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Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 30 - 42, 20.06.2020

Abstract

References

  • Archival Sources The Churchill Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge CHAR 2/114/11 CHAR 2/114/63-65 CHAR 2/120/54-56 CHAR 22/1 CHAR 22/7 Books and Articles Akçapar, Burak. People’s Mission to the Ottoman Empire: M.A. Ansari and Indian Medical Mission. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015. Bennett, G. H. British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919-1924. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995. Deringil, Selim. “Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909).” International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 3 (1991): 345-59. Erikan, Celal. Kurtuluş Savaşı Tarihi. Compiled by Rıdvan Akın. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2010. Fromkin, David. Barışa Son Veren Barış, Modern Ortadoğu Nasıl Yaratıldı? Istanbul: Epsilon, 2013. Iriye, Akira. Global and Transnational History: The Past, Present, and Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Kelly, Sean. “How far West?: Lord Curzon’s Transcaucasian (Mis)Adventure and the Defence of British India, 1918-23.” The International History Review 35, no.2 (2012): 274-293. Koloğlu, Orhan. “Religious Ties for Peace: India’s Support in the Turkish War of Independence,” in 38. Icanas: International Congress of Asian and North African Studies Proceedings, 985-1004. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2011. Macmillan, Margaret. Barış Yapanlar, Dünyayı Değiştiren 6 Ay. Istanbul: Alfa, 2015. Meleady, Conor. “Negotiating the Caliphate: British Responses to Pan-Islamic Appeals, 1914–1924”, Middle Eastern Studies 52, no.2 (2016): 182-197. Nye, Joseph S., and Robert O. Keohane. "Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction." International Organization 25, no. 3 (1971): 329-49. Özcan, Azmi. Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924). Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1997. Rahman, M. Raisur. “We can Leave Neither’: Mohamed Ali, Islam and Nationalism in Colonial India.” South Asian History and Culture 3, no.2 (2012): 254-268. Sönmezoğlu, Faruk. İki Savaş Sırası ve Arasında Türk Dış Politikası. Istanbul: Der Yayınları, 2011. The Treaties of Peace, 1919-1924. vol.2. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1924. Vardağlı, E. Tutku. “Transnational Issues, Non-governmental Organizations and the Genesis of Modern Turkish Diplomacy,” in A Transnational Account of Turkish Foreign Policy edited by Papuççular H. and Kuru D., 97-120. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. Woods, Philip. “The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): A Reassesment.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 17, no.1 (1994): 25-42. Yenen, Alp. “The Other Jihad: Enver Pasha, Bolsheviks, and Politics of Anticolonial Muslim Nationalism during the Baku Congress 1920.” In The First World War and Its Aftermath: The Shaping of the Middle East, edited by Fraser T. G., 273-94. London: Gingko, 2015.

For the Defence of the British Empire: Edwin Montagu and the Turkish Peace Settlement in a Transnational Context

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 30 - 42, 20.06.2020

Abstract

This article aims to analyse the position of Edwin Montagu, the renowned British politician and the Secretary of State for India between 1917 and 1922, towards the Turkish peace settlement in the post-war period. Montagu supported the fair treatment of Turkey by the Allies, reflecting a deep discrepancy within the British policy making given the stern anti-Turkish positions of the Prime Minister Lloyd George and the Foreign Office headed by George Curzon. This study suggests that Montagu’s ideas regarding Turkey were shaped by the necessities that his job entailed – to keep the British Raj intact – as millions of Muslims living in India were highly interested in the future of the Caliphate and organized under the banner of Khilafat Movement. Thus, this article emphasizes that the attitude of Montagu was closely related to the defence of the British Empire although the British interests were formulated differently by the different organs of the state. In this respect, the Secretary’s political duty to serve the national interests in an anxious international and transnational setting made him pro-Turkish in a compulsory way, leading to his eventual forced resignation in 1922.

References

  • Archival Sources The Churchill Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge CHAR 2/114/11 CHAR 2/114/63-65 CHAR 2/120/54-56 CHAR 22/1 CHAR 22/7 Books and Articles Akçapar, Burak. People’s Mission to the Ottoman Empire: M.A. Ansari and Indian Medical Mission. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015. Bennett, G. H. British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919-1924. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995. Deringil, Selim. “Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909).” International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 3 (1991): 345-59. Erikan, Celal. Kurtuluş Savaşı Tarihi. Compiled by Rıdvan Akın. Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2010. Fromkin, David. Barışa Son Veren Barış, Modern Ortadoğu Nasıl Yaratıldı? Istanbul: Epsilon, 2013. Iriye, Akira. Global and Transnational History: The Past, Present, and Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Kelly, Sean. “How far West?: Lord Curzon’s Transcaucasian (Mis)Adventure and the Defence of British India, 1918-23.” The International History Review 35, no.2 (2012): 274-293. Koloğlu, Orhan. “Religious Ties for Peace: India’s Support in the Turkish War of Independence,” in 38. Icanas: International Congress of Asian and North African Studies Proceedings, 985-1004. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2011. Macmillan, Margaret. Barış Yapanlar, Dünyayı Değiştiren 6 Ay. Istanbul: Alfa, 2015. Meleady, Conor. “Negotiating the Caliphate: British Responses to Pan-Islamic Appeals, 1914–1924”, Middle Eastern Studies 52, no.2 (2016): 182-197. Nye, Joseph S., and Robert O. Keohane. "Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction." International Organization 25, no. 3 (1971): 329-49. Özcan, Azmi. Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924). Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1997. Rahman, M. Raisur. “We can Leave Neither’: Mohamed Ali, Islam and Nationalism in Colonial India.” South Asian History and Culture 3, no.2 (2012): 254-268. Sönmezoğlu, Faruk. İki Savaş Sırası ve Arasında Türk Dış Politikası. Istanbul: Der Yayınları, 2011. The Treaties of Peace, 1919-1924. vol.2. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1924. Vardağlı, E. Tutku. “Transnational Issues, Non-governmental Organizations and the Genesis of Modern Turkish Diplomacy,” in A Transnational Account of Turkish Foreign Policy edited by Papuççular H. and Kuru D., 97-120. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. Woods, Philip. “The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): A Reassesment.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 17, no.1 (1994): 25-42. Yenen, Alp. “The Other Jihad: Enver Pasha, Bolsheviks, and Politics of Anticolonial Muslim Nationalism during the Baku Congress 1920.” In The First World War and Its Aftermath: The Shaping of the Middle East, edited by Fraser T. G., 273-94. London: Gingko, 2015.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hazal Papuççular

Publication Date June 20, 2020
Submission Date June 3, 2020
Acceptance Date June 16, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Papuççular, Hazal. “For the Defence of the British Empire: Edwin Montagu and the Turkish Peace Settlement in a Transnational Context”. Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations 1, no. 2 (June 2020): 30-42.

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