, D.L., Howarth, R.W., Sharpley, A.N., & Smith, V.H. (1998). Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications, 8(3), 559-568. Cevher, C. (2025). Kovada Gölünün (Isparta) Trofik Durumunun İndekslerle Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ISUBÜ LEE, Isparta
  • Chanamé-Zapata, F., Custodio, M., Poma-Chávez, C., & Cruz, A.H. D.L. (2020). Nutrient concentrations and trophic state of three Andean lakes from Junín, Perú. Revista Ambiente & Água, 15(4), e2525.
  • Çetinkaya, O. (2024). Trophic state indices: the use in lake management, fisheries and aquaculture. In Current Aproaches on Scientific Studies. (pp. 123-161) ISBN: 978-625-367-780-0
  • Çiçek, N.L., & Yamuç, F. (2017). Using epilithic algae assemblages to assess water quality in Lake Kovada and Kovada Channel (Turkey), and in relation to environmental factors. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(4), 701-711. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v17_4_06
  • Dodds, W.K., & Whiles, M.R. (2010). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. Academic Press. 2nd Ed. London
  • EPA (2000). Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual for Lakes and Reservoirs. EPA822-B00-001U.S. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018- 10/documents/nutrient-criteria-manual-lakes-reservoirs.pdf
  • Ertaş, A., Boz, T., & Tüney Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). The determination of Water Quality in Balaban Lake (West Anatolia of Turkey) with Trophic State Indices. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 350- 360. DOI: 10.22392/actaquatr.820775
  • Frumin, G.T., Haldna, M., & Tammeorg, O. (2017). Trophic status of peipus lake. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 87, 3266- 3271. DOI: 10.1134/S1070363217130242
  • Hatvani, I.G., de Barros, V.D., Tanos, P., Kovács, J., Kovács, I.S., & Clement, A. (2020). Spatiotemporal changes and drivers of trophic status over three decades in the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, Lake Balaton. Ecological Engineering, 151, 105861. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105861
  • Jones, C.G., & Taylor, P.D. (2012). Ecosystem services: Urban parks under a magnifying glass. Environmental Research, 156, 1-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.001
  • Kalff, J. (2002). Limnology: Inland Water Ecosystems. Prentice Hall.
  • Kazancı, N., Girgin, S., Dügel, M., Oguzkurt, D., Mutlu, B., Dere, Ş., Barlas, M. & Özçelik, M. (1999). Köyceğiz, Beyşehir, Eğirdir, Akşehir, Eber, Çorak, Kovada, Yarışlı, Bafa, Salda, Karataş, Çavuşçu Gölleri, Küçük ve Büyük Menderes Deltası, Güllük Sazlığı ve Karamuk Bataklığının Limnolojisi. TİSAD IV. ISBN 8-975-7852-59-7
  • Köklü, R., & Alkış, A. (2021). A new statistical perspective on trophic ındexes for shallow lakes. Water Resources, 48(2), 324-330. DOI: 10.1134/S0097807821020123
  • Mahadev, P.M., Somashekar, R.K., Radhakrishna, N., & Muralidhara, B.K. (2020). Water chemistry and trophic state of seven lakes of mandya district, karnataka, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(10), 85-91. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.012
  • Meteoblue. (2025). Simulated historical climate and weather data for Eğirdir, https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climat emodelled/e%c4%9firdir_republic-of-t%c3%bcrkiye_315905
  • OECD. (1982). Eutrophication of Waters: Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • Schindler, D.W. (2006). Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1_part_2), 356-363. DOI: 10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0356
  • Smith, V.H. (2003). Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: a global problem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(2), 126-139. DOI: 10.1007/BF02987408
  • Taheri Tizro, A., Ghashghaie M., & Nozari, H. (2016). Assessment of carson trophic index in dam lake: a case study of Ekbatan Dam. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 4(4), 25-33. DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.JHS.4.4.25
  • Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd Ed.). Academic Press. Yarar, M., & Magnin, G. (1997). Türkiye'nin Önemli Kuş Alanları. DHKD Yay.
  • Yılmaz, H., & Akçay, M. (2013). The general characteristics and main problems of national parks in Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(21), 2524-2530.
  • Yüce, A. (1999). Kovada Gölü ve Kanalı Alglerinin Taksonomik ve Ekolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, SDÜ, FBE, Isparta
  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., & Ertan, Ö.O. (2012). Eğirdir ve Kovada göllerini bağlayan kovada kanalı ile göllerin kanala yakın bölümünde trofik durumun belirlenmesi. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 29(3), 137-141.
  • Zhu, G., Qin, B., Gao, G., Zhang, L., Luo, L., & Zhang, Y. (2007). Effects of hydrodynamics on phosphorus concentrations in water of Lake Taihu, a large, shallow, eutrophic lake of China. Hydrobiologia, 581(1), 53-61. . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1- 4020-6158-5_6
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Aquaculture
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Osman Çetinkaya 0009-0006-0692-6279

Cemal Cevher 0009-0001-7225-8161

Submission Date September 11, 2025
Acceptance Date November 24, 2025
Early Pub Date November 30, 2025
Publication Date November 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Çetinkaya, O., & Cevher, C. (2025). Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(6), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1782076


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