Research Article
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THE EFFECT OF TALC, ZIRCONIUM OXIDE AND TITANIUM OXIDE ADDITIONS ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 95 - 101, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1868356
https://izlik.org/JA85NR92WN

Abstract

Objective: The primary goal of this research is to evaluate how the physical characteristics of feldspathic porcelain are influenced and its mechanical durability reinforced through the incorporation of talc, titanium oxide, and zirconium oxide—materials frequently utilized in the ceramics sector—at various concentrations. Materials and Methods: Talc, zirconium dioxide, and titanium dioxide were added to the base feldspathic porcelain powder at concentrations of 2 wt% and 5 wt%. The investigation aimed to assess color stability, flexural strength, hardness, and crack propagation. Subsequent microstructural analysis was conducted using SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD, and Tamhane T2 tests (p<0.05). Results: Mechanical testing revealed that while all experimental groups demonstrated increased flexural strength relative to the control, this elevation was statistically significant only for the 2% zirconium dioxide group (p<0.05). With respect to hardness, every experimental group containing additives yielded significantly superior results compared to the control samples (p<0.05). Conversely, concerning crack propagation, a decrease (improvement) relative to the control was observed exclusively in the 5% talc group, whereas all other variations resulted in greater crack lengths. Conclusions: The obtained results revealed that all reinforcement materials used improved the hardness and flexural strength of feldspathic porcelain. Particularly, talc-reinforced groups presented more advantageous data compared to other groups in terms of color stability and crack propagation. Statistical analyses confirm that there are significant differences.

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was waived due to the purely in vitro nature of this investigation.

Supporting Institution

Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Scientific Research Projects Unit

Project Number

2024/12

Thanks

Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Scientific Research Projects Unit, supported this research (Project No: 2024/12).

References

  • 1. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' Science of Dental Materials. 12th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
  • 2. Nikanjam S, Abbasi S, Khazaei S. Effect of different bleaching methods on optical behaviors of CAD/CAM ceramics. Avicenna J Dent Res. 2021;13(4):113-8.
  • 3. Sasikala C, Chander NG. Comparative evaluation of flexural strength of nano-zirconia-integrated pressable feldspathic and lithium disilicate ceramics. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;16(3):339-44.
  • 4. Nazari A, Riahi S, Shamekhi SF, Khademno A. An investigation on the bstrength and workability of cement based concrete performance by using ZrO2 nanoparticles. J Am Sci. 2010;6(4):29-33.
  • 5. de la Fuente AP, Rangel ER, Rodríguez JA, Hernández-Bocanegra GCA. Toughening of alumina ceramics with silver nanoparticles. J Res Nanotechnol. 2014;2014:8.
  • 6. Esparza-Vázquez SJ, Rocha-Rangel E, Rodríguez-García JA, HernándezBocanegra CA. Strengthening of alumina-based ceramics with titanium nanoparticles. Mater Sci Appl. 2014;5(11):775-83.
  • 7. Hashem R, Mohsen CA, Abu-Eittah MR. Effect of silver nanoparticles and silver hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on color and fracture strength of dental ceramic. Mater Sci Med. 2015;61(2):2-7.
  • 8. Ramos CM, Cesar PF, Mondelli RFL, et al. Bond strength and Raman analysis of the zirconia-feldspathic porcelain interface. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(4):886-94.
  • 9. Uno M, Nonogaki R, Fujieda T, et al. Toughening of CAD/CAM all-ceramic crowns by staining slurry. Dent Mater J. 2012;31(5):828-34.
  • 10. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 6872:2008 Dentistry — Ceramic Materials. ISO; 2008.
  • 11. Rosenblum MA, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997;128(3):297-307.
  • 12. Gómez Tamayo J, Rueda Arango AO, Ossa Henao EA. Improving the mechanical properties of commercial feldspathic dental porcelain by addition of alumina-zirconia. Rev Fac Ing Univ Antioquia. 2020;(94):67-76.
  • 13. Zaimoğlu A, Can G, Ersoy E, Aksu L. Dişhekimliğinde Maddeler Bilgisi. AÜ Basımevi; 1993.
  • 14. Çömlekoğlu M, Güngör M, Dündar M, et al. Güçlendirilmiş dental seramiklerin vickers sertlikleri ve yük altında kırılma davranışları. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2011;12(2):119-20.
  • 15. Acar TK. Investigation of the Effects of Adding Wollastonite, Pyrophyllite, Talc, and Fly Ash to Porcelain and Vitrified Bodies [Master's thesis]. Sivas Cumhuriyet University; 2021

TALK, ZİRKONYUM OKSİT VE TİTANYUM OKSİT İLAVESİNİN FELDSPATİK PORSELENİN FİZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 95 - 101, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1868356
https://izlik.org/JA85NR92WN

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, seramik endüstrisinde kullanılan zirkonyum oksit, talk ve titanyum oksidin değişik oranlarda eklenmesiyle, feldspatik porselenin fiziksel özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimlerin incelenmesi ve malzemenin mekanik dayanımının geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırma kapsamında, baz materyal olarak seçilen feldspatik porselen tozuna, ağırlıkça %2 ve %5 oranlarında talk, zirkonyum dioksit ve titanyum dioksit takviyeleri yapılarak; numunelerin renk stabilitesi, esneme direnci, sertlik ve çatlak ilerleme davranışları incelenmiştir. Mekanik testlerin ardından seçilen numunelerin mikroyapısal incelemeleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İstatistiksel analiz Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi, Tukey HSD ve Tamhane T2 testleri ile yapılmıştır (p<0,05). Bulgular: Mekanik dayanım testlerinde, tüm deney gruplarının esneme direnci kontrol grubuna kıyasla yükseliş göstermiş olup, özellikle %2 zirkonyum dioksit katkılı grubun sergilediği artışın istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyine ulaştığı belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Sertlik verileri incelendiğinde ise, istisnasız tüm katkılı grupların kontrol grubundan daha yüksek değerde olduğu ve bu farkın istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyine ulaştığı belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Çatlak ilerlemesi hususu incelendiğinde, kontrol grubuna nazaran yalnızca %5 talk içeren örneklerde bir düşüş kaydedilmiş; buna karşın geri kalan grupların tamamında çatlak uzunluklarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar: Elde edilen sonuçlar, kullanılan tüm takviye materyallerinin feldspatik porselenin sertlik ve esneme dayanımını geliştirdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle talk katkılı gruplar, renk stabilitesi ve çatlak ilerlemesi açısından diğer gruplara kıyasla daha avantajlı veriler sunmuştur. İstatistiksel analizler anlamlı farklar olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırmanın tamamen in vitro (hücre içi) nitelikte olması nedeniyle etik kurul onayına gerek duyulmamıştır.

Supporting Institution

Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

Project Number

2024/12

Thanks

Bu araştırma, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir (Proje No: 2024/12).

References

  • 1. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' Science of Dental Materials. 12th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
  • 2. Nikanjam S, Abbasi S, Khazaei S. Effect of different bleaching methods on optical behaviors of CAD/CAM ceramics. Avicenna J Dent Res. 2021;13(4):113-8.
  • 3. Sasikala C, Chander NG. Comparative evaluation of flexural strength of nano-zirconia-integrated pressable feldspathic and lithium disilicate ceramics. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;16(3):339-44.
  • 4. Nazari A, Riahi S, Shamekhi SF, Khademno A. An investigation on the bstrength and workability of cement based concrete performance by using ZrO2 nanoparticles. J Am Sci. 2010;6(4):29-33.
  • 5. de la Fuente AP, Rangel ER, Rodríguez JA, Hernández-Bocanegra GCA. Toughening of alumina ceramics with silver nanoparticles. J Res Nanotechnol. 2014;2014:8.
  • 6. Esparza-Vázquez SJ, Rocha-Rangel E, Rodríguez-García JA, HernándezBocanegra CA. Strengthening of alumina-based ceramics with titanium nanoparticles. Mater Sci Appl. 2014;5(11):775-83.
  • 7. Hashem R, Mohsen CA, Abu-Eittah MR. Effect of silver nanoparticles and silver hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on color and fracture strength of dental ceramic. Mater Sci Med. 2015;61(2):2-7.
  • 8. Ramos CM, Cesar PF, Mondelli RFL, et al. Bond strength and Raman analysis of the zirconia-feldspathic porcelain interface. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(4):886-94.
  • 9. Uno M, Nonogaki R, Fujieda T, et al. Toughening of CAD/CAM all-ceramic crowns by staining slurry. Dent Mater J. 2012;31(5):828-34.
  • 10. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 6872:2008 Dentistry — Ceramic Materials. ISO; 2008.
  • 11. Rosenblum MA, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997;128(3):297-307.
  • 12. Gómez Tamayo J, Rueda Arango AO, Ossa Henao EA. Improving the mechanical properties of commercial feldspathic dental porcelain by addition of alumina-zirconia. Rev Fac Ing Univ Antioquia. 2020;(94):67-76.
  • 13. Zaimoğlu A, Can G, Ersoy E, Aksu L. Dişhekimliğinde Maddeler Bilgisi. AÜ Basımevi; 1993.
  • 14. Çömlekoğlu M, Güngör M, Dündar M, et al. Güçlendirilmiş dental seramiklerin vickers sertlikleri ve yük altında kırılma davranışları. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2011;12(2):119-20.
  • 15. Acar TK. Investigation of the Effects of Adding Wollastonite, Pyrophyllite, Talc, and Fly Ash to Porcelain and Vitrified Bodies [Master's thesis]. Sivas Cumhuriyet University; 2021
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Prosthodontics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Karakahraman 0009-0007-0195-7719

Kaan Yerliyurt 0000-0002-9236-2732

Project Number 2024/12
Submission Date January 21, 2026
Acceptance Date March 2, 2026
Publication Date March 27, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1868356
IZ https://izlik.org/JA85NR92WN
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA 1.Karakahraman M, Yerliyurt K. THE EFFECT OF TALC, ZIRCONIUM OXIDE AND TITANIUM OXIDE ADDITIONS ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN. J Contemp Med. 2026;16(2):95-101. doi:10.16899/jcm.1868356