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Determining the interest in pain and analgesic during and before the covid-19 pandemic period using google trends data: an infodemiological study

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 6, 949 - 958, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1169863

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the public's interest in pain and painkillers using Google search activity in countries with the most cases before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2018 - December 2021).
Methods: United States (USA), England, France, Germany, Italy, India, Spain, Russia, Brazil and Turkey, which are the countries where the Covid 19 epidemic was most intense, were determined along with the world for the analysis. The words of "Back pain", "Chest pain", "Headache", "Knee pain", "Sore throat", "Aspirin", "Ibufren" and "Paracetamol" were written into the Google Trend search engine. RapidMiner Analysis program and Microsoft Excel program were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Correlation tests were used to determine the strength of the relationship between pain regions and drugs.
Results: The terms fo "ibuprofen", "aspirin", "paracetamol" peaked in Google searches on March 15, 2020. The search frequencies of the terms of sore throat, chest pain, and headache peaked worldwide between March 15, 2020 and March 22, 2020. The strong correlations were obtained, ranging from 0.627 to 0.901 for chest pain and headache terms, and 0.629 to 0.749 for ibuprofen and paracetamol terms.
Conclusion: As a result of the research, it is seen that the frequency of searching for pain and analgesics has increased significantly during the COVID-19 period. Our data can be considered as an indicative of the increasing incidence of pain with the COVID-19 pandemic, since internet searches are a proxy for the public good.

References

  • REFERENCES 1 Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM et al. (2020). Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020; 75(22): 2871-2872.
  • 2 Diegoli H, Magalhães PS, Martins SC et al. Decrease in hospital admissions for transient ischemic attack, mild, and moderate stroke during the COVID-19 era. Stroke 2020; 51(8): 2315-2321.
  • 3 Ciofani JL, HanD, Allahwala UK, Asrress K N, Bhindi R. Internet search volume for chest pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Heart Journal 2021; (231);157-159.
  • 4 El-Tallawy SN, Nalamasu R, Pergolizzi JV, Gharibo C. Pain management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain and Therapy; 2020 9(2):453-466.
  • 5 Szilagyi IS, UllrichT, Lang-Illievich K et al. 2021). Google Trends for Pain Search Terms in the World’s Most Populated Regions Before and After the First Recorded COVID-19 Case: Infodemiological Study. Journal of medical Internet research 2021;23(4): e27214.
  • 6 Support Google. Trends Help. (cited 20 Feburary 2022). Available online: https://support.google.com/trends#topic=6248052
  • 7 Nuti SV, Wayda B, Ranasinghe I et al. The use of google trends in health care research: a systematic review. PloS one 2014 ;9(10): e109583.
  • 8 Walker A, Hopkins C, Surda P. (2020, July). Use of Google Trends to investigate loss‐of‐smell‒related searches during the COVID‐19 outbreak. In International forum of allergy & rhinology 2020; 7:839-847. doi: 10.1002/alr. 22580.
  • 9 Google China. 2020 (cited 1 December 2021). Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
  • 10 Sahin T, Ayyildiz A, Gencer-Atalay K, Akgün C, Özdemir HM, Kuran B. Pain symptoms in COVID-19. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2021; 100(4): 307-312.
  • 11 Weng LM, Su X, Wang XQ. Pain symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A literature review. Journal of Pain Research 2021; 14: 147.
  • 12 Salah H M, Mehta JL. Meta-analysis of the effect of aspirin on mortality in COVID-19. The American journal of cardiology 2021;142: 158.
  • 13 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries (ctied 01 December 2021)
  • 14 Alper R. Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlik-Güvenirlik. Detay Yayıncılık: Ankara; 2020
  • 15 Çelik U, Akçetin E, Gök M. Rapidminer ile veri madenciliği. Pusula yayıncılık: İstanbul; 2017
  • 16 Jeon J, Baruah G, Sarabadani S, Palanica, A. Identification of risk factors and symptoms of COVID-19: Analysis of biomedical literature and social media data. Journal of medical Internet research 2020; 22(10); e20509.
  • 17 Wu J, Mamas MA, Mohamed MO et al. Place and causes of acute cardiovascular mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heart 2021; 107(2): 113-119.
  • 18 Song J, Chang AH, Chang RW et al. Relationship of knee pain to time in moderate and light physical activities: data from osteoarthritis initiative. In Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2021; 5:683-688.
  • 19 Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C. (2021). Internet searches for over-the-counter analgesics during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Italy. Pain Medicine 2021; 22(8):1885-1886.
  • 20 Srivastava R, Kumar A. Use of aspirin in reduction of mortality of COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis. International journal of clinical practice 2021; 75(11):e14515.
  • 21 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Clinical Guidance for Management of COVID-19 Patients. (cited 19 April 2022). Available online: https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/ covid/ techd oc/COVID 19_Manag ement_Algor ithm_22042 021_v1.pdf.
  • 22 National Institute of Health (NIH). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Updated on February 11, 2021. (cited 19 April 2022). Available online: https://www.covid 19 treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antit hromb otic-therapy/.
  • 23 Little P. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and covid-19. Bmj 2020: 368.
  • 24 Micallef J, Soeiro T, Jonville-Béra AP, of Pharmacology FS. (2020). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pharmacology, and COVID-19 infection. Therapies 2020; 75(4):355-362.
  • 25 Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B et al. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology 2015; 131(2): 97-106.
  • 26 Hofmann H, Geier M, Marzi A et al. Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2004; 319(4):1216-1221.

Google trend verilerini kullanarak covid-19 pandemi döneminde ve öncesinde ağrı ve analjeziklere olan ilginin belirlenmesi: infodemiyolojik bir çalışma

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 6, 949 - 958, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1169863

Abstract

Giriş: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemisi öncesinde ve sırasında (Ocak 2018 - Aralık 2021) en çok vaka görülen ülkelerde Google arama etkinliğini kullanarak halkın ağrı ve ağrı kesicilere olan ilgisini değerlendirmektir.
Yöntem: Dünya geneli ile Covid 19 salgınının en yoğun olduğu ülkeler olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), İngiltere, Fransa, Almanya, İtalya, Hindistan, İspanya, Rusya, Brezilya ve Türkiye belirlendi. Google Trend arama motoruna "Sırt ağrısı", "Göğüs ağrısı", "Baş ağrısı", "Diz ağrısı", "Boğaz ağrısı", "Aspirin", "İbuprofen" ve "Parasetamol" kelimeleri yazıldı. Verilerin istatistiksel analizinde RapidMiner Analiz programı ve Microsoft Excel programı kullanılmıştır. Ağrı bölgeleri ile ilaçlar arasındaki ilişkinin gücünü belirlemek için korelasyon testleri kullanıldı.
Bulgular: “İbuprofen”, “aspirin”, “parasetamol” terimleri 15 Mart 2020'de Google aramalarında zirveye ulaştı. “Boğaz ağrısı”, “göğüs ağrısı” ve “baş ağrısı” terimlerinin arama sıklığı 15 Mart 2020 ile 22 Mart 2020 arasında dünya çapında zirveye ulaştı. Göğüs ağrısı ve baş ağrısı terimleri için 0,627- 0,901 ile ibuprofen ve parasetamol terimleri için 0,629- 0,749 arasında değişen güçlü korelasyonlar elde edildi.
Sonuç: Araştırma sonucundaCOVID-19 döneminde dünya genelinde ağrı ve analjezik arama sıklığının önemli ölçüde arttığı görülmektedir. İnternet aramaları kamu yararı için bir vekil olduğundan, verilerimiz COVID-19 pandemisi ile artan ağrı insidansının bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilebilir.

References

  • REFERENCES 1 Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM et al. (2020). Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020; 75(22): 2871-2872.
  • 2 Diegoli H, Magalhães PS, Martins SC et al. Decrease in hospital admissions for transient ischemic attack, mild, and moderate stroke during the COVID-19 era. Stroke 2020; 51(8): 2315-2321.
  • 3 Ciofani JL, HanD, Allahwala UK, Asrress K N, Bhindi R. Internet search volume for chest pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Heart Journal 2021; (231);157-159.
  • 4 El-Tallawy SN, Nalamasu R, Pergolizzi JV, Gharibo C. Pain management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain and Therapy; 2020 9(2):453-466.
  • 5 Szilagyi IS, UllrichT, Lang-Illievich K et al. 2021). Google Trends for Pain Search Terms in the World’s Most Populated Regions Before and After the First Recorded COVID-19 Case: Infodemiological Study. Journal of medical Internet research 2021;23(4): e27214.
  • 6 Support Google. Trends Help. (cited 20 Feburary 2022). Available online: https://support.google.com/trends#topic=6248052
  • 7 Nuti SV, Wayda B, Ranasinghe I et al. The use of google trends in health care research: a systematic review. PloS one 2014 ;9(10): e109583.
  • 8 Walker A, Hopkins C, Surda P. (2020, July). Use of Google Trends to investigate loss‐of‐smell‒related searches during the COVID‐19 outbreak. In International forum of allergy & rhinology 2020; 7:839-847. doi: 10.1002/alr. 22580.
  • 9 Google China. 2020 (cited 1 December 2021). Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
  • 10 Sahin T, Ayyildiz A, Gencer-Atalay K, Akgün C, Özdemir HM, Kuran B. Pain symptoms in COVID-19. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2021; 100(4): 307-312.
  • 11 Weng LM, Su X, Wang XQ. Pain symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A literature review. Journal of Pain Research 2021; 14: 147.
  • 12 Salah H M, Mehta JL. Meta-analysis of the effect of aspirin on mortality in COVID-19. The American journal of cardiology 2021;142: 158.
  • 13 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries (ctied 01 December 2021)
  • 14 Alper R. Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlik-Güvenirlik. Detay Yayıncılık: Ankara; 2020
  • 15 Çelik U, Akçetin E, Gök M. Rapidminer ile veri madenciliği. Pusula yayıncılık: İstanbul; 2017
  • 16 Jeon J, Baruah G, Sarabadani S, Palanica, A. Identification of risk factors and symptoms of COVID-19: Analysis of biomedical literature and social media data. Journal of medical Internet research 2020; 22(10); e20509.
  • 17 Wu J, Mamas MA, Mohamed MO et al. Place and causes of acute cardiovascular mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heart 2021; 107(2): 113-119.
  • 18 Song J, Chang AH, Chang RW et al. Relationship of knee pain to time in moderate and light physical activities: data from osteoarthritis initiative. In Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2021; 5:683-688.
  • 19 Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C. (2021). Internet searches for over-the-counter analgesics during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Italy. Pain Medicine 2021; 22(8):1885-1886.
  • 20 Srivastava R, Kumar A. Use of aspirin in reduction of mortality of COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis. International journal of clinical practice 2021; 75(11):e14515.
  • 21 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Clinical Guidance for Management of COVID-19 Patients. (cited 19 April 2022). Available online: https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/ covid/ techd oc/COVID 19_Manag ement_Algor ithm_22042 021_v1.pdf.
  • 22 National Institute of Health (NIH). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Updated on February 11, 2021. (cited 19 April 2022). Available online: https://www.covid 19 treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antit hromb otic-therapy/.
  • 23 Little P. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and covid-19. Bmj 2020: 368.
  • 24 Micallef J, Soeiro T, Jonville-Béra AP, of Pharmacology FS. (2020). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pharmacology, and COVID-19 infection. Therapies 2020; 75(4):355-362.
  • 25 Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B et al. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology 2015; 131(2): 97-106.
  • 26 Hofmann H, Geier M, Marzi A et al. Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2004; 319(4):1216-1221.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Seda Gündüz Başçıl 0000-0003-2368-9827

Sevinç Meşe 0000-0003-4635-9169

Early Pub Date October 1, 2022
Publication Date November 30, 2022
Acceptance Date October 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 6

Cite

AMA Gündüz Başçıl S, Meşe S. Determining the interest in pain and analgesic during and before the covid-19 pandemic period using google trends data: an infodemiological study. J Contemp Med. November 2022;12(6):949-958. doi:10.16899/jcm.1169863