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Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake

Cilt: 10 Sayı: 6 30 Kasım 2025
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Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake

Öz

The lakes are world’s important aquatic ecosystems and freshwater resources for human, wildlife, irrigation, fisheries, tourism, drinking water, recreation and national park. The over use, increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change make lakes subject to growing negative impacts. Lakes are experiencing water loss, drying out, degradation and pollution, causing rapid trophic state (TS) rise and eutrophication. The structure, pollution, degradation, usability, and sustainability of lakes are closely linked to their TS. For lake management and conservation; to determine and interpret of TS are need objective, realistic, easily applicable methods. Various TS or level indices have been developed and being applied globally. Kovada is a shallow freshwater lake (Isparta, Turkiye), lake and surroundings were designated as national park. In this study, Kovada Lake and its inlet's TS were assessed and interpreted on monthly samplings and standard chemical analyses conducted between May and October 2024. Carlson Trophic State Index, New Zealand Trophic Level Index, Türkiye Surface Water Quality Regulation Index and OECD TS criteria were employed. The high TP, TN levels, moderate Chl-a, and low SD were characteristic. According to applied TS indices and criteria lake's TS is classified as hypertrophic, besides SD measurement difficulties, used indices were appropriate and effective. The canal influences lake's hydrology, nutrients and TS. Agricultural, domestic and industrial pollutants transported via canal, along with drought-induced water level declines and progressive shallowing, are exacerbating eutrophication.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hypertrophic, Kovada, shallow lake, trophic level, trophic state indices

Destekleyen Kurum

Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için özel bir etik onay gerekli değildi.

Teşekkür

Saha laboratuvar çalışmaları, Türkiye Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarım Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından finanse edilen bir göl izleme projesine bağlı olarak Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü (SAREM) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar, SAREM yönetimine çok teşekkür ederler.

Kaynakça

  1. Abell, J.M., van Dam-Bates, P., Özkundakci, D., & Hamilton, D.P. (2020). Reference and current trophic level index of New Zealand lakes: benchmarks to inform lake management and assessment. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(4), 636-657. DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2020.1726974
  2. Alp, A., Sağlam, C., & Gönülol, A. (2016). A study on water quality and trophic state of Akgöl Lagoon (Mersin, Turkey). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 19(1), 58-63. DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2015.1132057
  3. Anonymous. (2015). Türkiye Yüzey Suları Kalitesi Yönetmeliği. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  4. APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.). Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
  5. Bahadır, M. (2014). Kovada Gölü Milli Parkı’nın sürdürülebilir yönetimi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 18(30), 287-310.
  6. Balali, S., Hoseini, S.A., Ghorbani, R., & Balali, S. (2012). Correlation of chlorophyll-a with secchi disk depth and water turbidity in the ınternational alma gol wetland, Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 4(5), 504-508. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2012.04.05.63190
  7. Brown T., & Simpson (2008). Managing Phosphorus Inputs to Urban Lakes I. Determining the Trophic State of Your Lake. Urban Lake Management 771-781 https://www.scribd.com/document/525648476/CARLSON- INDEX
  8. Bryers, G., & Bowman, E. (2000). Protocol for monitoring trophic levels of New Zealand lakes and reservoirs. Lakes Consulting: Auckland, New Zealand. 122 p. https://webstatic.niwa.co.nz/library/047809096X.pdf
  9. Bulut, C., & Kubilay, A. (2018). Eğirdir Gölü su kalitesinin trofik durum indeksleriyle belirlenmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 14(4), 324- 338. DOI: 10.22392/egirdir.415073
  10. Burns, N.M., Rutherford, J.C., & Clayton, J.S. (1999). A Monitoring and Classification System for New Zealand Lakes and Reservoirs. Lake and Reservoir Management, 15(4), 255-271. DOI: 10.1080/07438149909354122

Kaynak Göster

APA
Çetinkaya, O., & Cevher, C. (2025). Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(6), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1782076
AMA
1.Çetinkaya O, Cevher C. Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences. 2025;10(6):1002-1009. doi:10.35229/jaes.1782076
Chicago
Çetinkaya, Osman, ve Cemal Cevher. 2025. “Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake”. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 10 (6): 1002-9. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1782076.
EndNote
Çetinkaya O, Cevher C (01 Kasım 2025) Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 10 6 1002–1009.
IEEE
[1]O. Çetinkaya ve C. Cevher, “Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake”, Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, c. 10, sy 6, ss. 1002–1009, Kas. 2025, doi: 10.35229/jaes.1782076.
ISNAD
Çetinkaya, Osman - Cevher, Cemal. “Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake”. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 10/6 (01 Kasım 2025): 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1782076.
JAMA
1.Çetinkaya O, Cevher C. Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences. 2025;10:1002–1009.
MLA
Çetinkaya, Osman, ve Cemal Cevher. “Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake”. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, c. 10, sy 6, Kasım 2025, ss. 1002-9, doi:10.35229/jaes.1782076.
Vancouver
1.Osman Çetinkaya, Cemal Cevher. Using different indices to estimate trophic state of a shallow freshwater lake. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences. 01 Kasım 2025;10(6):1002-9. doi:10.35229/jaes.1782076