A Study on Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Mulberry Leaves Which Grown in Edirne Province

Year 2021, , 319 - 332, 25.09.2021

Şebnem Selen İşbilir , Ecren Çelik

https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.856807

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Mulberry leaves are used traditional medicine in many diseases. The various biological activities of the plants are due to its chemical contents, therefore the phytochemical composition and biological potential of the plant vary according to the region where it grows. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and antidiabetic potential using in vitro inhibition tests of leaves of white and black mulberry obtained from trees grown in Edirne. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents of leaves extracts were determined in the range of 35.08-47.57 µg gallic acid, 18.40-46.25 µg rutin and 4.59- 7.53 µg tannic acid equivalents, respectively. While ethanol extract of black mulberry leaves showed high activity in CUPRAC method (9.1 μmol TEAC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2΄-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS) radicals scavenging assays (EC50 0.31 mg/mL and 0.79 mg/mL, respectively), the ethanol extract of white mulberry leaves showed better carotene bleaching activity (EC50 0.47 mg/mL). Only water extracts of leaves were observed to have metal chelating capacity. In the antidiabetic activity study, the water extracts of leaves showed varying degrees of inhibition on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The potential inhibitory effect of water extracts on carbohydrate digestive enzymes shows that mulberry leaves can be considered as a source of a drug candidate in the antidiabetic drug researches. Also black mulberry leaves can be used in cosmetic applications due to their antioxidant properties.

Keywords

Antiradicalic activitiy, enzyme inhibition, metal chelating, mulberry leaf, phenolic content

Edirne İlinde Yetişen Dut Ağacı Yapraklarının Antioksidan ve Antidiyabetik Aktivitesi Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Abstract

Dut yaprakları halk arasında çeşitli hastalıklarda geleneksel olarak kullanılan bir bitkidir. Bitkilerin gösterdikleri çok çeşitli biyolojik etkinlikleri içerdikleri bileşenlerden kaynaklanmakta olup, bitkinin fitokimyasal bileşimi ve biyolojik potansiyeli yetiştiği bölgeye göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada Edirne ilinde yetişen beyaz ve siyah dut ağacı yapraklarından elde edilen su ve etanol ekstraktlarının antioksidan aktivitesinin ve in vitro enzim inhibisyon testleri ile antidiyabetik kapasitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Beyaz ve siyah dut ağacı yaprak ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik madde miktarı 35.08-47.57 µg gallik asit eşdeğeri/mg, flavonoid miktarı 18.40-46.25 µg rutin eşdeğeri/mg ve tanen miktarı 4.59-7.53 µg tannik asit eşdeğeri/mg aralıklarında tayin edildi. Antioksidan aktivite testlerinde 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) ve 2,2΄-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sülfonik asit) (ABTS) radikallerini gidermede (EC50 sırasıyla 0.31 mg/mL ve 0.79 mg/mL) ve CUPRAC metodunda (9.1 μmol troloks eşdeğeri antioksidan kapasite-TEAC) siyah dut yapraklarının etanol ekstraktı yüksek aktivite gösterirken, beta-karoten ağartma metodunda beyaz dut yapraklarının etanol ekstraktı (EC50 0.47 mg/mL) daha iyi sonuç verdi. Dut yapraklarının sadece su ekstraktlarının metal iyonlarını şelatlama gücüne sahip olduğu görüldü. Antidiyabetik aktivite çalışmasında yaprakların su ekstraktları değişen oranlarda α-amilaz ve α-glukozidaz inhibisyonu gösterdi. Su ekstraklarının karbonhidrat sindirim enzimleri üzerine potansiyel inhibitör etkisi göstermesi, ülkemizde besin olarak tüketilmeyen dut yapraklarının ilaç hammaddesi kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebileceğini; siyah dut yapraklarının ise antioksidan katkı amaçlı olarak kozmetik uygulamalarda kullanılmak üzere ekonomiye kazandırılabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Keywords

Antiradikalik aktivite, dut yaprağı, enzim inhibisyonu, fenolik madde, metal şelatlama

References

• Andallu, B., Shankaran, M., Ullagaddi R. ve Iyer, S. (2014). In vitro free radical scavenging and in vivo anti-oxidant potential of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2013.10.002
• Anwar, F., Kanwal, S., Shabir, G., Alkharfy, HM. ve Gilani, AH. (2015). Antioxidant and antimicrobial att-ributes of different solvent extracts from leaves of four species of mulberry. International Journal of Pharmacology, 11(7), 757-765. Erişim adresi: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijp.2015.757.765
• Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M. ve Karademir, S.E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for die-tary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7970-7981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
• Apostolidis, E., Kwon, YI. ve Shetty, K. (2007). Inhibitory potential of herbal, fruit, and fungal-enriched cheese against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 8(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2006.06.001
• Arıtuluk, ZC. ve Ezer, N. (2012). Halk arasında diyabete karşı kullanılan bitkiler (Türkiye)-II. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 179-208. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hujpharm/issue/49831/639072
• Asgar A. (2013). Anti-diabetic potential of phenolic compounds: A review. International Journal of Food Properties, 16, 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.595864
• Aslan, M., Orhan, N., Deliorman Orhan, D. ve Ergun, F. (2010). Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant po-tential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmaco-logy, 128, 384-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.040
• Bae, SH. ve Suh, HF. (2007). Antioxidant activities of five different mulberry cultivars in Korea. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 40, 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.06.007
• Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of stable free radical. Nature, 26, 1199–1200.
• Bondada, A., Venkata, AVK. ve Nallanchakravarthula, V. (2014). Influence of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves on antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in STZ-diabetic rats. International Journal of Diabetes Developing Countries, 34, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-013-0139-x
• Brouillard, R. ve Dangles, O., (1993). Flavonoids and flower colour. In: Harborne JB. (Ed.), The Flavonoids: Advances in Research Since 1986, (sf. 565–588). London: Chapman and Hall.
• Chon, S., Kim YM., Park, YJ., Heo, BG., Park, YS. ve Gorinstein, S. (2009). Antioxidant and antiprolifera-tive effects of methanol extracts from raw and fermented parts of mulberry plant (Morus alba L.). Eu-ropean Food Research and Technology, 230, 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-009-1165-2
• Çubuk G. ve İnce S. (2015). Oral Antidiyabetik İlaçlar, Kocatepe Veterinery Journal, 8(1), 95-102. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/385263
• Dasgupta, A ve Klein, K. (2014). Oxidative Stress Related to Other Diseases, In: A. Dasgupta ve K. Klein (Ed.), Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements: Prevention and Treatment, (sf. 185-207).
• Dinis, TCP., Madeira, VMC. ve Almeida, LM. (1994). Action of phenolic derivatives (Acetaminophen, sa-licylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 315(1), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1994.1485
• Gougoulias, N. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of leaves from some fruit species. Oxidation Communications, 38(1), 35-45. Erişim adresi: https://scibulcom.net/en/article/QgkTj37Vp9nJlBTMwHH
• Gündoğdu, M., Muradoğlu, F., Gazioğlu Sensoy, RI. ve Yılmaz, H. (2011). Determination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Scientia Horticulturae, 132, 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.09.035
• Halliwell B. ve Gutteridge JM., (1990). Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview. Methods in Enzymology, 186, 1-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)86093-B
• Hasim, WAL, Uci, S. ve Didah, NF. (2020). In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf ethanolic extract. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan, 15(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2020.15.1.45-52
• He, X., Chen, X., Ou, X., Ma, L., Xu, X. ve Huang, K. (2020). Evaluation of flavonoid and polyphenol constituents in mulberry leaves using HPLC fingerprint analysis. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55, 526-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14281
• Hu, X., Jiang, L., Zhang, J., Deng, W., Wang, H. ve Wei, Z. (2013). Quantitative determination of 1-deoxynojirimycin in mulberry leaves from 132 varieties. Industrial Crops and Products, 49, 782-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.06.030
• Iqbal, S., Younas, U., Sirajuddin, D., Chan, KV., Sarfraz, RA. ve Uddin, K. (2012). Proximate composition and antioxidant potential of leaves from three varieties of mulberry (Morus sp.): A comparative study. International Journal of Molecular Science, 13, 6651-6664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13066651
• İnce, C. ve Çağındı, Ö. (2020). Beyaz ve tam buğday unlu ekmek çeşitlerine eklenen beyaz dut (Morus alba) yaprak ve posasının antioksidan ve antidiyabetik aktivite üzerine etkisi. Gıda, 45(5), 977-988. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD20039
• Jozefczuka, J., Malikowska, K., Glapa, A., Nowak JK., Bajerska J., Lisowska A.ve Walkowiak J., (2017). Mulberry leaf extract decreases digestion and absorption of starch in healthy subjects-A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Advances in Medical Sciences, 62, 302-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.002
• Katoch, R. (2011). Methods for nutritional quality evaluation of food materials. In: Analytical Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9785-2_13
• Levickiene, D., Jarienė, E., Gajewski, M., Danilcenko, H., Vaitkevicienė, N., Przybyl, FL. ve Sitarek, M. (2017). Influence of harvest time on biologically active compounds and the antioxidant activity in lea-ves of mulberry grown in Lithuania. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 45(2), 431-436. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210779
• Liaudanskas, M., Viškelis, P., Raudonis,R., Kviklys, D., Uselis, N. ve Janulis, V. (2014). Phenolic composi-tion and antioxidant activity of Malus domestica leaves. Article ID 306217. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/306217
• Liu, C., Xiang, W., Yu, Y., Shi, Z., Huang, X. ve Xu, L. (2015). Comparative analysis of 1-deoxynojirimycin contribution degree to alfa-glucosidase inhibitory activity and physiological distri-bution in Morus alba L. Industrial Crops and Products, 70, 309-315. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.046
• Madalageri, NK., Nagaraj, L. ve Nidamarthi SB. (2016). Evaluation and comparative study of hypoglycaemic activity of Morus alba with oral hypoglycaemic drug (Glibenclamide) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5(48), 3062+. Erişim adresi: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A469639576/HRCA?u=anon~98bb8a98&sid=googleScholar&xid=a55996b5
• Miller, NJ. ve Luiz-Larrea, MB. (2002). Flavonoids and other plant phenols in the diet: Their significance as antioxidants. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine, 12, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840220123352
• Mohammadi, J. ve Naik, PR. (2012). The histopathologic effects of Morus alba leaf extract on the pancreas of diabetic rats. Turkish Journal of Biology, 36, 211-216. Erişim adresi: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/abstract.htm?id=12520
• Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating anti-oxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
• Orak HH., Selen İsbilir S. ve Yagar H. (2012). Determination of antioxidant properties of lyophilized olive leaf water extracts obtained from 21 different cultivars. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(4), 1064-1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-012-0138-6
• Pietta, P., Minoggio, M. ve Bramati, L. (2003). Plant Polyphenols: Structure, Occurrence and Bioactivity. In: A. Rahman (Ed.) Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 28, Part I (sf. 257-312), Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5995(03)80143-6
• Pontes, FC., Abdalla, VCP., Imatomi, M., Fuentes, LFG. ve Gualtieri, SCJ. (2019). Antifungal and antioxi-dant activities of mature leaves of Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 79(1), 127-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.179829
• Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. ve Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
• Singleton, VL. ve Rossi, JA. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.
• Sonia, TA. ve Sharma, CP. (2014). Diabetes mellitus – An overview. In book: Oral Delivery of Insulin (pp 1-57).
• Souza, JGL., Pinto, FGS., Toledo, AG., Alves LFA. ve Alves, DS. (2020). Biological activities and phytoc-hemical screening of leaf extracts from Zanthoxylum caribaeum L. (Rutaceae). Bioscience Journal, Uberlandia, 36(1), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v36n1a2020-48051
• Thabti, I., Marzougui,N., Elfalleh, W. ve Ferchichi, A. (2011). Antioxidant composition and antioxidant activity of white (Morus alba L.), black (Morus nigra L.) and red (Morus rubra L.) mulberry leaves. Acta Botanica Gallica, 158(2), 205-214. Erişim adresi: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2011.10516267
• Tu, J., Shi, D.,Wen, L., Jiang, Y., Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Liu, H., Liu, G. ve Yang, B. (2019). Identification of moracin N in mulberry leaf and evaluaion of antioxidant activity. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 132, 110730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110730
• Tuzlacı, E. ve Bulut, GE. (2007). Turkish folk medicinal plants, Part VII: Ezine (Çanakkale). Istanbul Uni-versity Faculty of Pharmacy, 39, 39-51. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iujfp/issue/577/5699
• Tuzlacı, E. ve Sadıkoğlu, E. (2007). Turkish folk medicinal plants, Part VI: Koçarlı (Aydın). Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, 39, 25-37. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iujfp/issue/577/5697
• Tuzlacı E. ve Şenkardeş İ. (2011). Turkish folk medicinal plants, X:Ürgüp (Nevşehir). Marmara Pharma-ceutical Journal, 15, 58-68.Erişim adresi: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878797998&partnerID=40&md5=a40ea012eeae93d3a943f5dc7aed22e0
• Xiao, J., Ni, X., Kai, G. ve Chen, X. (2013). A review on structure–activity relationship of dietary polyphe-nols inhibiting α-amylase. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53(5), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.548108
• Xiao, H., Zhang, YQ., Ding, XW., Huang, X.Z., Li, R. ve Shen, YH. (2020). Evaluation of bioactive compo-und contents in 50 varieties of mulberry leaves originating from different regions. International Food Research Journal, 27(3), 516-528.
• Yatoo, MI., Saxena, A., Gopalakrishnan, A., Alagawany, M. ve Dhama, K. (2017). Promising antidiabetic drugs, medicinal plants and herbs: An update. International Journal of Pharmacology, 137, 32-745. Erişim adresi: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijp.2017.732.745
• Yu, Y., Li, H., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Shi, X., Huang, J., Yang, J., Zhang, Y. ve Deng, Z. (2018). Nutritional and functional components of mulberry leaves from different varieties: Evaluation of their potential as food materials. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 1495-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1489833
• Zhishen, J., Mengchneg, T. ve Jianming, W. (1999). The determanition of flavonoid contens in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
• Zoral, FB. ve Turgay Ö., (2014). Çeşitli gıda atıklarının toplam fenolik madde içeriğinin, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.03907
• Zou, Y., Liao, S., Shen, W., Liu, F., Tang., C., Chen, CO. ve Sun, Y. (2012). Phenolics and antioxidant acti-vity of mulberry leaves depend on cultivar and harvest month in Southern China. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 16544-16553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131216544