Abstract
As artificial intelligence (AI) agents become increasingly embedded in digital games and entertainment systems, anthropomorphism (the attribution of human-like traits to artificial agents) has emerged as a key factor shaping player engagement and experience. Despite growing empirical interest, existing findings remain fragmented across domains and lack a coherent synthesis focused on gaming-specific interaction dynamics. This study presents a critical literature review that systematically examines prior empirical and conceptual research on anthropomorphic AI agents in gaming and entertainment contexts. Drawing on Computers Are Social Actors (CASA), Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), and self–AI connection frameworks, the review classifies and compares six core anthropomorphic traits (emotions, social cues, individuality, autonomy, user connection, and appearance) and analyzes how each trait contributes to player engagement, attachment, immersion, and cognitive load. The analysis identifies recurring patterns, trade-offs, and design tensions, showing that while anthropomorphic features can enhance realism, trust, and emotional involvement, excessive or poorly aligned traits may increase extraneous cognitive load or foster over-attachment. By consolidating dispersed findings and highlighting underexplored areas, this study provides a theory-informed synthesis that advances conceptual understanding of anthropomorphism in games and offers actionable design implications for developers, as well as clear directions for future empirical research.
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence Anthropomorphism Virtual Agents Gaming Entertainment User Experience
Ethical Statement
This article is based exclusively on previously published studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by the author. Accordingly, institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required.
Supporting Institution
This research did not receive any outside funding or support. The author reports no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work.
Thanks
I would like to sincerely thank the İzmir Academy Association, publisher of the Journal of AI, for their professional, efficient, and timely editorial management throughout the publication process.
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Graphics, Augmented Reality and Games (Other) |
| Journal Section | Review Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | January 4, 2026 |
| Acceptance Date | February 25, 2026 |
| Publication Date | February 27, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.61969/jai.1855786 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA44DR65YT |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Issue: 10 |
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About - Contact
Ethics - Publication Ethics
Ethics - Research Ethics
Ethics - Ethics Committee Approval
Policy - Publication Frequency of Periodicals
Policy - Duties and Responsibilities
Policy - Author Guidelines
Policy - Peer Review Process
Policy - Open Access Policy
Policy - Special and Supplemental Issue Policy
Policy - Retractions and Corrections
Policy - Conflict of Interest
Policy - Plagiarism Policy
Policy - AI & Generative AI usage key principles
Policy - Indexing and Abstracting
Policy - Copyright Policy
Policy - Price Policy
Policy - Archiving Policy
Policy - Repository Policy
Policy - Can editors publish in their own journal?
Price Policy
İzmir Academy Association the owner of the Journal of AI covers most of the charges. We would like to thank the Izmir Academy Association for its contributions to science and publishing.
Fee
NO submission, processing, page, coloured figures, publication, or open-access charges are received from authors.
All articles are freely available as early online and on the day of publication on the journal’s website.
Journal of AI articles are Open Access (OA) and fully compliant with funder OA mandates; they are free to read without a subscription.
Journal of AI does not receive payments from authors under any name. The reviewers, editors and other board members also work on a voluntary basis without any fee. If the publisher has an opportunity, it can give awards or make payments to the editors, reviewers and other board members.<br>
Language Editing Services Fee
The responsibility for the grammar and language of the articles in the article belongs to the authors.
Our journal, editors or reviewers do not provide any paid services. If there is a need for language correction and proofreading, the author can have them done by independent organizations and individuals. Our journal has no responsibility for that process.
Fast Track Review Process
Journal of AI does NOT support Fast Track Review Process.
Such a process is NOT available in the journal.
This service, paid or free, is NOT included in the Journal of AI.
Indexes
Journal Boards
Publisher
info@izmirakademi.org
Phone : +90 555 597 19 84
Address : Buyukkale Mahallesi Kerimoglu Sokak No:40-2
35904 Tire / IZMIR
TURKIYE
Editor in Chief
International Editorial Board
International Scientific Board
Journal of AI
is indexed and abstracted by
WoS Research Commons, DOAJ, OpenAIRE, ERIHPLUS, Google Scholar, Harvard Hollis, Scilit, ROAD
Publisher
Izmir Academy Publishing
www.izmirakademi.org
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