Does Daily Consumed Herbal Tea Have an Inhibitory Effect on Dental Plaque Formation?

Year 2022, Volume: 16 Issue: 47, 33 - 42, 12.01.2023

Burcu Turkmen Evrim Gunes Altuntas Gülbike Demirel , Özüm Özoğlu , Kamuran Ayhan

Abstract

In this study, developmental conditions of some bacteria responsible for the formation of dental plaque on teeth were identified, levels of dental plaque formation were determined, and the antimicrobial effect of some herbal extracts on the biofilm producing bacteria was investigated. For this purpose, 9 dental bacterial strains and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 selected as standard were allowed to create biofilm on dental composite material. In later stages, the bacterial numbers on the restorative material were determined. Then, inhibitory effects of green tea, black tea, linden, sage, ginger and cinnamon extracts, which are often consumed in daily life, on bacteria responsible for dental plaque formation was examined. To the results, almost all of the isolates and S.mutans found to form biofilm in the range of 3.62 to 5.05 log CFU/mm2 on the dental composite resin surface while the highest attachment was determined as 4.71 log CFU/mm2 for S. mutans. Also, all of the herbal extracts showed antimicrobial activity at different levels. Besides, the dental strains were identified as different species of Enterobacter, Halanaerobacter, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Thermoproteus genera. Finally, it was found that cinnamon, ginger and green tea presented the highest inhibitory effect among plant extracts used in the study.

Keywords

Antimicrobial activity , Biofilm , Dental plaque , Herbal extracts , Streptococcus mutans

References

• Adetunji VO, and Odetokun IA (2012). Assessment of biofilm in E. coli O157: H7 and Salmonella strains: influence of cultural conditions. American Journal of Food Technology, 7(10): 582–595.
• Alves FRF, Neves MAS, Silva MG, and Rôças IN (2013). Antibiofilm and antibacterial activities of farnesol and xylitol as potential endodontic irrigants. Brazilian Dental Journal, 24(3): 224–229.
• Archana S, and Abraham, J (2011). Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from fresh green tea , commercial green tea and black tea on pathogens. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01(08): 149–152.
• Babaeekhou L, and Ghane M (2020). Antimicrobial activity of ginger on cariogenic bacteria: molecular networking and molecular docking analyses. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 0(0): 1–12.
• Babu V, Gangadevi T, and Subramoniam A (2003). Antidiabetic activity of ethanol extract of cassia kleinii leaf in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats and isolation of an active fraction and toxicity evaluation of the extract. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 35, 290–296.
• Barroso H, Ramalhete R, Domingues A, Maci S, and Barroso H (2018). Inhibitory activity of a green and black tea blend on Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 10(1): 1481322.
• Bazargani MM, and Rohloff J (2016). Antibiofilm activity of essential oils and plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. Food Control, 61, 156–164.
• Beasley SS, and Saris, PE (2004). Nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from human milk. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70(8): 5051–5053.
• Beheshtirouy M, Azarsina M, Rezaiesoufi L, and Alikhani MY (2015). The antibacterial effect of sage extract ( Salvia officinalis ) mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque : a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 7(3): 173–177.
• Berger D, Rakhamimova A, Pollack A, and Loewy Z (2018). Oral biofilms: development, control, and analysis. High-Throughput, 7(3): 1–8.
• Bersy DA, Mostafa MH, and El-Araby SM (2021). Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of cinnamon extract on Streptococcus mutans. AL-AZHAR Dental Journal-for Girls, 8(1): 123–128.
• Bowen WH, Burne RA, Wu H, and Koo H (2018). Oral biofilms: pathogens, matrix, and polymicrobial interactions in microenvironments. Trends in Microbiology, 26(3): 229–242.
• Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, and Jovin E (2007). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(19): 7879–7885.
• Brown JL, Johnston W, Delaney C, Short B, Butcher MC, Young T, Butcher J, Riggio M, Culshaw S, Ramage G (2019). Polymicrobial oral biofilm models: simplifying the complex. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 68(11): 1573–1584.
• Choi JE, Waddell JN, Lyons KM, and Kieser, JA (2016). Oral rehabilitation intraoral pH and temperature during sleep with and without mouth breathing. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 43, 356–363.
• George DE, Shetty R, and Shetty P (2017). An in vitro study to compare the effect of different types of tea with chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(9): 5–7.
• Goenka P, Sarawgi A, Karun V, Nigam A, Dutta S, and Marwah N. (2013). Camellia sinensis (tea): implications and role in preventing dental decay. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7(14): 152–156.
• Gungor ÖE, Kirzioǧlu Z, Dinçer E, and Kivanç M (2013). Who will win the race in childrens’ oral cavities? Streptococcus mutans or beneficial lactic acid bacteria? Benef Microbes, 4(3): 237–46.
• Gün İ, and Ekinci FY (2009). Biyofilmler :yüzeylerdekimi̇krobi̇yal yaşam. GIDA, 34(3): 165–173.
• Gunes Altuntas E (2013). Bacteriocins : A natural way to combat with pathogens. In: Microbial pathogens and strategies for combating them : science, technology and education, (Ed: A. Méndez- Vilas) . Badajoz : Formatex Research Center, pp. 1005–1015.
• Güneş Altuntaş E, Diani M, Badali MN, Yener İlçe B, Akçelik N, and Akçelik M (2013). Comparison of two different evaluation methods for biofilm formation of bacteria isolated from teeth. ECCMID, 27-30 April 2013, Berlin, Almanya.
• Halkman AK, and Ayhan K (2005). Mikroorganizma Sayimi. In: Gida Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamalari. Ankara, pp. 18.
• He Z, Huang Z, Jiang W, and Zhou W (2019). Antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde on Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(September): 1–11.
• Huang R, Li M, and Gregory RL (2011). Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm. Virulence, 2(5): 435–444.
• Hussein UA (2019). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of cinnamon and ginger extracts against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nose of food handlers in restaurants and cafeterias. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Medicine, 25(2): 57–78.
• Karna P, Chagani S, Gundala SR, Rida PCG, Asif G, Sharma V, Gupta MV, Aneja R (2012). Benefits of whole ginger extract in prostate cancer. The British Journal of Nutrition, 107(4): 473–484.
• Kim H, Park J, and Park K (2017). In vitro evaluation of anti-caries effect of cinnamon extracts on oral pathogens. Biomedical Research, 28(6): 2848–2853.
• Kim I, Yang M, Lee O, and Kang S (2011). Antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from various spices. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 12, 4120–4131.
• Kim M, Kim J, and Nam OH (2020). Tea extracts differentially inhibit Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm colonization depending on the steeping temperature. Biofouling, 36(3): 256–265.
• Li X, Yin L, Ramage G, Li B, Tao Y, Zhi Q, Lin H, Zhou Y (2019). Assessing the impact of curcumin on dual-species biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. MicrobiologyOpen, 8(12): 1–10.
• Limsong J, Benjavongkulchai E, and Kuvatanasuchati J (2004). Inhibitory effect of some herbal extracts on adherence of Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92, 281–289.
• Liu Y, Chu L, Wu F, Guo L, Li M, Wang Y, and Wu L (2014). Influence of pH on inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by Streptococcus oligofermentans. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 122(1): 57–61.
• López D, Vlamakis H, and Kolter R (2010). Bioflims. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2, 1–11.
• Lucke F, and Schillinger U (1989). Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus sake isolated from meat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(8): 1901–1906.
• Ma Y, and Marquis RE (1997). Thermophysiology of Streptococcus mutans and related lactic-acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 72(2): 91–100.
• Mendes FSF, Garcia LM, Moraes T da S, Casemiro LA, Alcântara CB de, Ambrósio SR, Veneziani RCS, Miranda MLD, Martins CHG. (2020). Antibacterial activity of Salvia officinalis L. against periodontopathogens: An in vitro study. Anaerobe, 63.
• Moreira MR, Souza AB, Moreira MA, Bianchi TC, Carneiro L J, Estrela FT, dos Santos RA, Januário AH, Martins CHG, Ambrosio SR, Veneziani RCS (2013). RP-HPLC analysis of manool-rich Salvia officinalis extract and its antimicrobial activity against bacteria associated with dental caries. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 23(6): 870–876.
• Moynihan P, and Petersen PE (2004). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public Health Nutrition, 7(1A): 201–226.
• Nabavi SF, Di Lorenzo A, Izadi M, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Daglia M, and Nabavi SM (2015). Antibacterial effects of cinnamon: from farm to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nutrients, 7, 7729–7748.
• Niu Y, Wang K, Zheng S, Wang Y, Ren Q, Li H, Ding L, Wei L, Zhang L (2020). Antibacterial effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on cariogenic bacteria and Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherap, 64(9): 1–12.
• Nomura R, Inaba H, Matayoshi S, Yoshida S, Matsumi Y, Matsumoto-nakano M, and Nakano K (2020). Inhibitory effect of a mouth rinse formulated with chlorhexidine gluconate , ethanol , and green tea extract against major oral bacterial species. Journal of Oral Science, 62(2): 206–211.
• Park C, and Yoon H (2018). Antimicrobial activity of essential oil against oral strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4): 216–221.
• Pavlović T, Dimkić I, Andrić S, Milojković-opsenica D, Stanković S, Janaćković P, Gavrilović M, Ristivojević P (2020). Linden tea from Serbia – an insight into the phenolic profile , radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 154(May): 112639.
• Peterson PE (2003). The World Oral Health Report 2003. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 31 Suppl 1, 3–23.
• Pinna R, Usai P, Filigheddu E, García-Godoy F, and Milia E (2017). The role of adhesive materials and oral biofilm in the failure of adhesive resin restorations. American Journal of Dentistry, 30(5): 285–292.
• Pirtarighat S, Ghannadnia M, and Baghshahi S (2019). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the plant extract of Salvia spinosa grown in vitro and their antibacterial activity assessment. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 9(1): 1–9.
• Poulsen LV (1999). Microbial biofilm in food processing. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 32, 321–326.
• Sands KM, Wilson MJ, Lewis MAO, Wise MP, Palmer N, Hayes AJ, Barnes RA, Williams DW (2017). Respiratory pathogen colonization of dental plaque, the lower airways, and endotracheal tube biofilms during mechanical ventilation. Journal of Critical Care, 37, 30–37.
• Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 74(12): 5463–5467.
• Sepahpour S, Selamat J, Manap MYA, Khatib A, and Razis AFA (2018). Comparative analysis of chemical composition, antioxidant activity and quantitative characterization of some phenolic compounds in selected herbs and spices in different solvent extraction systems. Molecules, 23(2): 1–17.
• Shagana JA, and Geetha R (2017). Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity of black tea , green tea and white tea extracts on Streptococcus mutans by tube dilution method. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(9): 1581–1582.
• Tatekalva P, Subbaiyan H, and Kumar SR (2021). Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial potential of herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis an in vitro study. Brazilian Dental Science, 24(1): 1–7.
• Tawab HAA, Niazy MA, and El Elsharkawy DA (2020). Antibacterial effect of ginger, green tea and pomegranate versus chlorhexidine using stevia and sucrose sugar. AL-AZHAR Dental Journal-for Girls, 7(3): 329–336.
• Tremblay YDN, Vogeleer P, Jacques M, and Harel J (2015). High-throughput microfluidic method to study biofilm formation and host-pathogen interactions in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(8): 2827–2840.
• Türkmen B, Ayhan K, and Güneş Altuntaş E (2016). Dental plak oluşumundan sorumlu mikroorganizmalar ve bunlarin tüketilen gidalarla ilişkisi. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5, 51–51.
• Turkmen N, Velioglu YS, Sari F, and Polat G (2007). Effect of extraction conditions on measured total polyphenol contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of black tea. Molecules, 12(3): 484–496.
• Welin-Neilands J, and Svensater G (2007). Acid tolerance of biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(17): 5633–5638.
• Wróblewska, M., Strużycka, I., and Mierzwińska-Nastalska, E. (2015). Significance of biofilms in dentistry. Przegla̧d Epidemiologiczny, 69(4), 739–744.
• Wu J, Fan Y, Wang X, Jiang X, Zou J, and Huang R (2020). Effects of the natural compound, oxyresveratrol, on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, and on biofilm formation, acid production, and virulence gene expression. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 128(1): 18–26.
• Zhou H, Liu H, Weir MD, Reynolds MA, Zhang K, and Xu HHK (2016). Three-dimensional biofilm properties on dental bonding agent with varying quaternary ammonium charge densities. J Dent, 53, 73–81.