Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

FDM Yöntemi Kullanılarak Üretilen Grafen Katkılı PLA+ Malzemeden Üretilen Numunelerin Çeşitli Sürtünme Ve Aşınma Şartları Altında Tribolojik Davranışlarının Incelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 64 - 80, 04.07.2025

Abstract

In the present study, 9 identical samples were produced by using 2% graphene reinforced PLA+ filament by melt deposition modeling (FDM) method. The friction and wear behaviors of the produced graphene-doped samples under different tribological conditions were investigated. In order to create different tribological conditions, the applied load, rotational speed (rpm) and sliding distance were determined as variable parameters throughout the experiments. 3 different levels were selected for each parameter determined as variable. The applied load was determined as 30 – 40 – 50 Newton, rotational speed (rpm) as 200 – 250 – 300, and sliding distance as 100 – 150 – 200 meters. Taguchi L9 array was used in order to reduce the number of experiments in the 3 different parameters and 3 different levels selected. As a result of the experiments performed, it was observed that Sample 1 produced with 30 N load, 200 rpm and 100 meters sliding distance had the highest wear rate and friction coefficient. It was observed that Sample 3, produced with 30 N load – 300 rpm and 200 meters sliding distance, had the lowest wear rate and friction coefficient. In addition, it was observed that the speed parameter was the most effective parameter on the friction coefficient with a delta value of 0.0422, that the parameter levels did not have a linear or consistent increase or decrease effect, and that the speed parameter was the most effective with a Delta value of 0.889 when examined in terms of S / N ratios

References

  • Abir, A. A., & Trindade, B. (2023). A Comparative Study of Different Poly (Lactic Acid) Bio-Composites Produced by Mechanical Alloying and Casting for Tribological Applications. Materials, 16(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041608
  • Ahmed, J., & and Varshney, S. K. (2011). Polylactides—Chemistry, Properties and Green Packaging Technology: A Review. International Journal of Food Properties, 14(1), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910903125284
  • Anderson, I. (2017). Mechanical Properties of Specimens 3D Printed with Virgin and Recycled Polylactic Acid. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 4(2), 110-115. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2016.0054
  • Aydin, E. (2023). Taguchi Optimizasyon Metodunun İmalat Mühendisliği Alanında Kullanımı: Minitab Örneği. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 28(3), 1049-1068. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1314990
  • Azadi, M., Dadashi, A., Dezianian, S., Kianifar, M., Torkaman, S., & Chiyani, M. (2021). High-cycle bending fatigue properties of additive-manufactured ABS and PLA polymers fabricated by fused deposition modeling 3D-printing. Forces in Mechanics, 3, 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100016
  • Carrasco, F., Pagès, P., Gámez-Pérez, J., Santana, O. O., & Maspoch, M. L. (2010). Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(2), 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045
  • Chowdhury, M. A., Khalil, M. K., Nuruzzaman, D. M., & Rahaman, M. L. (2011). The Effect of Sliding Speed and Normal Load on Friction and Wear Property of Aluminum. 11(01).
  • Ćwikła, G., Grabowik, C., Kalinowski, K., Paprocka, I., & Ociepka, P. (2017). The influence of printing parameters on selected mechanical properties of FDM/FFF 3D-printed parts. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 227(1), 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/227/1/012033
  • Dou, H., Ye, W., Zhang, D., Cheng, Y., & Tian, Y. (2022). Compression Performance with Different Build Orientation of Fused Filament Fabrication Polylactic Acid, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, and Polyether Ether Ketone. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 31(3), 1925-1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06363-2
  • El Magri, A., Vanaei, S., Shirinbayan, M., Vaudreuil, S., & Tcharkhtchi, A. (2021). An Investigation to Study the Effect of Process Parameters on the Strength and Fatigue Behavior of 3D-Printed PLA-Graphene. Polymers, 13(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193218
  • Farah, S., Anderson, D. G., & Langer, R. (2016). Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications—A comprehensive review. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 367-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.012
  • Fasel, U., Keidel, D., Baumann, L., Cavolina, G., Eichenhofer, M., & Ermanni, P. (2020). Composite additive manufacturing of morphing aerospace structures. Manufacturing Letters, 23, 85-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2019.12.004
  • Filameon. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 15 Ekim 2024, gönderen https://www.filameon.com/
  • Gangadharan, G., Trivedi, S., & Vashi, O. (2024). Taguchi method AWJM optimal solution analysis on Al7050. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3107(1), 110009. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0213362
  • Gbadeyan, O. J., Mohan, T. P., & Kanny, K. (2021). Tribological Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Composites-Based Friction Materials. Içinde H. Jena, J. K. Katiyar, & A. Patnaik (Ed.), Tribology of Polymer and Polymer Composites for Industry 4.0 (ss. 161-191). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3903-6_9
  • Gonabadi, H., Yadav, A., & Bull, S. J. (2020). The effect of processing parameters on the mechanical characteristics of PLA produced by a 3D FFF printer. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 111(3), 695-709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06138-4
  • Grémare, A., Guduric, V., Bareille, R., Heroguez, V., Latour, S., L’heureux, N., Fricain, J.-C., Catros, S., & Le Nihouannen, D. (2018). Characterization of printed PLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 106(4), 887-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36289
  • Hiremath, S. V., Hiremath, C. R., & Tikotkar, R. G. (2020). Optimization of tribological property of carbon fiber reinforced nano filler filled polymer composites using Taguchi method. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2274(1), 030035. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0023102
  • Huang, B., Aslan, E., Jiang, Z., Daskalakis, E., Jiao, M., Aldalbahi, A., Vyas, C., & Bártolo, P. (2020). Engineered dual-scale poly (ε-caprolactone) scaffolds using 3D printing and rotational electrospinning for bone tissue regeneration. Additive Manufacturing, 36, 101452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101452
  • Huang, B., Vyas, C., Byun, J. J., El-Newehy, M., Huang, Z., & Bártolo, P. (2020). Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes with nanohydroxyapatite in a 3D printed polycaprolactone scaffold stimulates osteogenic differentiation. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 108, 110374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110374
  • Hussain, H. S., Ridzuan, M. J. M., Abdul, M., Rahman, M. T. A., Ismail, M., Khasri, A., & Yudhanto, F. (2024). Effects of nanofillers on the wear and frictional properties of cellulosic fibre-reinforced composites under varying applied loads. FME Transactions, 52(3), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.5937/fme2403461H
  • Khouri, N. G., Bahú, J. O., Blanco-Llamero, C., Severino, P., Concha, V. O. C., & Souto, E. B. (2024). Polylactic acid (PLA): Properties, synthesis, and biomedical applications – A review of the literature. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1309, 138243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138243
  • Kumar, N., Sharma, A., Manoj, M. K., & Ahn, B. (2024). Taguchi optimized wear and self-lubricating properties of Al-alloy composite reinforced with hybrid B4C–MoS2 particulates. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 28, 4142-4151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.006
  • Laraba, S. R., Rezzoug, A., Avcu, E., Luo, W., Halimi, R., Wei, J., & Li, Y. (2023). Enhancing the tribological performance of PLA-based biocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 148, 106224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106224
  • Meng, Y., Xu, J., Ma, L., Jin, Z., Prakash, B., Ma, T., & Wang, W. (2022). A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021. Friction, 10(10), 1443-1595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0685-7
  • Mishra, R. K., & Abdulrahman, S. T. (2018). Tribological Performance of Polymer Composite Materials. İçinde Advanced Polymeric Materials. River Publishers.
  • Nanografi. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 28 Nisan 2025, gönderen https://nanografi.com/
  • Patrício, T., Domingos, M., Gloria, A., & Bártolo, P. (2013). Characterisation of PCL and PCL/PLA Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Procedia CIRP, 5, 110-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.022
  • Pradhan, S., Kumar Sahu, S., Pramanik, J., & Dhar Badgayan, N. (2022). An insight into mechanical & thermal properties of shape memory polymer reinforced with nanofillers; a critical review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 50, 1107-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.504
  • Rice, S. L., & Moslehy, F. A. (1997). Modeling friction and wear phenomena. Wear, 206(1), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07360-7
  • Sedničková, M., Pekařová, S., Kucharczyk, P., Bočkaj, J., Janigová, I., Kleinová, A., Jochec-Mošková, D., Omaníková, L., Perďochová, D., Koutný, M., Sedlařík, V., Alexy, P., & Chodák, I. (2018). Changes of physical properties of PLA-based blends during early stage of biodegradation in compost. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 113, 434-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.078
  • Sundarasetty, H., & Sahu, S. K. (2025). Tribological behavior of PLA reinforced with boron nitride nanoparticles using Taguchi and machine learning approaches. Results in Engineering, 26, 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104772
  • Şirin, Ş., Aslan, E., & Akincioğlu, G. (2022). Effects of 3D-printed PLA material with different filling densities on coefficient of friction performance. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 29(1), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2022-0081
  • Taguchi, G. (1986). Introduction to quality engineering: Designing quality into products and processes. https://trid.trb.org/View/1179550
  • Unal, H., & Mimaroglu, A. (2003). Influence of test conditions on the tribological properties of polymers. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 55(4), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/00368790310480362
  • Vyas, C., Ates, G., Aslan, E., Hart, J., Huang, B., & Bartolo, P. (2020). Three-Dimensional Printing and Electrospinning Dual-Scale Polycaprolactone Scaffolds with Low-Density and Oriented Fibers to Promote Cell Alignment. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 7(3), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2019.0091
  • Zhang, Y., Liang, F., Lin, Y., Chen, X., & Zhu, Y. (2024). Mitigating friction and wear by pre-designed or tribo-induced heterostructures: An overview. Materials Research Letters, 12(8), 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2024.2356282
  • Zhiani Hervan, S., Altınkaynak, A., & Parlar, Z. (2021). Hardness, friction and wear characteristics of 3D-printed PLA polymer. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J, 235(8), 1590-1598. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120966407

Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Samples Produced from Graphene Additive PLA+ Material Using FDM Method Under Various Friction and Wear Conditions

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 64 - 80, 04.07.2025

Abstract

In the present study, 9 identical samples were produced by using 2% graphene reinforced PLA+ filament by melt deposition modeling (FDM) method. The friction and wear behaviors of the produced graphene-doped samples under different tribological conditions were investigated. In order to create different tribological conditions, the applied load, rotational speed (rpm) and sliding distance were determined as variable parameters throughout the experiments. 3 different levels were selected for each parameter determined as variable. The applied load was determined as 30 – 40 – 50 Newton, rotational speed (rpm) as 200 – 250 – 300, and sliding distance as 100 – 150 – 200 meters. Taguchi L9 array was used in order to reduce the number of experiments in the 3 different parameters and 3 different levels selected. As a result of the experiments performed, it was observed that Sample 1 produced with 30 N load, 200 rpm and 100 meters sliding distance had the highest wear rate and friction coefficient. It was observed that Sample 3, produced with 30 N load – 300 rpm and 200 meters sliding distance, had the lowest wear rate and friction coefficient. In addition, it was observed that the speed parameter was the most effective parameter on the friction coefficient with a delta value of 0.0422, that the parameter levels did not have a linear or consistent increase or decrease effect, and that the speed parameter was the most effective with a Delta value of 0.889 when examined in terms of S / N ratios

References

  • Abir, A. A., & Trindade, B. (2023). A Comparative Study of Different Poly (Lactic Acid) Bio-Composites Produced by Mechanical Alloying and Casting for Tribological Applications. Materials, 16(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041608
  • Ahmed, J., & and Varshney, S. K. (2011). Polylactides—Chemistry, Properties and Green Packaging Technology: A Review. International Journal of Food Properties, 14(1), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910903125284
  • Anderson, I. (2017). Mechanical Properties of Specimens 3D Printed with Virgin and Recycled Polylactic Acid. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 4(2), 110-115. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2016.0054
  • Aydin, E. (2023). Taguchi Optimizasyon Metodunun İmalat Mühendisliği Alanında Kullanımı: Minitab Örneği. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 28(3), 1049-1068. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1314990
  • Azadi, M., Dadashi, A., Dezianian, S., Kianifar, M., Torkaman, S., & Chiyani, M. (2021). High-cycle bending fatigue properties of additive-manufactured ABS and PLA polymers fabricated by fused deposition modeling 3D-printing. Forces in Mechanics, 3, 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100016
  • Carrasco, F., Pagès, P., Gámez-Pérez, J., Santana, O. O., & Maspoch, M. L. (2010). Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(2), 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045
  • Chowdhury, M. A., Khalil, M. K., Nuruzzaman, D. M., & Rahaman, M. L. (2011). The Effect of Sliding Speed and Normal Load on Friction and Wear Property of Aluminum. 11(01).
  • Ćwikła, G., Grabowik, C., Kalinowski, K., Paprocka, I., & Ociepka, P. (2017). The influence of printing parameters on selected mechanical properties of FDM/FFF 3D-printed parts. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 227(1), 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/227/1/012033
  • Dou, H., Ye, W., Zhang, D., Cheng, Y., & Tian, Y. (2022). Compression Performance with Different Build Orientation of Fused Filament Fabrication Polylactic Acid, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, and Polyether Ether Ketone. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 31(3), 1925-1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06363-2
  • El Magri, A., Vanaei, S., Shirinbayan, M., Vaudreuil, S., & Tcharkhtchi, A. (2021). An Investigation to Study the Effect of Process Parameters on the Strength and Fatigue Behavior of 3D-Printed PLA-Graphene. Polymers, 13(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193218
  • Farah, S., Anderson, D. G., & Langer, R. (2016). Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications—A comprehensive review. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 367-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.012
  • Fasel, U., Keidel, D., Baumann, L., Cavolina, G., Eichenhofer, M., & Ermanni, P. (2020). Composite additive manufacturing of morphing aerospace structures. Manufacturing Letters, 23, 85-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2019.12.004
  • Filameon. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 15 Ekim 2024, gönderen https://www.filameon.com/
  • Gangadharan, G., Trivedi, S., & Vashi, O. (2024). Taguchi method AWJM optimal solution analysis on Al7050. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3107(1), 110009. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0213362
  • Gbadeyan, O. J., Mohan, T. P., & Kanny, K. (2021). Tribological Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Composites-Based Friction Materials. Içinde H. Jena, J. K. Katiyar, & A. Patnaik (Ed.), Tribology of Polymer and Polymer Composites for Industry 4.0 (ss. 161-191). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3903-6_9
  • Gonabadi, H., Yadav, A., & Bull, S. J. (2020). The effect of processing parameters on the mechanical characteristics of PLA produced by a 3D FFF printer. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 111(3), 695-709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06138-4
  • Grémare, A., Guduric, V., Bareille, R., Heroguez, V., Latour, S., L’heureux, N., Fricain, J.-C., Catros, S., & Le Nihouannen, D. (2018). Characterization of printed PLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 106(4), 887-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36289
  • Hiremath, S. V., Hiremath, C. R., & Tikotkar, R. G. (2020). Optimization of tribological property of carbon fiber reinforced nano filler filled polymer composites using Taguchi method. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2274(1), 030035. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0023102
  • Huang, B., Aslan, E., Jiang, Z., Daskalakis, E., Jiao, M., Aldalbahi, A., Vyas, C., & Bártolo, P. (2020). Engineered dual-scale poly (ε-caprolactone) scaffolds using 3D printing and rotational electrospinning for bone tissue regeneration. Additive Manufacturing, 36, 101452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101452
  • Huang, B., Vyas, C., Byun, J. J., El-Newehy, M., Huang, Z., & Bártolo, P. (2020). Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes with nanohydroxyapatite in a 3D printed polycaprolactone scaffold stimulates osteogenic differentiation. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 108, 110374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110374
  • Hussain, H. S., Ridzuan, M. J. M., Abdul, M., Rahman, M. T. A., Ismail, M., Khasri, A., & Yudhanto, F. (2024). Effects of nanofillers on the wear and frictional properties of cellulosic fibre-reinforced composites under varying applied loads. FME Transactions, 52(3), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.5937/fme2403461H
  • Khouri, N. G., Bahú, J. O., Blanco-Llamero, C., Severino, P., Concha, V. O. C., & Souto, E. B. (2024). Polylactic acid (PLA): Properties, synthesis, and biomedical applications – A review of the literature. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1309, 138243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138243
  • Kumar, N., Sharma, A., Manoj, M. K., & Ahn, B. (2024). Taguchi optimized wear and self-lubricating properties of Al-alloy composite reinforced with hybrid B4C–MoS2 particulates. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 28, 4142-4151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.006
  • Laraba, S. R., Rezzoug, A., Avcu, E., Luo, W., Halimi, R., Wei, J., & Li, Y. (2023). Enhancing the tribological performance of PLA-based biocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 148, 106224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106224
  • Meng, Y., Xu, J., Ma, L., Jin, Z., Prakash, B., Ma, T., & Wang, W. (2022). A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021. Friction, 10(10), 1443-1595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0685-7
  • Mishra, R. K., & Abdulrahman, S. T. (2018). Tribological Performance of Polymer Composite Materials. İçinde Advanced Polymeric Materials. River Publishers.
  • Nanografi. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 28 Nisan 2025, gönderen https://nanografi.com/
  • Patrício, T., Domingos, M., Gloria, A., & Bártolo, P. (2013). Characterisation of PCL and PCL/PLA Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Procedia CIRP, 5, 110-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.022
  • Pradhan, S., Kumar Sahu, S., Pramanik, J., & Dhar Badgayan, N. (2022). An insight into mechanical & thermal properties of shape memory polymer reinforced with nanofillers; a critical review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 50, 1107-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.504
  • Rice, S. L., & Moslehy, F. A. (1997). Modeling friction and wear phenomena. Wear, 206(1), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07360-7
  • Sedničková, M., Pekařová, S., Kucharczyk, P., Bočkaj, J., Janigová, I., Kleinová, A., Jochec-Mošková, D., Omaníková, L., Perďochová, D., Koutný, M., Sedlařík, V., Alexy, P., & Chodák, I. (2018). Changes of physical properties of PLA-based blends during early stage of biodegradation in compost. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 113, 434-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.078
  • Sundarasetty, H., & Sahu, S. K. (2025). Tribological behavior of PLA reinforced with boron nitride nanoparticles using Taguchi and machine learning approaches. Results in Engineering, 26, 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104772
  • Şirin, Ş., Aslan, E., & Akincioğlu, G. (2022). Effects of 3D-printed PLA material with different filling densities on coefficient of friction performance. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 29(1), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2022-0081
  • Taguchi, G. (1986). Introduction to quality engineering: Designing quality into products and processes. https://trid.trb.org/View/1179550
  • Unal, H., & Mimaroglu, A. (2003). Influence of test conditions on the tribological properties of polymers. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 55(4), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/00368790310480362
  • Vyas, C., Ates, G., Aslan, E., Hart, J., Huang, B., & Bartolo, P. (2020). Three-Dimensional Printing and Electrospinning Dual-Scale Polycaprolactone Scaffolds with Low-Density and Oriented Fibers to Promote Cell Alignment. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 7(3), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2019.0091
  • Zhang, Y., Liang, F., Lin, Y., Chen, X., & Zhu, Y. (2024). Mitigating friction and wear by pre-designed or tribo-induced heterostructures: An overview. Materials Research Letters, 12(8), 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2024.2356282
  • Zhiani Hervan, S., Altınkaynak, A., & Parlar, Z. (2021). Hardness, friction and wear characteristics of 3D-printed PLA polymer. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J, 235(8), 1590-1598. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120966407
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Material Design and Behaviors, Tribology, Material Production Technologies, Nanotechnology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed İkbal Kara 0009-0009-5092-2402

Early Pub Date July 4, 2025
Publication Date July 4, 2025
Submission Date May 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kara, M. İ. (2025). FDM Yöntemi Kullanılarak Üretilen Grafen Katkılı PLA+ Malzemeden Üretilen Numunelerin Çeşitli Sürtünme Ve Aşınma Şartları Altında Tribolojik Davranışlarının Incelenmesi. Journal of Aerospace Science and Management, 3(1), 64-80.

Publication of Erciyes University, Aviation Sciences Application and Research Center, 2021 | jasam@erciyes.edu.tr

This publication is licensed under Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0by-nc-sa.png