Physicochemical Analysis of Ruminant Drinking Water Quality in Some Farms in the Karaman, Kayseri, Konya, and Niğde Region

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 110 - 126, 30.12.2025

Hatice Nur Kılıç , Emrecan Gülek , Ayşenur Göbelek

https://doi.org/10.51970/jasp.1823901

Öz

This study, physicochemical parameters of 40 ruminant animal (large and small ruminants) drinking water samples collected from semi-open barns and pens in Karaman, Kayseri, Konya, and Niğde provinces in Turkey were evaluated. Temperature values varied between 16.85°C and 23.03°C, and while the lowest averages in Konya (18.94°C) probably originated from seasonal or groundwater-sourced coolness, the highest value in Niğde small ruminants (23.03°C) reflected the thermal exposure of surface waters. pH levels ranged between 6.92-7.80, and the highest value in Niğde small ruminants (7.80 ± 0.20) indicated slightly alkaline conditions. The electrical conductivity parameter exhibited the most pronounced regional variation; while peak values were observed in Konya large ruminant (1222.31) and small ruminant (1298.87) samples, the lowest level in Niğde small ruminants (546.27) emphasized low mineral content. Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/ppm) concentrations were distributed across a wide spectrum from 3.87 mg/ppm in Karaman small ruminants to 19.34 mg/ppm in Niğde small ruminants; while high values in Niğde (15.86–19.34 mg/ppm) indicated good oxygenation, low levels in Karaman (3.87–4.51 mg/ppm) and values in Kayseri small ruminants (4.50 mg/ppm) fell below the recommended minimum of 5.0 mg/ppm, indicating contamination or stagnant water risks. Salinity rates varied from 0.15 ppt in Konya small ruminants to 1.13 ppt in Konya large ruminants, with the latter reflecting salt accumulation associated with intensive evaporation and evaporite dissolution under arid conditions. Total dissolved solids values followed similar trends, reaching maximum in Konya (582.54 ppm) and revealing geological-hydrological mineral richness, while the minimum in Niğde small ruminants (399.04 ppm) emphasized the relative purity of water. Most parameters were within acceptable ranges for ruminant health, and rumen acidosis, alkalosis, hypovolemia, or decrease in feed/water consumption are not expected. Physical oxygenation methods should be preferentially employed for low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in Karaman and Kayseri provinces.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ruminant Drinking Water , pH , Electrical conductivity , Total dissolved solids , Dissolved oxygen

Etik Beyan

Since the study was not conducted in vivo, ethical committee approval was not required.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012406460

Teşekkür

This study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program, Project No: 1919B012406460. We would like to thank the project manager and team, as well as TÜBİTAK.

Karaman, Kayseri, Konya ve Niğde Bölgesindeki Bazı Çiftliklerde Ruminant Hayvanların İçme Suyu Kalitesinin Fizikokimyasal Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de Karaman, Kayseri, Konya ve Niğde illerindeki yarı açık ahır ve ağıllardan toplanan 40 ruminant hayvan (büyük ve küçükbaş) içme suyu numunesinin fizikokimyasal parametreleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sıcaklık değerleri 16,85°C ile 23,03°C arasında değişmekte olup, Konya'daki en düşük ortalamalar (18,94°C) muhtemelen mevsimsel veya yeraltı su kaynaklı serinlikten kaynaklanırken, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki en yüksek değer (23,03) yüzey sularının termal maruziyetini yansıtmaktadır. pH seviyeleri 6,92-7,80 arasında olup, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki en yüksek değer (7,80) hafif alkali koşulları işaret etmektedir. Elektriksel iletkenlik parametresi en belirgin bölgesel varyasyonu sergilemekte; Konya büyükbaş (1222,31) ve küçükbaş (1298,87) numunelerinde zirve değerler gözlenirken, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki en düşük seviye (546,27) düşük mineral içeriğini vurgulamaktadır. Çözünmüş oksijen konsantrasyonları Karaman küçükbaş ruminantlardaki 3,87 mg/L'den Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki 19,34 mg/L'ye kadar geniş bir yelpazede dağılmakta; Niğde'deki yüksek değerler (15,86–19,34 mg/L) iyi oksijenasyonu belirtirken, Karaman'daki düşük seviyeler (3,87–4,51 mg/L) ve Kayseri küçükbaş ruminantlardaki (4,50 mg/L) değerler önerilen minimum 5,0 mg/L'nin altında kalarak kontaminasyon veya durgun su risklerini işaret etmektedir. Tuzluluk oranları Konya küçükbaş ruminantlardaki 0,15 ppt'den Konya büyükbaş ruminantlardaki 1,13 ppt'ye kadar değişmekte olup, ikincisi kurak koşullardaki yoğun buharlaşma ve evaporit çözünmesiyle ilişkili tuz birikimini yansıtmaktadır. Toplam çözünmüş katı madde değerleri benzer eğilimler izleyerek Konya'da maksimuma (582,54 ppm) ulaşmakta ve jeolojik-hidrolojik mineral zenginliğini ortaya koyarken, Niğde küçükbaş ruminantlardaki minimum (399,04 ppm) suyun görece saflığını vurgulamaktadır. Çoğu parametre ruminant sağlığı açısından kabul edilebilir aralıklarda yer almakta olup, rumen asidozu, alkaloz, hipovolemi veya yem/su tüketiminde azalma beklenmemektedir. Karaman ve Kayseri illerindeki düşük çözünmüş oksijen (DO) seviyeleri için fiziksel oksijenasyon yöntemleri öncelikle tercih edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ruminant hayvan içme suyu , pH , Elektriksel iletkenlik , Toplam çözünmüş katı maddeler , Çözünmüş oksijen

Etik Beyan

Çalışma in vivo olarak yapılamadığı için etik kurul belgesine ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012406460

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı, Proje No: 1919B012406460 tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje yöneticisine ve ekibine ve TÜBİTAK'a teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

• Alkoyak, K., 2016. Heat stress and prevention ways in dairy cattle. Journal of Bahri Dagdas Animal Research. 5(1):40-55.
• Altunal, N., 2010. Su kalitesi ve hijyeni. Beypiliç 15. Yetiştirici Semineri, Bolu. http://www.cerenmed.com/index_htm_files/SU_KALITESI_VE_HIJYENI.pdf? Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2025
• Araújo, G.G.L.D., Voltolini, T.V., Chizzotti, M.L., Turco, S.H.N., Carvalho, F.F.R.D., 2010. Water and small ruminant production. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 39:326-336.
• Attia-Ismail, S.A., Abdo, A.R., Asker, A.R.T., 2008. Effect of salinity level in drinking water on feed intake, nutrient utilization, water intake and turnover and rumen function in sheep and goats. Egyptian Journal of Sheep and Goats Sciences. 3(1):77-94.
• Bagley, C.V., Amacher, J.K., Poe, K.F., 1997. Analysis of water quality for livestock, AH/Beef. 28:1.
• Beede, D.K., 1992. Water for dairy cattle. Large dairy herd management, 260-271.
• Beede, D.K., 2012. What will our ruminants drink?. Animal Frontiers, 2(2), 36-43.
• Bilgili, M.E., Aybek, A., Solak, A.P.D.M., 2025. Mechanızatıon and feasıbılıty analysıs of water consumptıon ın lıvestock productıon. Academıc Studıes In Agrıculture. 85.
• Breede, D.K., 2006. Evaluation of water quality and nutrition for dairy cattle, In High Plains Dairy conference. 129-154.
• Can, M.E., Boğa, M., 2025. Determination of water quality in dairy cattle enterprises: a case of Niğde province, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 13(3):766-776.
• Cemek, B., Çetın, S., Yıldırım, D., 2011. Livestock and poultry production, water consumption and water quality features, International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Science. 4(1):57-67.
• Correa-Calderón, A., Avendaño-Reyes, L., López-Baca, M., Macías-Cruz, U., 2022. Heat stress in dairy cattle with emphasis on milk production and feed and water intake habits, Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias. 13(2):488-509.
• De Rond, J., van Willigen, F.K., 2012. High need for drinking water in young mink kits between 30 and 50 days of age, In Proceedings of the Xth International Scientific Congress in Fur Animal Production. 341-349.
• French, M.H., 1956. The importance of water in the management of cattle, The East African Agricultural Journal. 21(3):171-181.
• Giger-Reverdin, S., Gihad, E.A., 1991. Water metabolism and intake in goats, EAAP Publication. 37-45.
• Giri, A., Bharti, V. K., Kalia, S., Arora, A., Balaje, S.S., Chaurasia, O.P., 2020. A review on water quality and dairy cattle health: a special emphasis on high-altitude region. Applied Water Science. 10(3):79.
• Golher, D.M., Patel, B.H.M., Bhoite, S.H., Syed, M.I., Panchbhai, G.J., Thirumurugan, P., 2021. Factors influencing water intake in dairy cows: a review. International Journal of Biometeorology. 65(4):617-625.
• Golher, D.M., Thirumurugan, P., Patel, B.H.M., Upadhyay, V.K., 2014. Effect of drinking water temperature on water intake, feed intake and milk production of crossbred dairy cattle at high altitude temperate Himalayas. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 84(10):1101-1104.
• Göncü, S., Özkütük, K., Görgülü, M., 2008. The water requirement and drinking waterquality for cattle. Hasad Dergisi. 1-18.
• Görgülü, M., 2018. Sığır yetiştiriciliğinde su gereksinmesi ve içme suyu kalitesi. https://www.ruminantbesleme.com/2018/03/26/sigir-yetistiriciliginde-su-gereksinmesi-ve-icme-suyu-kalitesi/ Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2025
• Haq, S., Bhatti, A.A., Dar, Z.A., Bhat, S.A., 2020. Phytoremediation of heavy metals: an eco-friendly and sustainable approach. In Bioremediation and Biotechnology: Sustainable Approaches to Pollution Degradation Cham: Springer International Publishing. 215-231.
• Higgins, S.F., Agouridis, C. T., & Gumbert, A.A., 2008. Drinking water quality guidelines for cattle (ID-170). University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. https://publications.mgcafe.uky.edu/files/id170.pdf
• Iritz, A., Espinoza, D., Taye, M.G., Salhab, F., Portnik, Y., Moallem, U., Meir, Y.B., 2025. Effect of drinking water salinity on lactating cows’ water and feed intake, milk yield, and rumen physiology. Animal. 19(2):101389.
• Jaber, L., Chedid, M., Hamadeh, S., 2013. Water stress in small ruminants. Responses of organisms to water stress. 115:149.
• Kamal, M.A., Khalaf, M.A., Ahmed, Z.A., ELjakee, J., Mahmoud, H., Alhotan, R.A., Saleh, A.A., 2025. Effects of drinking water quality parameters on Egyptian cattle farm performance ındicators. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 11(2):e70261.
• Kamal, M.A., Khalf, M.A., Ahmed, Z.A., Eljakee, J.A., Alhotan, R.A., Al-Badwi, M.A., Saleh, A.A., 2024. Effect of water quality on causes of calf mortality in cattle-farm-associated epidemics. Archives Animal Breeding. 67(1):25-35.
• Khan, M.R., 2020. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of supplied water in selected dairy farms of Dhaka city. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Master thesis.
• Koluman, N., Göncü, S., 2025. Climate change-associated water stress impact on goat production. Sustainable Goat Production in the Changing Climate. Academic Press. 147-158.
• Lean, I.J., Santos, J.E.P., Block, E., Golder, H.M., 2019. Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference intake on production and health of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. Journal of dairy science. 102(3):2103-2133.
• Legesse, G., Ominski, K.H., Beauchemin, K.A., Pfister, S., Martel, M., McGeough, E.J., McAllister, T.A., 2017. Board-ınvıted revıew: Quantifying water use in ruminant production. Journal of Animal Science. 95(5):2001-2018.
• Liu, C., Li, L., Dai, J., Qu, M., Ouyang, K., Qiu, Q., 2025. Heated drinking water in winter improves growth performance of male Hu sheep by modulating rumen quorum sensing and metabolites, and enhancing serum antioxidant capacity. Animal Bioscience. 38(10):2280.
• Lofgreen, G.P., Givens, R.L., Morrison, S.R., Bond, T.E., 1975. Effect of drinking water temperature on beef cattle performance. Journal of Animal Science. 40(2):223-229.
• Masslab., 2025. Su analizi EC değeri kaç olmalı? Mass Laboratuvar ve Danışmanlık Hizmetleri.https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/heat_stress_cattle_tips_to_keep_your_cattle_cool? Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2025
• Mesgaran, S.D., Kuhla, B., Humphries, D., Weisbjerg, M., Lund, P., Kennedy, E., Baumont, R., 2020. Feed and water intake. Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour. Recommendations from the SmartCow consortium. DOI: 10.5680/mcpb002.
• MRCC, Murray River Catchment Committee Coordinating Committee. 2013. Water quality salinity standards. https://mrccc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Water-Quality-Salinity-Standards.pdf.
• Münzel, T., Hahad, O., Daiber, A., Landrigan, P.J., 2023. Soil and water pollution and human health: what should cardiologists worry about?. Cardiovascular research. 119(2):440-449.
• NRC, National Research Council 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. (7th Revised Edition). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
• Petersen, M.K., Muscha, J.M., Mulliniks, J.T., Roberts, A.J., 2016. Water temperature impacts water consumption by range cattle in winter. Journal of animal science. 94(10):4297-4306.
• Puls, R., 1988. Mineral levels in animal health, Diagnostic data. CABİ Digital Library, 240.
• Rawls, W.J., Pachepsky, Y.A., Ritchie, J.C., Sobecki, T.M., Bloodworth, H., 2003. Effect of soil organic carbon on soil water retention. Geoderma. 116(1-2):61-76.
• Refaey, H.O., Abdo, M.H., Al‐Afify, A.D., Othman, A.A., Mahmoud, R., Roshdy, M.A., Mohamed, F.M., 2025. Water quality, heavy metals, and microbial assessments of Nile River water at Beni‐Suef governorate. Egypt. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. e70135.
• Shekhar, S., Sinha, R.R.K., Kumar, K., Nirala, R., 2025. livestock production under drought and heat stress. In Drought and Heat Stress in Agriculture: Implications, Mitigation and Policy Approaches. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 93-110.
• Singh, A.K., Bhakat, C., Singh, P., 2022. A review on water intake in dairy cattle: associated factors, management practices, and corresponding effects. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 54(2):154.
• Sönmez, O., Kılıç, F.N., 2021. Heavy metal pollution in soil and removal methods. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 2(2):493-507.
• Stephen F. Higgins, Carmen T. Agouridis, Amanda A. Gumbert, 2008. Drinking water quality guidelines for cattle. UK cooperative extension service university of Kentucky-College of agriculture, ID-70, 1-4, https://ucanr.edu/sites/default/files/2013-07/170131.pdf
• Stettler, A., Berchtold, B., Probst, S., 2025. Influence of agents for permanent drinking water disinfection on the fermentation performance of rumen microorganisms in ruminants. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde. 167(3):166-173.
• Sundrum, A., 2020. Nutrition and health-management in dairy production. Livestock health and farming. 53. Thompson-Crispi, K., Atalla, H., Miglior, F., Mallard, B.A., 2014. Bovine mastitis: frontiers in immunogenetics. Frontiers in Immunology. 5:493.
• Thornton, P.K., 2010. Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365(1554):2853-2867.
• Turkish Standards Institution., 2016. Water quality - Sampling - Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams (TS EN ISO 5667-6:2016).
• Umar, S., Munir, M.T., Azeem, T., Ali, S., Umar, W., Rehman, A., Shah, M.A., 2014. Effects of water quality on productivity and performance of livestock: A mini review. Veterinaria. 2(2):11-15.
• USDA, 2009. Livestock water quality. Fort keogh livestock& range resarch laboratory, Montana state University, Montana agricuktirial experiment station. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30300000/Research/WATERQUALITYMKP6-09.pdf
• Wagner, J.J., Engle, T.E., 2021. Invited Review: Water consumption, and drinking behavior of beef cattle, and effects of water quality. Applied Animal Science. 37(4):418-435.
• Wang, J., Li, J., Wang, F., Xiao, J., Wang, Y., Yang, H., Cao, Z., 2020. Heat stress on calves and heifers: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 11(1):79.
• Williams, L.R., Jackson, E.L., Bishop‐Hurley, G.J., Swain, D.L., 2017. Drinking frequency effects on the performance of cattle: a systematic review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 101(6):1076-1092.
• Withers, P.J.A., Haygarth, P.M., 2007. Agriculture, phosphorus and eutrophication: a European perspective. Soil Use and Management. 23:1-4.
• Xu, W., Van Knegsel, A., Saccenti, E., Van Hoeij, R., Kemp, B., Vervoort, J., 2020. Metabolomics of milk reflects a negative energy balance in cows. Journal of proteome research. 19(8):2942-2949.
• Yavuz, T., 2021. İneklerin su ihtiyacı ve içme suyu kalitesi. VetRehberi. https://vetrehberi.com/ineklerin-su-ihtiyaci-ve-icme-suyu-kalitesi/ Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2025
• Yaylak, E., Yavuz, M., 2016. Drinking water quality and water management ın cattle. Journal of Animal Production. 57(2):57-67.