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Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment

Year 2006, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 269 - 304, 01.12.2006

Abstract

Abstract Shipping accident is a term generally used for any accident results in financial loss, either in life or property or both. The reasons for shipping accidents are many and complex. Bigger size brings corresponding increases in cargo and passenger capacity; hence when an accident occurs, the risk of life and property immediately becomes higher. Reduced ship maneuverability in connection with larger scale is another contributing factor in shipping accidents. Several crucial causes play a role in shipping accidents. Natural conditions, technical failures, route conditions, ship-related factors, human errors, cargo-related factors are the striking ones.Shipping accidents by types are quite many and their impacts on marineenvironment differ from one another. Collision or contact, capsize, foundering,breaking up, grounding, stranding, breakdown of the ship underway, and fire or explosion are examples of common shipping accidents.Groundings and shipboard fires are the dominant types of shipping accidentsworldwide.Torrey Canyon disaster has been the cornerstone for the protection of marine environment. The first 20 major oil spills of all time reveal that nearly 2.4 million tonnes of oil entered the sea due to accidental and operational oil pollutions.Shipping is and always will be full of risks despite high and ever increasing safety standards. Nevertheless, improved standards for ships, seafarers and shipping management by way of internationally adopted measures have all made and will make a major impact on shipping safety for safer shipping and cleaner oceans.

References

  • Akten, N. (2004). Analysis of shipping casualties in the Bosphorus, The Journal of Navigation, The Royal Institute of Navigation,DOI: 1017/S0373463304002826,57,345-356,London.
  • Akten, N. (1996). İstanbul Ulasiminda Denizden Yararlanma (How to Use the Sea Utmost in Metropolitan Transportation), in Turkish, the Istanbul
  • Chamber of Commerce, 41-44, Istanbul. Akten, N. (1982). Türkiye’de Deniz Kazalari, Türkiye’de Deniz Kazalari
  • Sempozyumu, Sigorta Hukuku Dernegi, Istanbul, Ekim 1982,.1.
  • Akten, N. and Gonencgil, B. (2002). “The Turkish Straits: Rights and Obligations of Vessels to Transit”, paper submitted to the Seminar on
  • “Rights and Obligations of Vessels Transiting Through the Turkish Straits”, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, June 21, 3-4, Istanbul. Akten, N. and Gonencgil, B. (1998). Istanbul Bogazinda Deniz Kazalari
  • (Marine casualties in the Bosphorus) in Turkish. Turkiye’nin Kiyi ve Deniz Alanlari II. Ulusal Konferansi. Turkiye Kiyilari 98 Konferansi Bildiriler Kitabı, 22 - 25 Eylul 1998, ODTU, Ankara.
  • Akten, N. Ustaoglu, S. and Rodopman, K. (1995). Marine Casualties in the Turkish Straits and Their Implication For the Environment, eds.O.K.Sag
  • R.Harrison,S.Oney,D.Unsalan,I.K.Rodopman, ITU Denizcilik Fakultesi, İstanbul,134-145. BIMCO (1993). ICS Code-Shipping and the Environment, May/June 1993, /93, 3.
  • Cahill, R.A. (1983).Collisions and their causes, Fairplay Publications, London, ISBN 0-905045-46-7, 36.
  • Chapman, S.E and Akten, N. (1998). Marine Casualties in the Turkish
  • Straits- a Way Ahead, Seaways, The Nautical Institute, London, October , 6-8, ISSN 0144-1019.
  • Cockroft, A.N. (1982). The Circumstances of Sea Collisions, The Journal of
  • Institute of Navigation, The Royal Institute of Navigation, London, Jan.1982, Vol.35 No.1, 107.
  • Dogru, I (1989). Kimya II (Chemistry II),in Turkish, Turkish Naval Academy, İstanbul.
  • Erturk, F. (1994). Evaluation of the Tanker Casualty Occurred in the Bosphorus on March 13, 1994, as Seen From the Air Pollution Angle,
  • Unpublished, Istanbul. ICS, OCIMF and IAPH (1984). International Safety Guide For Oil Tankers and Terminals, London, Witherby and Co. Ltd., 111-112.
  • IMO (1997). 30 Years on: what has happened since the Torrey Canyon, IMO News 1-1997,11-20,London.
  • IMO (2003). World maritime day 2003,IMO News 3-2003,18-19.
  • ISF and ICS (1996). Guidelines on the application of the IMO international safety management (ISM) Code, London, 5.
  • Lloyd’s List, (1984). 250th Anniversary supplement, LLP, London, April 17th , 182.
  • Lusted, W. (1996). Marine Pollution: Risks and Constraints, Seaways, The Nautical Institute, London, November 1996, 12 - 15.
  • O’Neil, W. (2002). Safe navigation, Signals special, North of England, nr. 4, Feb.2002, 1-2.
  • O’Neil, W. (2003). Raising world standards in the maritime industry, IMO News: 2, London, 4.
  • Oral, N. (2001). User fees for Straits, proceedings of the international symposium on the problems of regional seas, Turk Deniz Arastirmalari Vakfi, İstanbul, 109.
  • SAILING DEPTH 1 (2001): Collision regulations explained (Part1), 18 June , http//: Sailing Depth1.htm
  • Smith J. W (1971). Pollution of Water By Oil, conference paper presented at the conference on “Environmental Problems and Their International
  • Implications”, edited by Halis Odabasi, Istanbul, Colorado Associated University Press, Colorado 1973, 111.
Year 2006, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 269 - 304, 01.12.2006

Abstract

References

  • Akten, N. (2004). Analysis of shipping casualties in the Bosphorus, The Journal of Navigation, The Royal Institute of Navigation,DOI: 1017/S0373463304002826,57,345-356,London.
  • Akten, N. (1996). İstanbul Ulasiminda Denizden Yararlanma (How to Use the Sea Utmost in Metropolitan Transportation), in Turkish, the Istanbul
  • Chamber of Commerce, 41-44, Istanbul. Akten, N. (1982). Türkiye’de Deniz Kazalari, Türkiye’de Deniz Kazalari
  • Sempozyumu, Sigorta Hukuku Dernegi, Istanbul, Ekim 1982,.1.
  • Akten, N. and Gonencgil, B. (2002). “The Turkish Straits: Rights and Obligations of Vessels to Transit”, paper submitted to the Seminar on
  • “Rights and Obligations of Vessels Transiting Through the Turkish Straits”, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, June 21, 3-4, Istanbul. Akten, N. and Gonencgil, B. (1998). Istanbul Bogazinda Deniz Kazalari
  • (Marine casualties in the Bosphorus) in Turkish. Turkiye’nin Kiyi ve Deniz Alanlari II. Ulusal Konferansi. Turkiye Kiyilari 98 Konferansi Bildiriler Kitabı, 22 - 25 Eylul 1998, ODTU, Ankara.
  • Akten, N. Ustaoglu, S. and Rodopman, K. (1995). Marine Casualties in the Turkish Straits and Their Implication For the Environment, eds.O.K.Sag
  • R.Harrison,S.Oney,D.Unsalan,I.K.Rodopman, ITU Denizcilik Fakultesi, İstanbul,134-145. BIMCO (1993). ICS Code-Shipping and the Environment, May/June 1993, /93, 3.
  • Cahill, R.A. (1983).Collisions and their causes, Fairplay Publications, London, ISBN 0-905045-46-7, 36.
  • Chapman, S.E and Akten, N. (1998). Marine Casualties in the Turkish
  • Straits- a Way Ahead, Seaways, The Nautical Institute, London, October , 6-8, ISSN 0144-1019.
  • Cockroft, A.N. (1982). The Circumstances of Sea Collisions, The Journal of
  • Institute of Navigation, The Royal Institute of Navigation, London, Jan.1982, Vol.35 No.1, 107.
  • Dogru, I (1989). Kimya II (Chemistry II),in Turkish, Turkish Naval Academy, İstanbul.
  • Erturk, F. (1994). Evaluation of the Tanker Casualty Occurred in the Bosphorus on March 13, 1994, as Seen From the Air Pollution Angle,
  • Unpublished, Istanbul. ICS, OCIMF and IAPH (1984). International Safety Guide For Oil Tankers and Terminals, London, Witherby and Co. Ltd., 111-112.
  • IMO (1997). 30 Years on: what has happened since the Torrey Canyon, IMO News 1-1997,11-20,London.
  • IMO (2003). World maritime day 2003,IMO News 3-2003,18-19.
  • ISF and ICS (1996). Guidelines on the application of the IMO international safety management (ISM) Code, London, 5.
  • Lloyd’s List, (1984). 250th Anniversary supplement, LLP, London, April 17th , 182.
  • Lusted, W. (1996). Marine Pollution: Risks and Constraints, Seaways, The Nautical Institute, London, November 1996, 12 - 15.
  • O’Neil, W. (2002). Safe navigation, Signals special, North of England, nr. 4, Feb.2002, 1-2.
  • O’Neil, W. (2003). Raising world standards in the maritime industry, IMO News: 2, London, 4.
  • Oral, N. (2001). User fees for Straits, proceedings of the international symposium on the problems of regional seas, Turk Deniz Arastirmalari Vakfi, İstanbul, 109.
  • SAILING DEPTH 1 (2001): Collision regulations explained (Part1), 18 June , http//: Sailing Depth1.htm
  • Smith J. W (1971). Pollution of Water By Oil, conference paper presented at the conference on “Environmental Problems and Their International
  • Implications”, edited by Halis Odabasi, Istanbul, Colorado Associated University Press, Colorado 1973, 111.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Necmettin Akten This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2006
Published in Issue Year 2006 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akten, N. . (2006). Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 12(3), 269-304.
AMA Akten N. Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. December 2006;12(3):269-304.
Chicago Akten, Necmettin. “Shipping Accidents: A Serious Threat for Marineenvironment”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 12, no. 3 (December 2006): 269-304.
EndNote Akten N (December 1, 2006) Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 12 3 269–304.
IEEE N. . Akten, “Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment”, Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 269–304, 2006.
ISNAD Akten, Necmettin. “Shipping Accidents: A Serious Threat for Marineenvironment”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 12/3 (December 2006), 269-304.
JAMA Akten N. Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 2006;12:269–304.
MLA Akten, Necmettin. “Shipping Accidents: A Serious Threat for Marineenvironment”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, vol. 12, no. 3, 2006, pp. 269-04.
Vancouver Akten N. Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marineenvironment. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 2006;12(3):269-304.