Physicochemical Analysis of Ruminant Drinking Water Quality in Some Farms in the Karaman, Kayseri, Konya, and Niğde Region

Abstract

This study, physicochemical parameters of 40 ruminant animal (large and small ruminants) drinking water samples collected from semi-open barns and pens in Karaman, Kayseri, Konya, and Niğde provinces in Turkey were evaluated. Temperature values varied between 16.85°C and 23.03°C, and while the lowest averages in Konya (18.94°C) probably originated from seasonal or groundwater-sourced coolness, the highest value in Niğde small ruminants (23.03°C) reflected the thermal exposure of surface waters. pH levels ranged between 6.92-7.80, and the highest value in Niğde small ruminants (7.80 ± 0.20) indicated slightly alkaline conditions. The electrical conductivity parameter exhibited the most pronounced regional variation; while peak values were observed in Konya large ruminant (1222.31) and small ruminant (1298.87) samples, the lowest level in Niğde small ruminants (546.27) emphasized low mineral content. Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/ppm) concentrations were distributed across a wide spectrum from 3.87 mg/ppm in Karaman small ruminants to 19.34 mg/ppm in Niğde small ruminants; while high values in Niğde (15.86–19.34 mg/ppm) indicated good oxygenation, low levels in Karaman (3.87–4.51 mg/ppm) and values in Kayseri small ruminants (4.50 mg/ppm) fell below the recommended minimum of 5.0 mg/ppm, indicating contamination or stagnant water risks. Salinity rates varied from 0.15 ppt in Konya small ruminants to 1.13 ppt in Konya large ruminants, with the latter reflecting salt accumulation associated with intensive evaporation and evaporite dissolution under arid conditions. Total dissolved solids values followed similar trends, reaching maximum in Konya (582.54 ppm) and revealing geological-hydrological mineral richness, while the minimum in Niğde small ruminants (399.04 ppm) emphasized the relative purity of water. Most parameters were within acceptable ranges for ruminant health, and rumen acidosis, alkalosis, hypovolemia, or decrease in feed/water consumption are not expected. Physical oxygenation methods should be preferentially employed for low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in Karaman and Kayseri provinces.

Keywords

• Ruminant Drinking Water
• pH
• Electrical conductivity
• Total dissolved solids
• Dissolved oxygen

Karaman, Kayseri, Konya ve Niğde Bölgesindeki Bazı Çiftliklerde Ruminant Hayvanların İçme Suyu Kalitesinin Fizikokimyasal Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de Karaman, Kayseri, Konya ve Niğde illerindeki yarı açık ahır ve ağıllardan toplanan 40 ruminant hayvan (büyük ve küçükbaş) içme suyu numunesinin fizikokimyasal parametreleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sıcaklık değerleri 16,85°C ile 23,03°C arasında değişmekte olup, Konya'daki en düşük ortalamalar (18,94°C) muhtemelen mevsimsel veya yeraltı su kaynaklı serinlikten kaynaklanırken, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki en yüksek değer (23,03) yüzey sularının termal maruziyetini yansıtmaktadır. pH seviyeleri 6,92-7,80 arasında olup, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki en yüksek değer (7,80) hafif alkali koşulları işaret etmektedir. Elektriksel iletkenlik parametresi en belirgin bölgesel varyasyonu sergilemekte; Konya büyükbaş (1222,31) ve küçükbaş (1298,87) numunelerinde zirve değerler gözlenirken, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki en düşük seviye (546,27) düşük mineral içeriğini vurgulamaktadır. Çözünmüş oksijen konsantrasyonları Karaman küçükbaş ruminantlardaki 3,87 mg/L'den Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki 19,34 mg/L'ye kadar geniş bir yelpazede dağılmakta; Niğde'deki yüksek değerler (15,86–19,34 mg/L) iyi oksijenasyonu belirtirken, Karaman'daki düşük seviyeler (3,87–4,51 mg/L) ve Kayseri küçükbaş ruminantlardaki (4,50 mg/L) değerler önerilen minimum 5,0 mg/L'nin altında kalarak kontaminasyon veya durgun su risklerini işaret etmektedir. Tuzluluk oranları Konya küçükbaş ruminantlardaki 0,15 ppt'den Konya büyükbaş ruminantlardaki 1,13 ppt'ye kadar değişmekte olup, ikincisi kurak koşullardaki yoğun buharlaşma ve evaporit çözünmesiyle ilişkili tuz birikimini yansıtmaktadır. Toplam çözünmüş katı madde değerleri benzer eğilimler izleyerek Konya'da maksimuma (582,54 ppm) ulaşmakta ve jeolojik-hidrolojik mineral zenginliğini ortaya koyarken, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki minimum (399,04 ppm) suyun görece saflığını vurgulamaktadır. Çoğu parametre ruminant sağlığı açısından kabul edilebilir aralıklarda yer almakta olup, rumen asidozu, alkaloz, hipovolemi veya yem/su tüketiminde azalma beklenmemektedir. Karaman ve Kayseri illerindeki düşük çözünmüş oksijen (DO) seviyeleri için fiziksel oksijenasyon yöntemleri öncelikle tercih edilmelidir.

Keywords

• Ruminant hayvan içme suyu
• pH
• Elektriksel iletkenlik
• Toplam çözünmüş katı maddeler
• Çözünmüş oksijen

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