The Effect of Vitamin C and E Supplementation into Drinking Water on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality and Intestinal Microflora During Pre-Slaughter Feed Withdrawal in Broiler Chickens

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 47 - 55, 30.06.2023

Hacer Kaya

https://doi.org/10.56430/japro.1280038

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of adding vitamin C and E to the drinking water on carcass characteristics, meat quality and intestinal microflora populations in broiler chickens during the 10-h pre-slaughter feed withdrawal (FW) period. As study materials, forty male broilers at the age of 42 days were used. The broilers were randomly divided into four groups: Control (non-vitamin, NV), vitamin C (1000 mg/L, VC), vitamin E (500 mg/L, VE) and vitamin combination (1000 mg/L VC+500 mg/L VE, VCE). In the study, vitamin additions didn’t affect carcass characteristics, visceral weights and the pH values of the digestive system (P>0.05). The addition of VC and VE increased the weight of the Bursa of Fabricius, and the addition of VE increased the weight of thymus (P<0.05). Additions of vitamin decreased tendency of carcass contamination (P<0.01) and increased pH45min and pH24h of thigh meat and pH24h of breast meat (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively). While a* color intensity of breast and thigh meat increased with all vitamin supplements, L* and b* values of thigh meat decreased (P<0.01). Vitamin supplements, especially VE, reduced the drip loss of breast and thigh meat (P<0.05) and the pathogenic microorganism populations of intestinal contents (P<0.01). As a result, it is thought that the addition of 500 mg/L vitamin E to the drinking water of broiler chickens exposed to the pre-slaughter fasting period will be beneficial to improve meat quality and reduce intestinal pathogenic microorganism load. However, more extensive experimental studies are needed.

Keywords

Broiler, Feed withdrawal period, Intestinal microflora, Meat quality, Slaughter characteristics

Thanks

The author would like to thank Şeyda Merve KARATAŞ (Asst.) for helping at different stages of the project.

References

• Andrews, W. H., & Hammack, T. S. (2011). Bacteriological analytical manual (BAM), Chapter 5: Salmonella. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
• Attia, Y. A., Al-Harthi, M. A., El-Shafey, A. S., Rehab, Y. A., & Kim, W. K. (2017). Enhancing tolerance of broiler chickens to heat stress by supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C and/or probiotics. Annals of Animal Science, 17(4), 1155-1169. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0012
• Aviagen. (2009). Ross broiler management manual, aviagen broiler breeders. www.aviagen.com
• Barbut, S. (1998). Estimating the magnitude of the PSE problem in poultry. Journal of Muscle Foods, 9(1), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4573.1998.tb00642.x
• Bello, A. U., Idrus, Z., Meng, G. Y., Award, E. A., & Farjam, A. S. (2018). Gut microbiota and transportation stress response affected by tryptophan supplementation in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1340814
• Burkholder, K. M., Thompson, K. L., Einstein, M. E., Applegate, T. J., & Patterson, J. A. (2008). Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers. Poultry science, 87(9), 1734-1741. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00107
• Calik, A., Emami, N. K., Schyns, G., White, M. B., Walsh, M. C., Romero, L. F., & Dalloul, R. A. (2022). Influence of dietary vitamin E and selenium supplementation on broilers subjected to heat stress, Part II: oxidative stress, immune response, gut integrity, and intestinal microbiota. Poultry Science, 101(6), 101858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101858
• CIE. (1986). Colorimetry (2nd Ed). CIE Publication.
• Dalia, A. M., Loh, T. C., Sazili, A. Q., Jahromi, M. F., & Samsudin, A. A. (2018). Effects of vitamin E, inorganic selenium, bacterial organic selenium, and their combinations on immunity response in broiler chickens. BMC Veterinary Research, 14(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1578-x
• Erf, G. F., Bottje, W. G., Bersi, T. K., Headrick, M. D., & Fritts, C. A. (1998). Effects of dietary vitamin E on the immune system in broilers: altered proportions of CD4 T cells in the thymus and spleen. Poultry Science, 77(4), 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.4.529
• Gan, L., Fan, H., Mahmood, T., & Guo, Y. (2020). Dietary supplementation with vitamin C ameliorates the adverse effects of Salmonella Enteritidis-challenge in broilers by shaping intestinal microbiota. Poultry Science, 99(7), 3663-3674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.062
• Gharieb, M. M., & Moursi, M. K. (2013). Comparative efficacy of different supplement used to reduce heat stress and their impact on performance, immunity and some biochemical parameters in broilers chickens. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 44(1), 49-67. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2013.329
• Ghasemi-Sadabadi, M., Ebrahimnezhad, Y., Maheri-Sis, N., Shaddel-Teli, A., Ghalehkandi, J. G., & Veldkamp, T. (2022). Effects of supplementation of pomegranate processing by-products and waste cooking oils as alternative feed resources in broiler nutrition. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 21216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25761-7
• Güler, H. C., Demir, N., KurbaL, Ö. F., & Babacanoğlu, E. (2019). The effect of dietary humic acid on some carcass traits, meat quality and blood parameters of Japanese quails subjected to pre-slaughter feed withdrawal stress. Journal of Animal Production, 60(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.551705
• Habibian, M., Ghazi, S., Moeini, M. M., & Abdolmohammadi, A. (2014). Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on immune response and biological blood parameters of broilers reared under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology, 58, 741-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0654-y
• Hajati, H., Hassanabadi, A., Golian, A. G., Nassiri, M. H., & Nassiri, M. R. (2015). The effect of grape seed extract and vitamin C feed supplements carcass characteristics, gut morphology and ileal microflora in broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 5(1), 155-165.
• Harrigan, W. F. (1998). Laboratory methods in food microbiology. Academic Press.
• Hinton Jr, A., Buhr, R. J., & Ingram, K. D. (2000). Physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal. Poultry Science, 79(2), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.2.212
• Hinton Jr, A., Buhr, R. J., & Ingram, K. D. (2002). Carbohydrate-based cocktails that decrease the population of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal. Poultry Science, 81(6), 780-784. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.6.780
• Imik, H., Ozlu, H., Gumus, R., Atasever, M. A., Urcar, S., & Atasever, M. (2012). Effects of ascorbic acid and α-lipoic acid on performance and meat quality of broilers subjected to heat stress. British Poultry Science, 53(6), 800-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.740615
• ISO. (2001). Horizontal method for the enumeration of β-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli-Part 2: Colony-count technique at 44 degrees C using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucuronide. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:16649:-2:ed-1:v1:en
• Karacay, N., Ocak, N., Sarica, M., & Erener, G. (2008). Effect of carbohydrate supplementation provided through drinking water during feed withdrawal on meat and liver colors in broilers. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(3), 479–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3110
• Kayan, H., & Açıkgöz, Z. (2020). The effects of pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period and organic acid supplementation into drinking water on slaughter yield, meat quality, intestinal microflora and some blood traits in broiler. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, Özel Sayı, 131-142. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.826655
• Kop‐Bozbay, C., & Ocak, N. (2015). Body weight, meat quality and blood metabolite responses to carbohydrate administration in the drinking water during pre‐slaughter feed withdrawal in broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 99(2), 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12194
• Lin, H., Sui, S. J., Jiao, H. C., Jiang, K. J., Zhao, J. P., & Dong, H. (2007). Effects of diet and stress mimicked by corticosterone administration on early postmortem muscle metabolism of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 86(3), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.3.545
• Liu, Y. J., Zhao, L. H., Mosenthin, R., Zhang, J. Y., Ji, C., & Ma, Q. G. (2019). Protective effect of vitamin E on laying performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity in laying hens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Poultry Science, 98(11), 5847-5854. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez227
• Mandal, A. B., Yadav, A. S., Elangovan, A. V., Tyagi, P. K., Tyagi, P. K., & Toppo, S. (2005). Effect of pre-slaughter feed withdrawal and dietary supplementation of vitamin E and ascorbic acid on microbiological and keeping quality of broiler chicken meat. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 40(3), 285-287.
• Mazur-Kuśnirek, M., Antoszkiewicz, Z., Lipiński, K., Kaliniewicz, J., Kotlarczyk, S., & Żukowski, P. (2019). The effect of polyphenols and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens exposed to high temperature. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 73(2), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2019.1572342
• Menconi, A., Kuttappan, V. A., Hernandez-Velasco, X., Urbano, T., Matté, F., Layton, S., & Tellez, G. (2014). Evaluation of a commercially available organic acid product on body weight loss, carcass yield, and meat quality during preslaughter feed withdrawal in broiler chickens: a poultry welfare and economic perspective. Poultry Science, 93(2), 448-455. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03444
• Mishra, B., & Jha, R. (2019). Oxidative stress in the poultry gut: potential challenges and interventions. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00060
• Moberg, G. P., (2000). Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In G. P. Moberg & J. A. Mench (Eds.), The biology of animal stress: Basic principals and implications for animal welfare (pp. 1–22). CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993591.0001
• Moriguchi, S., Mıwa, H., Okamura, M., Maekawa, K., Kıshıno, Y., & Maeda, K. (1993). Vitamin E is an important factor in T cell differentiation in thymus of F344 rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 39(5), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.39.451
• Nawaz, A. H., & Zhang, L. (2021). Oxidative stress in broiler chicken and its consequences on meat quality. International Journal of Life Science Research Archive, 01(01), 045-054. https://doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2021.1.1.0054
• Niu, Z. Y., Liu, F. Z., Yan, Q. L., & Li, W. C. (2009). Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science, 88(10), 2101-2107. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00220
• Nosrati, M., Javandel, F., Camacho, L. M., Khusro, A. M. E. E. R., Cipriano, M., Seidavi, A., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2017). The effects of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance, carcass characteristics, blood chemistry, microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 26(2), 295-306. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw073
• Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., & Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95(2), 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
• Pan, L., Zhao, P. F., Ma, X. K., Shang, Q. H., Long, S. F., Wu, Y., & Piao, X. S. (2018). Forsythia suspensa extract protects broilers against breast muscle oxidative injury induced by corticosterone mimicked pre-slaughter acute stress. PoultrySscience, 97(6), 2095-2105. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey046
• Peña, J. E. M., Vieira, S. L., López, J., Reis, R. N., Barros, R., Furtado, F. V. F., & Silva, P. X. (2008). Ascorbic acid and citric flavonoids for broilers under heat stress: Effects on performance and meat quality. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 10, 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2008000200008
• Petrolli, T. G., Junqueira, O. M., Domingues, C. H. F., Pereira, A. S. C., Santos, E. T., & Rocha, R. X. (2016). Effects of the addition of glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and vitamin E to the drinking water of pre-slaughter broiler chickens on carcass yield, gastric emptying and meat quality. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18, 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-635x1801029-034
• Rathgeber, B. M., MacIsaac, J. L., & MacKenzie, M. E. (2007). Feeding turkeys a highly digestible supplement during preslaughter feed withdrawal. Poultry Science, 86(9), 2029-2033. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.9.2029
• Rosales, A. G. (1994). Managing stress in broiler breeders: A review. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 3, 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.2.199
• Scocco, P., Forte, C., Franciosini, M. P., Mercati, F., Casagrande‐Proietti, P., Dall'Aglio, C., & Trabalza‐Marinucci, M. (2017). Gut complex carbohydrates and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens fed with oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) aqueous extract and vitamin E. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101(4), 676-684. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12588
• Serdaroğlu, M., & Öztürk, B. (2011). Pale poultry muscle syndrome in broilers and Turkeys. Journal of Animal Production, 52(1). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/85021
• Singh, H., Sodhi, S., & Kaur, R. (2006). Effects of dietary supplements of selenium, vitamin E or combinations of the two on antibody responses of broilers. British Poultry Science, 47(6), 714-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660601040079
• Souza, V. L. F., Silva, R. S. F., & Silva, C. A. (2007). Vitamina E no desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade do presunto cozido de suínos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 42(4), 581-587. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2007000400017
• Wickramasuriya, S. S., Park, I., Lee, K., Lee, Y., Kim, W. H., Nam, H., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2022). Role of physiology, immunity, microbiota, and infectious diseases in the gut health of poultry. Vaccines, 10(2), 172. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/2/172
• Xue, G., Cheng, S., Yin, J., Zhang, R., Su, Y., Li, X., & Bao, J. (2021). Influence of pre-slaughter FW on weight loss, meat quality and carcass contamination in broilers. Animal Bioscience, 34(6), 1070-1077. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0560
• Yadav, S., & Jha, R. (2019). Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0310-9
• Yang, Q., Liang, Q., Balakrishnan, B., Belobrajdic, D. P., Feng, Q. J., & Zhang, W. (2020). Role of dietary nutrients in the modulation of gut microbiota: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12(2), 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020381
• Yu, D. G., Namgung, N., Kim, J. H., Won, S. Y., Choi, W. J., & Kil, D. Y. (2021). Effects of stocking density and dietary vitamin C on performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 63(4), 815. https://doi.org/10.5187%2Fjast.2021.e77
• Zeferino, C. P., Komiyama, C. M., Pelícia, V. C., Fascina, V. B., Aoyagi, M. M., Coutinho, L. L., & Moura, A. S. A. M. T. (2016). Carcass and meat quality traits of chickens fed diets concurrently supplemented with vitamins C and E under constant heat stress. Animal, 10(1), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115001998
• Zhang, B., Liu, N., Kang, K., Zhang, R., Hao, M., Song, P., & Li, C. (2022). Dietary guanidineacetic acid supplementation ameliorated meat quality and regulated muscle metabolism of broilers subjected to pre-slaughter transport stress by metabolomics analysis. Poultry Science, 101(4), 101739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101739
• Zhang, Y., Shan, A., Jiang, W., Bi, C., & Li, Z. (2013). The effect of vitamin E on growth performance and meat quality in broilers given diets containing distillers’ dried grain with solubles (DDGS). British Poultry Science, 54(1), 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.757578
• Zhao, H., He, Y., Li, S., Sun, X., Wang, Y., Shao, Y., & Xing, M. (2017). Subchronic arsenism-induced oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to apoptosis through mitochondrial and death receptor dependent pathways in chicken immune organs. Oncotarget, 8(25), 40327. https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.16960