Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Products and Byproducts: Nutrient Constituents and Nutritional Benefits in Livestock Diets

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 42 - 62, 30.06.2024

Taiwo Ojediran Olufela Akande , Adewale Emiola

https://doi.org/10.51970/jasp.1350311

Öz

Inadequate availability, price hikes, and rivalry between food and feed means there is an incessant request for unconventional feedstuffs for livestock. As a result, other sustainable feed material needs to be explored. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical tree known for its apple and nut. Cashew apple, cashew kernel waste meal, and cashew nut shell liquid residue have the potential as a valuable ingredient in livestock feeds and have gained increasing attention. They are becoming more and more valuable ingredients in livestock diets, owing to their availability. Systematic utilization has been shown to drive down feed costs, enhance animal nutrition and productivity making them suitable for incorporation into animal diets. However, available research output on the use of cashew apple, cashew kernel waste meal, and cashew nut shell liquid residue in livestock feed is lacking in consistency among quantified nutritive benefits. This review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the nutrient composition of cashew products, byproducts, and their potential uses as alternative ingredients in livestock diets.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cashew, Poultry bird, Ruminants, Alternative feed ingredient, Nutritive value

Kaju (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Ürünleri ve Yan Ürünleri: Hayvancılık Diyetlerinde Besin Bileşenleri ve Besinsel Faydaları

Öz

Yetersiz bulunabilirlik, fiyat artışları ve gıda ile yem arasındaki rekabet, besi hayvanlarına yönelik alışılmadık yem maddelerine yönelik sürekli bir talebin olduğu anlamına geliyor. Sonuç olarak, diğer sürdürülebilir yem materyallerinin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Kaju (Anacardium occidentale L.), elması ve ceviziyle tanınan tropik bir ağaçtır. Kaju elması, kaju çekirdeği atık küspesi ve kaju fıstığı kabuğu sıvı kalıntısı, hayvan yemlerinde değerli bir bileşen olma potansiyeline sahiptir ve giderek daha fazla ilgi görmektedir. Bulunabilirlikleri nedeniyle hayvan beslenmesinde giderek daha değerli bileşenler haline geliyorlar. Sistematik kullanımın yem maliyetlerini düşürdüğü, hayvan beslenmesini ve üretkenliğini arttırdığı ve onları hayvan diyetlerine dahil edilmeye uygun hale getirdiği gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, kaju elması, kaju çekirdeği atık küspesi ve kaju fıstığı kabuğu sıvı kalıntısının hayvan yemlerinde kullanımına ilişkin mevcut araştırma çıktıları, niceliksel besleyici faydalar arasında tutarlılık açısından eksiktir. Bu inceleme, kaju ürünlerinin besin kompozisyonu, yan ürünleri ve bunların hayvancılık beslenmesinde alternatif bileşenler olarak potansiyel kullanımlarının kapsamlı bir analizini kapsamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaju, Kanatlı hayvan, Ruminantlar, Alternatif yem maddeleri, Besin değeri

Kaynakça

• Abreu, F. P., Dornier, M., Dionisio, A. P., Carail, M., Caris-Veyrat, C., Dhuique-Mayer, C. 2013. Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) extract from a byproduct of juice processing: A focus on carotenoids. Food Chemistry, 138(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.028
• Adejo, P., Otitolaye, J., Onuche, U. 2011. Analysis of Marketing Channel and Pricing System of Cashewnuts in the North Central of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v3n3p246
• Agbede, J., Ogunsipe, M. H. Aletor, V. 2006. Growth indices and cost implications of broiler chicks fed graded levels of cashew nut waste meal in place of soybean meal. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59032748
• Agnew-Blais, J. C., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Kang, J. H., Hogan, P. E., Coker, L. H., Snetselaar, L. G., Smoller, J. W. 2015. Folate, Vitamin B-6, and Vitamin B-12 Intake and Mild Cognitive Impairment and Probable Dementia in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(2), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.07.006
• Ahaotu, E. O., Ihekoronye, B. 2019. Environmental, ecological and anti-nutritional factors for cashew utilization in rabbit production–A review. International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 6(1), 8-22.
• Ahmed, S. O., Abdalla, A. W. H., Inoue, T., Ping, A., Babiker, E. E. 2014. Nutritional quality of grains of sorghum cultivar grown under different levels of micronutrient fertilization. Food Chemistry, 159, 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.033.
• Akande, T. O., Akinwumi, A. O., Abegunde, T. O. 2015. Cashew rejects meal in diets of laying chickens: nutritional and economic suitability. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 57(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-015-0051-7
• Akande, T. O., Gbadamosi, F. A. 2018. Feeding value of defatted cashew kernel as an alternative protein source in broiler diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 45(5), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i5.486
• Akanni K. A., Adams A. A. 2011. Assessment of pricing efficiency and levels of concentration in cashew nuts market in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. (1), 353-359.
• Akanro, R., Kede, G. R., Attanasso, M. O., Dossou, J. 2022. Economic Analysis of Cashew Apple Value Chain within the Collines Department of Benin. OALib, 09(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109402
• Akpotu, J., Oniye, S. J., Abdullahi, S., Magaji, B. 2022. Haematological and hepatho-renal effect of cashew nut oil on male Wistar rats. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 30(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v30i1.8
• Akyereko, Y. G., Wireko-Manu, F. D., Alemawor, F., Adzanyo, M. 2022. Cashew apples in Ghana: Stakeholders’ knowledge, perception, and utilization. International Journal of Food Science 2022:2749234. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2749234
• Amata, I. A. 2014. "The use of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) for livestock feeding in the tropics: a review." Journal of Global Biosciences 3(2): 604-613.
• Aremu, M. O., Akinwumi, O. D. 2014. Extraction, Compositional, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Cashew (Anarcadium occidentale) Nuts Reject Oil. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 3(7), 33. https://doi.org/10.15590/ajase/2014/v3i7/53573
• Attri, B. L 2009. Effect of initial sugar concentration on the physicochemical characteristics and sensory qualities of cashew apple wine. Journal of Natural Production Radiance.; 8(4): 374– 9.
• Azam-Ali, S. H., Judge, E. C. 2001. Small-scale cashew nut processing. Coventry (UK): ITDG Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development Bourton on Dunsmore, 1-70.
• Balgude, D., Sabnis, A. S. 2014. CNSL: an environment-friendly alternative for the modern coating industry. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 11(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-013-9521-3
• Bavier, J. 2014. War-scarred Ivory Coast aims to conquer the world of cashews. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ivorycoast-cashews-insight-idUSKBN0II0Y620141029 Date of access: 09.06.2023.
• Bhamare, K., Varadan, D., Murugan, S., Chavan, S. Student, M. 2016. Nutritive Evaluation Of Cashew Apple Waste In Broilers. International Journal of Nature and Science. 7. 629-632.
• Bhat, M. G. 2008. Nutritive Value of Cashew. In: National Research Centre For Cashew. Karnataka-India. pp 1-12
• Branco, A., Giallongo, F., Frederick, T., Weeks, H., Oh, J., Hristov, A. 2014. Effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on rumen methane emission and lactation performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(6), 4030–4040. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9015
• Cheng, G., He, Y. N., Yue, T. X., Wang, J., Zhang, Z. W. 2014. Effects of Climatic Conditions and Soil Properties on Cabernet Sauvignon Berry Growth and Anthocyanin Profiles. Molecules, 19(9), 13683–13703. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190913683
• ComCashew. 2019. Opportunities and challenges in cashew processing in Africa. Cashew Processing Guides No. 2.
• Damasceno, L. F., Fernandes, F. A. N., Magalhães, M. M. A., Brito, E. S. 2008. Evaluation and optimization of nonenzymatic browning of “cajuina” during thermal treatment. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25(2), 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322008000200010.
• Das, P., Sreelatha, T., Ganesh, A. 2004. Bio oil from pyrolysis of cashew nut shell-characterization and related properties. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.12.001
• Das, I., Arora, A. 2017. Post-harvest processing technology for cashew apple – A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 194, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.09.011
• Donkoh, A., Attoh-Kotoku, V., Osei Kwame, R., Gascar, R. 2012. Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Dried Cashew Nut Testa Using Laboratory Rat as a Model for Pigs. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/984249
• Edame, G. E., Ekpenyong, A. B., Fonta, W. M., Duru, E. J. C. 2011. Climate change, Food Security and Agricultural Productivity in Africa: Issues and Policy Directions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(21): 205-223
• Fanimo, A. O., Adebayo, A. J., Oduguwa, O. O. Biobaku, W. O. 2007. Feeding value of cashew nut testa for broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 34: 83-93. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v34i1.2436
• Fanimo, A. O., Oduguwa, O. O., Alade, A. A., Ogunnaike, T. O., Adesehinwa, A. K. (2003). Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristic of growing rabbits fed cashew apple waste. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 15(8), 1-8.
• FAOSTAT. (2021a). Cashew nuts, in shell. Accessed August 13, 2022. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/cashew%20nut%20in%20shell
• FAOSTAT. (2021b). Cashew apple. Accessed August 13, 2022. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/cashew%20apple.
• FAOSTAT 2023. Cashew production: Pick lists from world regions/production quantity. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL Date of Access: 29.06.2023.
• Fernandes, D. R., Freitas, E. R., Watanabe, P. H., Filgueira, T. M. B., Cruz, C. E. B., do Nascimento, G. A. J., Aguiar, G. C., Nascimento, E. R. M. 2016. Cashew nut meal in the feeding of meat quails. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48(4), 711–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1008-7
• Freitas, E. R., Fuentes, M. D. F. F., Santos Júnior, A. D., Guerreiro, M. E. F., Espíndola, G. B. 2006. Cashew nut meal in broiler diets. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41, 1001-1006.
• Giorgi, A., Madeo, M., Speranza, G., Cocucci, M. 2010. Influence of environmental factors on the composition of phenolic antioxidants of Achillea collina Becker ex Rchb. Natural Product Research, 24(16), 1546–1559. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.490656
• Gomes, T. R., Freitas, E. R., Watanabe, P. H., Guerreiro, M. E. F., Sousa, A. D. R., Ferreira, A. C. S. 2018. Dehydrated cashew apple meal in the feeding of growing rabbits. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(2), 757. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n2p757
• Gomes, T. R., Freitas, E. R., Watanabe, P. H., Sousa, A. D. R., Ferreira, A. C. S., Tavares, L. M. D. S. 2020. Cashew nut meal (Anacardium occidentale L.) in the feeding of growing rabbits. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 21. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v21e-61927
• Gonçalves, B., Pinto, T., Aires, A., Morais, M. C., Bacelar, E., Anjos, R., Ferreira-Cardoso, J., Oliveira, I., Vilela, A., Cosme, F. 2023. Composition of Nuts and Their Potential Health Benefits—An Overview. Foods, 12(5), 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12050942
• Griffin, L. E., Dean, L. L. 2017. Nutrient Composition of Raw, Dry-Roasted, and Skin-On Cashew Nuts. Journal of Food Research, 6(6), 13. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n6p13
• Gupta, C., Prakash, D. 2014. Phytonutrients as therapeutic agents. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2013-0021
• Joseph, M. A., Oyewole, B. O., Okpanachi, U. 2020. Utilization and Economics of Cashew Pulp Waste as Animal Feed Stuff: A Review. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 8(1).
• Karikari, A., Anim-Jnr, A., Sarfo, G., Hamidu, J., Osei, S. 2023. Effects of partial replacement of maize with cashew kernel meal on the growth and reproductive performance of layer pullets and semen characteristics of cockerels. Ghanaian Journal of Animal Science, 13(2), 8 - 19.
• Kinh, L.V., Do, V. V., Phuong D. D. 1997. Chemical composition of cashew apple waste ensiled with poultry litter. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 9(1). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd9/1/kinh91.htm
• Kolliesuah, N., Saysay, J., Zinnah, M., Freeman, A., Chinenye, D. 2020. Trend analysis of production, consumption, and export of cashew crop in West Africa. African Crop Science Journal, 28(1), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.14s
• Kumar, A., Moin, A. R. S. Ahmed, A. G., Shivakumar, H. 2012. Cashew Gum A Versatile Hydrophilic Polymer: A Review. Current Drug Therapy, 7(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488512800389146
• Lamble, L. (2013). Cashew nut workers suffer “appalling” conditions as global slump dents profits. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/nov/02/cashew-nut-workers-pay-conditions-profits. Date of Access: 12.06.2022.
• Lebas, F., Bannelier, C., Adoukonou, J., Djago, A. Y., 2012. Chemical composition of some raw materials available for rabbit feeding in Benin. Proceeding 10th World Rabbit Congress, 3-6 September, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, 581-584
• Lowor, S., Yabani, D., Winifred, K., Agyente-Badu, C. 2016. Production of Wine and Vinegar from Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) “Apple.” British Biotechnology Journal, 12(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2016/23366
• Lubi, M. C., Thachil, E. T. 2000. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) - a versatile monomer for polymer synthesis. Designed Monomers and Polymers, 3(2), 123–153. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855500300142834
• Luciano, R. C., de Fátima Araújo, L., Aguiar, E. M., Pinheiro, L. E. do Nascimento, D. S. 2011. Revisão sobre a potencialidade do pedúnculo do caju na alimentação animal. Revista Tecnologia and Ciência Agropecuária. 53–59.
• Maheswari, D. U., Elanchezhian, N., Reddy, D. V. 2008. Nutritive Value of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Tree Leaves for Goat. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 25(3), 248-251.
• Makinde, O. J., Enyigwe, P., Babajide, S., Atsumbe, J., Ibe, E., Samuel, I. 2014. Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finisher Broilers FedRice Offal Based Diets Supplemented with Exogenous Enzyme. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(4), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2014.4.041814191
• Medeiros, M. N. 2005. Effects of inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diet of sheep on their dry matter intake and reproduction performances. Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Zootecnia, Fortaleza, Brazil.Veterinary VHL Research Portal,7315.
• Mitchell, D. 2008 "A note on rising food prices." World Bank policy research working paper 4682. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/229961468140943023/pdf/WP4682.pdf
• Mohod, A., Jain, S., Powar, A. 2010. Pollution Sources and Standards of Cashew Nut Processing. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(4), 324–328. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2010.324.328
• Morton, J. F. 1987. Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L. Fruits of warm climates. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. ( pp. 239–240). Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN.
• Nandi, B. K. 1998. Cashew nut nutritional aspects - Integrated Production Practices of Cashew in Asia https://www.fao.org/3/ac451e/ac451e0b.htm#:~:text=2.5%20Fatty%20Acid%20Composition,%25)%20(Ohler%2C%201979). Date of Access: 21.07.2023.
• Nnenna, O. P., Emeka, N. P., Okpoko, C. L. 2006. Performance of Broiler Chicks (Gallus domesticus) Fed Maize Offal-Based Diets Supplemented with Roxazyme G Enzyme. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(7), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.607.610
• Oddoye, E. O. K., Takrama, J. F., Anchirina, V., Agyente-Badu, K. 2009. Effects on the performance of growing pigs fed diets containing different levels of dried cashew pulp. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(7), 1577–1581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9349-0
• Odunsi, A. A. 2002. Effect of feeding rejects cashew Kernel meal on pre and early-laying performance of pullet. Archivos De Zootecnia, 51, 423-429.
• Ogunwolu, S., Henshaw, F., Mock, H., Matros, A. 2010. Production of protein concentrate and isolate from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajfand.v10i5.56334
• Ojediran, T. K., Bamigboye, D. O., Olonade, G. O., Ajayi, A. F., Emiola, I. A. 2019. Growth response, cost-benefit, carcass characteristics, and organoleptic properties of pigs fed biscuit dough as a replacement for maize. Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica, 22(2), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.02.58-63.
• Ojediran, T., Fawamide, T., Babajide, N., Ajayi, A., Shittu, M. D., Emiola, I. 2020. Hematological parameters, organ weight, and villi morphometrics of weaner pigs fed biscuit dough. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences, 35(2).
• Ojediran, T., Oyebamiji, O., Areo, E., Emiola, I. 2021. Growth parameters, economic analysis, and blood characteristics of weaned pigs fed cashew reject kernel meal. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences, 36(2), 131-145.
• Ojediran, T. K., Areo, O. O., Salawu, H., Durojaiye, V., Emiola, A. 2022a. Growth Indices, Production Economics And Organoleptic Assessment Of Weaned Pigs Fed Fermented High-Quality Cassava Peel® Meal In Place Of Maize. Malaysian Animal Husbandry Journal, 2(2), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.26480/mahj.02.2022.67.70.
• Ojediran, T., Ganiyu, B., Muhammed, A., Emiola, A. 2022b. Egg production, economic indices, and external and internal egg quality parameters of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) fed palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel cake. Animal Science And Genetics, 18(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8489.
• Ojediran, T., Olagoke, O., Emiola, A. 2022c. Effect of replacing full-fat soybean meal with undefatted cashew reject kernel meal on the growth response, blood parameters, organ weight, and abdominal fat weight of broiler chicks. Animal Science And Genetics, 18(4), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1380.
• Ojediran, T. K., Olagoke, O. C., Emiola, I. A. 2022d. Potential Of Defatted Cashew Kernel Meal As A Viable Replacement For Groundnut Cake In Broiler Chicken Diet. Innovations In Cashew, 64.
• Ojewola, G. S., Okoye, F. C., Agbakuru, I. 2004. Replacement Value of Cashew-nut Meal for Soyabean Meal in Finishing Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3(8), 513–516. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.513.516
• Okpanachi, U., Ayoade, J. A., Tuleun, C. D. 2016a. Composition and Anti-Nutritional Factors (Phyto-Nutrients) Present in both Red and Yellow Varieties of Sun-Dried Cashew Pulp. American Journal of Food Science and Health. 2(4), 45-48.
• Okpanachi, U., Oyewole, B., Egbu, C., Ganiyu, O. Y. 2016b. Effects of feeding sun-dried yellow cashew pulp based diets on performance, dry matter and nutrient digestibility of West African Dwarf Goats. Animal Veterinary Sciences. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.s. 20160404301.12
• Oladunjoye, I. O., Ologhobo, A. O., Emiola, I. A., Amao, O. A. 2004. Growth performance, carcass analysis, and weights of broiler fed varying levels of bread fruit (Artocampusalfilis) meal-based diets. Tropical Journal of Animal Science 15: 61-63.
• Olife, I. C., Jolaoso, M. A., Onwualu, A. P. 2013. Cashew processing for economic development in Nigeria. Agricultural Journal, 8(1), 45-50.
• Oliveira, R. V., Tilburg, M. F., Santos, R. Q., Moreno, F. B., Monteiro-Moreira, A. C. O., Moura, A. 2014. Effects of cashew nut meal on ram sperm proteins. Acta Vet. Bras., 8 (2): 246-247.
• Oliveira, N. N., Mothé, C. G., Mothé, M. G., de Oliveira, L. G. 2020. Cashew nut and cashew apple: scientific and technological monitoring worldwide review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04051-7.
• Onibi, G. 2006. Dietary oil quality and vitamin E supplementation I: an assessment of performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Bowen Journal of Agriculture, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/bja.v3i1.41910
• Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R., Anthony, S. 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya.
• Oyewole, B. O., Olarenwaju, G., Dafwang, I. I. 2013. Performance of Broilers Fed Premix Prepared from Locally Sourced Materials, Standard Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(2), 17-20.
• Oyewole, B. O., Rotimi, E. A., Anthony, F. O. Adewumi, J. (2017). Performance and Blood Parameters of Starter Broilers Fed Diets Containing Cashew Pulp Meal, FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, 2, 87-92.
• Pimentel, P. G., Reis, R. B., Neiva, J. N. M., Coelho, S. G., Pinto, A. P. 2017. Yield and composition of milk from dairy cows fed diets containing cashew nuts. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20170081
• Pinho, L. X., Afonso, M. R. A., Carioca, J. O. B., Costa, J. M. C., Ramos, A. M. 2011. The use of cashew apple residue as a source of fiber in low-fat hamburgers. Food Science and Technology 31:941–945. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000400018.
• Porto, B. C., Cristianini, M. 2014. Evaluation of cashew tree gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) emulsifying properties. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 59(2), 1325–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.03.033
• Prakoso, R., Mubarok, A. Z. 2021. Optimization of process temperature and time of vacuum drying for production of cashew apple (Anacardium Occidentale L.) powder using response surface methodology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 733:012069. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/012069.
• Prasertsri, P., Leelayuwat, N. 2017. Cashew Apple Juice: Contents and Effects on Health. Nutrition and Food Science International Journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.19080/nfsij.2017.04.555629
• Ras, R. T., Geleijnse, J. M., Trautwein, E. A. 2014. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(2), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514000750
• Ribeiro, A. J., de Souza, F. R. L., Bezerra, J. M., Oliveira, C., Nadvorny, D., de La Roca Soares, M. F., Nunes, L. C., Silva-Filho, E. C., Veiga, F., Soares Sobrinho, J. L. 2016. Gums’ based delivery systems: Review on cashew gum and its derivatives. Carbohydrate Polymers, 147, 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.042
• Rico, R., Bulló, M., Salas‐Salvadó, J. 2015. Nutritional composition of raw fresh cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) kernels from different origin. Food Science and Nutrition, 4(2), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.294
• Salami, R. I., and Odunsi, A. A. 2003. Evaluation of Processed Cassava Peel Meals as Substitutes for Maize in the Diets of Layers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2(2), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.112.116
• Sanjeeva, S. K., Pinto, M. P., Narayanan, M. M., Kini, G. M., Nair, C. B., SubbaRao, P., Pullela, P. K., Ramamoorthy, S., Barrow, C. J. 2014. Distilled technical cashew nut shell liquid (DT-CNSL) as an effective biofuel and additive to stabilize triglyceride biofuels in diesel. Renewable Energy, 71, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.05.024
• Sawadogo, M., Tchini Tanoh, S., Sidibé, S., Kpai, N., Tankoano, I. 2018. Cleaner production in Burkina Faso: Case study of fuel briquettes made from cashew industry waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.261
• Segura, R., Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M. A., Ros, E. 2006. Other relevant components of nuts: phytosterols, folate and minerals. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(S2), S36–S44. https://doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061862
• Soares, D. J., Vasconcelos, P. H. M. D., Camelo, A. L. M., Longhinotti, E., Sousa, P. H. M. D., Figueiredo, R. W. D. 2013. Prevalent fatty acids in cashew nuts obtained from conventional and organic cultivation in different stages of processing. Food Science and Technology, 33(2), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612013005000050
• Sogunle, O. M., Fanimo, A. O., Biobaku, W. O., Bamgbose, A. M. 2005. The feeding value of full-fat cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale Linn) rejects and low cereal diets for broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 32(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v32i1.926
• Song, M., Seng, M. 2008. Nutritve value of cashew apple for growing duck. www.tropentag.de/2008/abstracts/posters/483
• Sundaram, R. N. S. 1986. Utilization of cashew apple waste in dairy cattle feed. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 3(2):124-127
• Swain, B. 2007. Effect of feeding cashew apple waste replacing maize on the performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 42. 208-210.
• Swain, B. K., Naik, P. K., and Singh, N. P. (2014). Unconventional feed resources for efficient poultry production. Indian Council of Agricultural Research
• Tamiello-Rosa, C. S., Cantu-Jungles, T. M., Iacomini, M., Cordeiro, L. M. C. 2019. Pectins from cashew apple fruit (Anacardium occidentale): Extraction and chemical characterization. Carbohydrate Research 483:107752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2019.107752.
• Telascrêa, M., Leão, A. L., Ferreira, M. Z., Pupo, H. F. F., Cherian, B. M., Narine, S. 2014. Use of a Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Resin as a Potential Replacement for Phenolic Resins in the Preparation of Panels – A Review. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 604(1), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2014.968509
• Tranchino, L., Costantino, R., and Sodini, G. 1983. Food grade oilseed protein processing: sunflower and rapeseed. Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 32(3–4), 305–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01091192
• Tyman, J. H. P., Johnson, R. A., Muir, M., and Rokhgar, R. 1989. The extraction of natural cashew nut-shell liquid from the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 66(4), 553–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02885447
• United Nations. 2021. Commodities at a glance: special issues on cashew nuts (2nd ed.). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
• Uslu, N., Özcan, M. M. 2019. Effect of microwave heating on phenolic compounds and fatty acid composition of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut and oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(3), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.10.001
• Usman, A. A., Oyewole, B. O., Aribido, S. O. 2016. Performance and digestibility of growing rabbits fed cashew nut waste-based diets. Journal of Science and Technology, 6(2), 35-39.
• Vani, J. M., Monreal, M. T. F. D., Auharek, S. A., Cunha-Laura, A. L., de Arruda, E. J., Lima, A. R., da Silva, C. M., Antoniolli-Silva, A. C. M. B., de Lima, D. P., Beatriz, A., Oliveira, R. J. 2018. The mixture of cashew nut shell liquid and castor oil results in an efficient larvicide against Aedes aegypti that does not alter embryo-fetal development, reproductive performance or DNA integrity. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0193509. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193509
• Wight, R. D., Tull, C. A., Deel, M. W., Stroope, B. L., Eubanks, A. G., Chavis, J. A., Drew, P. D., and Hensley, L. L. 2012. Resveratrol effects on astrocyte function: Relevance to neurodegenerative diseases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 426(1), 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.045
• Wilson, B. 2015. "'Blood cashews': the toxic truth about your favourite nut". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/11577928/Blood-cashews-the-toxic-truth-about-your-favourite-nut.html. Date of Access: 06.09.2022.
• Yisa, I. K. 2019. Utilisation of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Apple Pomace as a source of energy by broiler chicken (Doctoral dissertation).University of Ibadan, Department of Animal Science, pp 121-146.
• Yisa, I. K., Longe, O. G. 2020. Growth response and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed dried cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) apple pulp in replacement for maize. Breast, 21(21.2), 20-8.
• Yusuf, H., Aliyu-Paiko, M. 2020. Evaluation of cashew nut meal as phytobiotics in diet of broiler chickens and effects on feed efficiency, growth performance, blood metabolic and antioxidant profiles. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, 5(1), 108-114.