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Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Düzce İli Yığılca İlçesinde Üretilen Propolisin Fenolik İçeriğinin Araştırılması

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 20 - 28, 29.10.2018

Abstract

Son yıllarda tüketici bilincinin artmasıyla birlikte, gıda, ilaç, kozmetik gibi pek çok sektörde doğal ürünlerin kullanımı önem kazanmıştır ve Propolis bu doğal ürünlerden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tıbbi ve biyolojik yararlığı nedeniyle, Türkiye'nin batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Düzce İli Yığılca ilçesinde üretilen propolis örneklerinin kimyasal bileşimlerini araştırmaktır. Düzce Üniversitesi Arıcılık Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Uygulama Merkezi'ndeki (DAGEM) ve farklı arılıklardaki kovanlara yerleştirilen plastik propolis tuzaklarından ham propolisler toplandı. Etanolik propolis ektraktı hazırlandı ve diyot dizisi detektörü (HPLC-DAD) ile yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi kullanılarak analiz edildi. Sonuçlar göstermiştir ki; Biochanin, Gallik Asit, CAPE, Pinostrobin ve Pinobankstin dominant olarak bulunmaktadır ve bu bileşenler flavonoid grubuna aittir. Tüm örneklerin farklı seviyelerde farklı biyoaktif bileşimler içerdiği gözlenmiştir. Aynı bölgeden alınan örneklerde bile kimyasal içeriğin farklı olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, propolisin kimyasal içeriği flora, coğrafi konum, bal arısı alt türleri, çözücü gibi birçok faktöre bağlı olmasına rağmen, aynı bölgeden elde edilen propolis örneklerinin de içeriği ve özellikleri farklı olabilir. Bu nedenle arıcılıkta propolis standardizasyonu için kimyasal bileşiğin anlaşılması önemlidir.

References

  • Akyol, S., Erdemli, H.K., Amautou, F. & Akyol, O. (2015). In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol., 4, 192-193.Aliyazıcıoglu, R., Sahin, H., Erturk, O., Ulusoy, E. & Kolayli, S. (2013). Properties of phenolic composition and biological activity of propolis from Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties, 16, 277-287.Alkis, H.E., Kuzhan, A., Dirier, A., Tarakcioglu, M., Demir, E., Saricicek, E., Demir, T., Ahlatci, A., Demirci, A., Cinar, K. & Taysi, S. (2015). Neuroprotective effects of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the radiation-injured brain tissue (Neuroprotective effects of propolis and CAPE). Int. J. Radiat. Res., 13, 297-303.Anonym. (1989). Propolis Design. Turkish Standardization Institute. Ankara, Turkey.Bae, M., Woo, M., Kusuma, I.W., Arung, E.T., Yang, C.H., & Kim, Y.U. (2012). Inhibitory effects of isoflavonoids on rat prostate testosterone 5α-reductase. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 5(6), 319-322.Bak, J., Kim, H.J., Kim, S.Y. & Choi, Y.S. (2016). Neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurotoxicity. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 20, 279-286.Balkhi, H.M., Gul, T. & Haq, E. (2016). Anti-neoplastic and calcium modulatory action of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and desatinib in C6 glial cells: A therapeutic perspective. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 15, 54-63.Bhardwaj, V., Tadinada, S.M., Jain, A., Sehdev, V., Daniels, C.K., Lai, J.C. & Bhushan A. (2014). Biochanin A reduces pancreatic cancer survival and progression. Anticancer Drugs, 25, 296-302. Biradar, S., Joshi, H. & Chheda, T. (2014). Biochanin-A ameliorates behavioural and neurochemical derangements in cognitivedeficit mice for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Exp Toxicol., 33, 369-382.Borelli, F., Izzo, A.A., Di Carlo, G., Maffia, P., Russo, A., Maiello, F.M., Capasso, F. & Mascolo, N. (2002). Effect of a propolis extract and cafeic acid phenethyl ester on formation of aberrant crypt foci and tumors in the rat colon. Fitoterapia, 73, 38-43.Celemli, O.G., (2015). Chemical Classification of Propolis Samples Collected from Different Regions of Turkey in Geographical Region Base. Hacettepe. J. Biol. & Chem., 43(1), 49-57.Celemli, O.G., Sorkun, K. & Salih, B. (2012). Chemical Composition Of Propolis Samples Collected From Tekirdag-Turkey, Mellifera, 12-24, 27-32. Choi, Y.H., Hong, S.S., Shin, Y.S., Hwang, B.Y., Park, S.Y. & Lee, D. (2010). Phenolic compounds from Pueraria lobata protect PC12 cells against Ab-induced toxicity. Arch Pharm Res., 33, 1651-1654.Duran, N., Muz, M., Culha, G., Duran, G. & Ozer, B. (2011). GC-MS analysis and antileishmanial activities of two Turkish propolis types. Parasitol Res., 108, 95-105.Farre, R., Frasquet, I. & Sanchez, A. (2004). Propolis and human health. Ars Pharmaceutica, 45, 21-43.Gencay, O. & Salih, B. (2009). GC-MS Analysis Of Propolis Samples From 17 Different Regions Of Turkey, Four Different Regions Of Brazil And One From Japan. Mellifera, 9-17, 19-28.Ginis, Z., Ozturk, G., Albayrak, A., Kurt, S.N., Albayrak, M. & Fadillioglu, E. (2016). Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on ifosfamide-induced central neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health., 32, 337-343.Gulcin, I., Bursal, E., Sehitoglu, M.H., Bilsel, M. & Gören, A.C (2010). Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 2227-2238.Hajimoradi, M., Fazilati, M., Gharib-Naseri, M.K. & Sarkaki, A. (2015). Gallic acid and exercise training improve motor function, nerve conduction velocity but not pain sense reflex after experimental sciatic nerve crush in male rats. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 5, 288-297. Hsu, S.S., Chou, C.T., Liao,W.C., Shieh, P., Kuo, D.H., Kuo, C.C., Jan, C.R. & Liang,W.Z. (2016). The effect of gallic acid on cytotoxicity, Ca2+ homeostasis and ROS production in DBTRG-05MG human glioblastoma cells and CTX TNA2 rat astrocytes. Chem. Biol. Interact., 252, 61-73.Kanbur, M., Eraslan, G. & Silici, S. (2009). Antioxidant Effect of Propolis Against Exposure to Propetamphos İn Rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(3), 909-915.Kartal, M., Kaya, S. & Kurucu, S. (2002). GC-MS Analysis of propolis samples from two diferent regions of Turkey. Z. Naturforsch., 57, 905-909. Katircioglu, H. & Mercan, N. (2006). Antimicrobial activity and chemical compositions of Turkish propolis from different regions. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11), 1151-1153. Khan, M., Baarine, M. & Singh, I. (2015). Therapeutic potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in neurodegenerative diseases. In Caffeic Acid: Biological Properties, Structure and Health Effects; Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA.Khunnala, A., Narongchai, S., Butkrachang, S., Leelarungrayub, D. & Narongchai, P. (2009). Anti-oxidative stress activities of silibinin on amanitin in vitro. Thai Journal of Toxicology, 24(2), 106-112.Kole, L., Giri, B., Manna, S.K., Pal, B. & Ghosh, S. (2011). Biochanin-A, an isoflavon, showed anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of iNOS expression, p38- MAPK and ATF-2 phosphorylation and blocking NF𝜅B nuclear translocation. European Journal of Pharmacology, 653(1-3), 8-15. Kosalec, I., Bakmaz, M., Pepelnjak, S. & Knezevic, S. (2004). Quantitative analysis of the flavonoids in raw propolis from northern Croatia. Acta Pharmaceut., 54, 65-72. Krell, R. (1996). Value-added products from beekeeping. Fao, Agricultural Services Bulletin, 3, 124.Liu, R., Wu, C.X., Zhou, D., Yang, F., Tian, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, T.T. & Du, G.H. (2012). Pinocembrin protects against b-amyloidinduced toxicity in neurons through inhibiting receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-independent signaling pathways and regulating mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. BMC Med., 10, 105.Mercan, N., Kıvrak, I., Duru, M.E., Katırcıoglu, H., Gulcan, S., Malcı, S., Acar, G. & Salih, B. (2006). Chemical composition effects onto antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of propolis collected from different regions of Turkey. Annals of Microbiology, 56(4), 373-378.Mirzoeva, O.K. & Calder, P.C. (1996) The effect of propolis and its componentes on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 55, 441-449.Moghadas, M., Edalatmanesh, M.A. & Robati, R. (2016). Histopathological analysis from gallic acid administration on hippocampal cell density, depression, and anxiety related behaviors in a trimethyltin intoxication model. Cell. J. 17, 659-667. Moreno, M.I.N., Isla, M.I., Sampietro, A.R. & Vattuone, M.A. (2000). Comparison of the free radical–scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71, 109-114.Naghizadeh, B. & Mansouri, M.T. (2015). Protective effects of gallic acid against streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage in rat striatum. Drug Res. 65, 515-520. Occhiuto, F., Palumbo, D.R., Samperi, S., Zangla, G., Pino, A., De Pasquale, R. & Circosta, C. (2009). The isoflavones mixture from Trifolium pratense L. protects HCN 1-A neurons from oxidative stress. Phytother Res., 23, 192-196.Oyagbemi, A.A., Omobowale, T.O., Saba, A.B., Olowu, E.R., Dada, R.O. & Akinrinde, A.S. (2016). Gallic acid ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats through free radical scavenging activity and improvement in antioxidant defense system. J. Diet. Suppl., 13, 402-419. Padmavathi, R., Senthilnathan, P. & Sakthisekaran, D. (2006a). Therapeutic Effect of Propolis And Paclitaxel on Hepatic Phase I and II Enzymes And Marker Enzymes in Dimethylbenz (A) Anthracene-İnduced Breast Cancer in Female Rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 143(3), 349-354.Padmavathi, R., Senthilnathan, P., Chodon, D. & Sakthisekaran, D. (2006b). Therapeutic effect of paclitaxel and propolis on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in 7, 12 dimethyl benz (a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in female Sprague Dawley rats. Life Sciences, 78, 2820-2825.Paulino, N., Abreu, S.R., Uto, Y., Koyama, D., Nagasawa, H., Hori, H., Dirsch, V.M., Vollmar, A.M., Scremin, A. & Bretz, W.A. (2008). Anti-inflammatory effects of a bioavailable compound, Artepillin C, in Brazilian propolis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 587, 296-301.Pemminati, S. (2015). Effect of gallic acid on antioxidative enzymes activities in depression. Indian J. Psychiat. 57, 125.Popova, M., Silici, S., Kaftanoglu, O. & Bankova, V. (2005). Antibacterial activity of Turkish propolis and its qualitative and quantitative chemical composition. Phytomedicine, 12, 221-228.Sahinler, N., Gul, A. & Copur, G. (2009). Turkish Propolis, Chemical Composition and It’s Preservative Effect on Egg Quality Durıg Storage. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(3), 1877-1886.Santos, N.A.G.D., Martins, N.M., Silva, R.D.B., Ferreira, R.S., Sisti, F.M. & dos Santos, A.C. (2014). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) protects PC12 cells from MPP+ toxicity by inducing the expression of neuron-typical proteins. Neurotoxicology, 45, 131-138.Santos, A.C., Uyemura, S.A., Lopes, J.L., Bazon, J.N., Mingatto, F.E. & Curti, C. (1998). Effect of naturally occurring flavonoids on lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability transition in mitochondria. Free Radical Bio Med., 24(9), 1455-1461.Sehdev, V., Lai, J.C. & Bhushan, A. (2009). Biochanin A modulates cell viability, invasion, and growth promoting signaling pathways in HER-2-positive breast cancer cells. 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Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 20 - 28, 29.10.2018

Abstract

With the increase of consumer consciousness in recent years, the use of natural products has gained importance in many sectors such as food, medicine, cosmetics and Propolis is one of these natural products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical compositions of propolis samples from the Yigilca town of Duzce province of in the western Black Sea Region of Turkey due to its medical and biological availability. Raw propolis collected from plastic propolis traps put into top of the hive from different apiaries and Duzce University Beekeeping Research, Development and Application Center (DAGEM). Ethanolic propolis extract was prepared and analysis was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). The results demonstrated that Biochanin, Gallic Acid, CAPE, Pinostrobin and Pinobankstin were seen dominantly and they belong to the flavonoid group. It has been observed that all of the samples contained different bioactive compositions at different levels. It was observed that the chemical contents were different even in the samples obtained from the same region. In conclusion, the contents and properties of the propolis samples obtained from the same region may be different although the chemical content of propolis are largely dependent on many factors such as flora, geographical location, honeybee subspecies, solvent. So it is important to understand chemical compound for the propolis standardization in beekeeping.

References

  • Akyol, S., Erdemli, H.K., Amautou, F. & Akyol, O. (2015). In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol., 4, 192-193.Aliyazıcıoglu, R., Sahin, H., Erturk, O., Ulusoy, E. & Kolayli, S. (2013). Properties of phenolic composition and biological activity of propolis from Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties, 16, 277-287.Alkis, H.E., Kuzhan, A., Dirier, A., Tarakcioglu, M., Demir, E., Saricicek, E., Demir, T., Ahlatci, A., Demirci, A., Cinar, K. & Taysi, S. (2015). Neuroprotective effects of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the radiation-injured brain tissue (Neuroprotective effects of propolis and CAPE). Int. J. Radiat. Res., 13, 297-303.Anonym. (1989). Propolis Design. Turkish Standardization Institute. Ankara, Turkey.Bae, M., Woo, M., Kusuma, I.W., Arung, E.T., Yang, C.H., & Kim, Y.U. (2012). Inhibitory effects of isoflavonoids on rat prostate testosterone 5α-reductase. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 5(6), 319-322.Bak, J., Kim, H.J., Kim, S.Y. & Choi, Y.S. (2016). Neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurotoxicity. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 20, 279-286.Balkhi, H.M., Gul, T. & Haq, E. (2016). Anti-neoplastic and calcium modulatory action of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and desatinib in C6 glial cells: A therapeutic perspective. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 15, 54-63.Bhardwaj, V., Tadinada, S.M., Jain, A., Sehdev, V., Daniels, C.K., Lai, J.C. & Bhushan A. (2014). Biochanin A reduces pancreatic cancer survival and progression. Anticancer Drugs, 25, 296-302. Biradar, S., Joshi, H. & Chheda, T. (2014). Biochanin-A ameliorates behavioural and neurochemical derangements in cognitivedeficit mice for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Exp Toxicol., 33, 369-382.Borelli, F., Izzo, A.A., Di Carlo, G., Maffia, P., Russo, A., Maiello, F.M., Capasso, F. & Mascolo, N. (2002). Effect of a propolis extract and cafeic acid phenethyl ester on formation of aberrant crypt foci and tumors in the rat colon. Fitoterapia, 73, 38-43.Celemli, O.G., (2015). Chemical Classification of Propolis Samples Collected from Different Regions of Turkey in Geographical Region Base. Hacettepe. J. Biol. & Chem., 43(1), 49-57.Celemli, O.G., Sorkun, K. & Salih, B. (2012). Chemical Composition Of Propolis Samples Collected From Tekirdag-Turkey, Mellifera, 12-24, 27-32. Choi, Y.H., Hong, S.S., Shin, Y.S., Hwang, B.Y., Park, S.Y. & Lee, D. (2010). Phenolic compounds from Pueraria lobata protect PC12 cells against Ab-induced toxicity. Arch Pharm Res., 33, 1651-1654.Duran, N., Muz, M., Culha, G., Duran, G. & Ozer, B. (2011). GC-MS analysis and antileishmanial activities of two Turkish propolis types. Parasitol Res., 108, 95-105.Farre, R., Frasquet, I. & Sanchez, A. (2004). Propolis and human health. Ars Pharmaceutica, 45, 21-43.Gencay, O. & Salih, B. (2009). GC-MS Analysis Of Propolis Samples From 17 Different Regions Of Turkey, Four Different Regions Of Brazil And One From Japan. Mellifera, 9-17, 19-28.Ginis, Z., Ozturk, G., Albayrak, A., Kurt, S.N., Albayrak, M. & Fadillioglu, E. (2016). Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on ifosfamide-induced central neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health., 32, 337-343.Gulcin, I., Bursal, E., Sehitoglu, M.H., Bilsel, M. & Gören, A.C (2010). Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 2227-2238.Hajimoradi, M., Fazilati, M., Gharib-Naseri, M.K. & Sarkaki, A. (2015). Gallic acid and exercise training improve motor function, nerve conduction velocity but not pain sense reflex after experimental sciatic nerve crush in male rats. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 5, 288-297. Hsu, S.S., Chou, C.T., Liao,W.C., Shieh, P., Kuo, D.H., Kuo, C.C., Jan, C.R. & Liang,W.Z. (2016). The effect of gallic acid on cytotoxicity, Ca2+ homeostasis and ROS production in DBTRG-05MG human glioblastoma cells and CTX TNA2 rat astrocytes. Chem. Biol. Interact., 252, 61-73.Kanbur, M., Eraslan, G. & Silici, S. (2009). Antioxidant Effect of Propolis Against Exposure to Propetamphos İn Rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(3), 909-915.Kartal, M., Kaya, S. & Kurucu, S. (2002). GC-MS Analysis of propolis samples from two diferent regions of Turkey. Z. Naturforsch., 57, 905-909. Katircioglu, H. & Mercan, N. (2006). Antimicrobial activity and chemical compositions of Turkish propolis from different regions. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11), 1151-1153. Khan, M., Baarine, M. & Singh, I. (2015). Therapeutic potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in neurodegenerative diseases. In Caffeic Acid: Biological Properties, Structure and Health Effects; Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA.Khunnala, A., Narongchai, S., Butkrachang, S., Leelarungrayub, D. & Narongchai, P. (2009). Anti-oxidative stress activities of silibinin on amanitin in vitro. Thai Journal of Toxicology, 24(2), 106-112.Kole, L., Giri, B., Manna, S.K., Pal, B. & Ghosh, S. (2011). Biochanin-A, an isoflavon, showed anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of iNOS expression, p38- MAPK and ATF-2 phosphorylation and blocking NF𝜅B nuclear translocation. European Journal of Pharmacology, 653(1-3), 8-15. Kosalec, I., Bakmaz, M., Pepelnjak, S. & Knezevic, S. (2004). Quantitative analysis of the flavonoids in raw propolis from northern Croatia. Acta Pharmaceut., 54, 65-72. Krell, R. (1996). Value-added products from beekeeping. Fao, Agricultural Services Bulletin, 3, 124.Liu, R., Wu, C.X., Zhou, D., Yang, F., Tian, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, T.T. & Du, G.H. (2012). Pinocembrin protects against b-amyloidinduced toxicity in neurons through inhibiting receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-independent signaling pathways and regulating mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. BMC Med., 10, 105.Mercan, N., Kıvrak, I., Duru, M.E., Katırcıoglu, H., Gulcan, S., Malcı, S., Acar, G. & Salih, B. (2006). Chemical composition effects onto antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of propolis collected from different regions of Turkey. Annals of Microbiology, 56(4), 373-378.Mirzoeva, O.K. & Calder, P.C. (1996) The effect of propolis and its componentes on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 55, 441-449.Moghadas, M., Edalatmanesh, M.A. & Robati, R. (2016). Histopathological analysis from gallic acid administration on hippocampal cell density, depression, and anxiety related behaviors in a trimethyltin intoxication model. Cell. J. 17, 659-667. Moreno, M.I.N., Isla, M.I., Sampietro, A.R. & Vattuone, M.A. (2000). Comparison of the free radical–scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71, 109-114.Naghizadeh, B. & Mansouri, M.T. (2015). Protective effects of gallic acid against streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage in rat striatum. Drug Res. 65, 515-520. Occhiuto, F., Palumbo, D.R., Samperi, S., Zangla, G., Pino, A., De Pasquale, R. & Circosta, C. (2009). The isoflavones mixture from Trifolium pratense L. protects HCN 1-A neurons from oxidative stress. Phytother Res., 23, 192-196.Oyagbemi, A.A., Omobowale, T.O., Saba, A.B., Olowu, E.R., Dada, R.O. & Akinrinde, A.S. (2016). Gallic acid ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats through free radical scavenging activity and improvement in antioxidant defense system. J. Diet. Suppl., 13, 402-419. Padmavathi, R., Senthilnathan, P. & Sakthisekaran, D. (2006a). Therapeutic Effect of Propolis And Paclitaxel on Hepatic Phase I and II Enzymes And Marker Enzymes in Dimethylbenz (A) Anthracene-İnduced Breast Cancer in Female Rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 143(3), 349-354.Padmavathi, R., Senthilnathan, P., Chodon, D. & Sakthisekaran, D. (2006b). Therapeutic effect of paclitaxel and propolis on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in 7, 12 dimethyl benz (a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in female Sprague Dawley rats. Life Sciences, 78, 2820-2825.Paulino, N., Abreu, S.R., Uto, Y., Koyama, D., Nagasawa, H., Hori, H., Dirsch, V.M., Vollmar, A.M., Scremin, A. & Bretz, W.A. (2008). Anti-inflammatory effects of a bioavailable compound, Artepillin C, in Brazilian propolis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 587, 296-301.Pemminati, S. (2015). Effect of gallic acid on antioxidative enzymes activities in depression. Indian J. Psychiat. 57, 125.Popova, M., Silici, S., Kaftanoglu, O. & Bankova, V. (2005). Antibacterial activity of Turkish propolis and its qualitative and quantitative chemical composition. Phytomedicine, 12, 221-228.Sahinler, N., Gul, A. & Copur, G. (2009). Turkish Propolis, Chemical Composition and It’s Preservative Effect on Egg Quality Durıg Storage. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(3), 1877-1886.Santos, N.A.G.D., Martins, N.M., Silva, R.D.B., Ferreira, R.S., Sisti, F.M. & dos Santos, A.C. (2014). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) protects PC12 cells from MPP+ toxicity by inducing the expression of neuron-typical proteins. Neurotoxicology, 45, 131-138.Santos, A.C., Uyemura, S.A., Lopes, J.L., Bazon, J.N., Mingatto, F.E. & Curti, C. (1998). Effect of naturally occurring flavonoids on lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability transition in mitochondria. Free Radical Bio Med., 24(9), 1455-1461.Sehdev, V., Lai, J.C. & Bhushan, A. (2009). Biochanin A modulates cell viability, invasion, and growth promoting signaling pathways in HER-2-positive breast cancer cells. 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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Pınar Göç Rasgele 0000-0002-7558-3138

Meral Kekecoglu

Publication Date October 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Göç Rasgele, P., & Kekecoglu, M. (2018). Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 1(2), 20-28.
AMA Göç Rasgele P, Kekecoglu M. Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. J.Apit.Nat. October 2018;1(2):20-28.
Chicago Göç Rasgele, Pınar, and Meral Kekecoglu. “Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 1, no. 2 (October 2018): 20-28.
EndNote Göç Rasgele P, Kekecoglu M (October 1, 2018) Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 1 2 20–28.
IEEE P. Göç Rasgele and M. Kekecoglu, “Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey”, J.Apit.Nat., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 20–28, 2018.
ISNAD Göç Rasgele, Pınar - Kekecoglu, Meral. “Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 1/2 (October 2018), 20-28.
JAMA Göç Rasgele P, Kekecoglu M. Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. J.Apit.Nat. 2018;1:20–28.
MLA Göç Rasgele, Pınar and Meral Kekecoglu. “Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, vol. 1, no. 2, 2018, pp. 20-28.
Vancouver Göç Rasgele P, Kekecoglu M. Investigation of Phenolic Content of Propolis Produced in Yigilca District of Duzce Province in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. J.Apit.Nat. 2018;1(2):20-8.

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