Clinical Research
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Acil polikliniğine başvuran ve hospitalize edilen hiperemezis gravidarum tanılı hastaların inflamasyon skorlarının normal seyirli gebelerle karşılaştırılması

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 5, 240 - 244, 25.09.2024

Abstract

Amaç
HEG tanılı hastalarda sistemik inflamatuar belirteçlerin (NLR(nötrofil/lenfosit oranı) , PLR (platelet/lenfosit oranı), MLR(monosit/lenfosit oranı), SII( sistemik immun-inflamasyon indeksi), ve SIRI (sistemik inflamasyon cevap indeksi), normal gebelerle, ilk trimesterde karşılaştırılması amaçlandı.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Çalışmaya, 7-12. gebelik haftaları arasında acil kadın doğum kliniğine başvuran ve 2+ ketonüri nedeniyle hospitalize edilen 52 gebe kadın dahil edildi. Kontrol grubu ise aynı gebelik haftasında olan, kadın doğum polikliniğine başvuran sağlıklı gebelerden oluşturuldu. İstatistiksel analiz SPSS (Statistical package for Social Sciences-SPSS Inc., version 20.0;Chicago, IL) programı ile yapıldı.
Bulgular
Maternal yaş, parite, vücut kitle indeksi (BMI) ve elektif küretaj sayıları açısından gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktu (p>0,05). İki grup arasında trombosit, monosit, lökosit ve lenfosit değerleri karşılaştırıldığında fark bulunmadı(p>0,05). Ancak, nötrofil sayısı, NLR ve PLR sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark gözlemledik (p>0,05). Ayrıca, SII ve SIRI'yı içeren kombine inflamatuar indekslerin de HEG grubunda anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğunu tespit ettik (sırasıyla, p=0,000 ve p=0,0011).
Sonuç
Çalışmamızın sonuçları, nötrofil ve kombine sistemik inflamatuar indekslerinin (NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI) HEG varlığı ile ilişkili olduğunu gösterdi. Sonuçlarımıza göre, NLR'nin HEG varlığını tespit etmede en güçlü tanısal etkinliğe sahip olduğu belirlendi.

References

  • 1) Bulanık M, Sağsöz N, Sayan CD, Yeral Mİ, Kısa Ü. Comparison of Serum Ykl-40 and Ischemia Modified Albumin Levels Between Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Normal Pregnant Women. Med Arch 2019;73: 97-100.
  • 2) Lacroix R, Eason E, Melzack R. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: A prospective study of its frequency, intensity, and patterns of change. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182: 931-7.
  • 3) Fairweather DV. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968; 102:135-75.
  • 4) Celik F, Guzel AI, Kuyumcuoglu U, Celik Y. Dietary antioxidant levels in hyperemesis gravidarum: a case control study. Ginekol Pol. 2011, 82, 840-844.
  • 5) Kallen B. Hyperemesis during pregnancy and delivery outcome: a registry study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987;26:291-302.
  • 6) Sherman PW, Flaxman SM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in an evolutionary perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:190-7.
  • 7) Buckwalter JG, Simpson SW. Psychological factors in the etiology and treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186: S210‑14.
  • 8) Brzana RJ, Koch KL. Gastroesophageal reflux disease presenting with intractable nausea. Ann Intern Med 1997;126: 704‑7.
  • 9) Verberg M, Gillott D, Al-Fardan N, Grudzinskas J. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review. Hum Reprod Update. 2005;11: 527-39.
  • 10) Li A, Mu X, He K, Wang P, Wang D, Liu C, et al. Prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases. Future Oncol. 2020;16: 2433–44.
  • 11) Nording HM, Seizer P, Langer HF. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. Front Immunol. 2015; 6:98. 12) Daglar HK, Kirbas A, Kaya B, Kilincoglu F. The value of complete blood count parameters in predicting preterm delivery. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:801-5.
  • 13) Sahbaz A, Cicekler H, Aynioglu O, Isik H, Ozmen U. Comparison of the predictive value of plateletcrit with various other blood parameters in gestational diabetes development. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36:589-93.
  • 14) Engin-Ustun Y, Tonguç E, Var T, Deveer R, Yilmaz N, Danisman N, et al. Vaspin and C-reactive protein levels in hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013; 17:138-40.
  • 15) Tunc SY, Agacayak E, Budak S, Tunc N, Icen MS, Findik FM, et al. Serum levels of neopterin, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress indicators in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016; 42:618-24.
  • 16) Tanacan A, Oluklu D, Laleli Koc B, Sinaci S, Menekse Beser D, Uyan Hendem D,et al. The utility of systemic immune-inflammation index and systemic immune-response index in the prediction of adverse outcomes in pregnant women with coronavirus disease2019: Analysis of 2649 cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2023; 49: 912-9.
  • 17) Chen L, Kong X, Wang Z, Wang X, Fang Y, Wang J. Pretreatment systemic inflammation response index in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a useful prognostic indicator. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:1543-67.
  • 18) Li S, Lan X, Gao H, Li Z, Chen L, Wang W, et al. Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI), cancer stem cells and survival of localised gastric adenocarcinoma after curative resection. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143:2455-68.
  • 19) Netravathi M, Sinha S, Taly AB, Bindu PS, Bharath RD. Hyperemesis‑gravidarum‑induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy: Serial clinical, electrophysiological and MR imaging observations. J Neurol Sci. 2009; 284:214‑6.
  • 20) Tekyol D, Kılıç M. Usage of the Ranson criteria and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio measured on presentation to the emergency department in the prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis. Signa Vitae. 2022: 18(5); 133-7.
  • 21) Özdemir S. Inflammation: Complexity and significance of cellular and molecular responses. Journal of Acute Disease. 2024;13(1):3-7. doi: 10.4103/jad.jad_129_23.
  • 22) Kokulu K, Günaydın YK, Akıllı NB, Köylü R, Sert ET, Köylü Ö et al. The Relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute pancreatitis and the severity and systemic complications of the disease. Turk J Gastroenterol 2018;29:684-91.
  • 23) Akoglu EU, Özdemir S, Ak R, Ozturk TC. The Discriminative Power of Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Mild-To-Moderate Acute Pancreatitis: Mean Platelet Volume, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio, and Neutrophil-Monocyte Product. South Clin Ist Euras. 2021; 32(2): 159-64.
  • 24) Beyazit F, Öztürk FH, Pek E, Ünsal MA. Evaluation of the hematologic system as a marker of subclinical inflammation in hyperemesis gravidarum: a case control study. Ginekol Pol. 2017;88(6):315-319.
  • 25) Özkan A, Özdemir S, Akça HŞ, Akça MT. Can the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte*Platelet Ratio Predict Acute Appendicitis? An Analytical Study. Namik Kemal Med J.2024 ;12(1):45-51.
  • 26) Özdemir S, Altunok İ, Algın A. Relationship of the systemic immuno-inflammation index and hematological inflammatory index with mortality and hospitalization in acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Emergency Medicine. 2023 ;7(2): e13.
  • 27) Özdemir S, Altunok İ, Özkan A, İslam MM, Algın A, Eroğlu SE, et al. The role of the hematological inflammatory index and systemic immuno-inflammation index in acute cholecystitis. European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2022:20:330-5.
  • 28) Kennedy RL, Darne J. The role of hCG in regulation of the thyroid gland in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78(2):298-307.
  • 29) Harding AT, Heaton NS. The Impact of Estrogens and Their Receptors on Immunity and Inflammation during Infection. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(4):909.
  • 30) Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):425-33.
  • 31) Kurt RK, Güler A, Silfeler DB, Ozçil MD, Karateke A, Hakverdi AU, et al. Relation of inflammatory markers with both presence and severity of hyperemesis gravidarum. Ginekol Pol. 2014; 85:589‑93. 32) Caglayan EK, Engin‑Ustun Y, Gocmen AY, Sarı N, Seckin L, Kara M, et al. Is there any relationship between serum sirtuin‑1 level and neutrophil‑lymphocyte ratio in hyperemesisgravidarum? J Perinat Med. 2016;44:315‑20.
  • 33) Niemeijer MN, Grooten IJ, Vos N, Bais JM, van der Post JA, Mol BW, et al. Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211:150.e1‑15.
  • 34) Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, Sawa R, Araki T. Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Clin Chem Acta. 2004;342:99-103.
  • 35) Kaplan PB, Gucer F, Sayin NC, Yüksel M, Yüce MA, Yardim T. Maternal serum cytokine levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2003;79:498-502.
  • 36) Kuscu NK, Yildirim Y, Koyuncu F, [et al.]. Interleukin-6 levels in hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003;269:13-15.
  • 37) Çintesun E, Akar S, Gul A, Çintesun FNI, Sahin G, Ezveci H, et al. Subclinical inflammation markers in hyperemesis gravidarum and ketonuria: a case-control study. J Lab Physicians. 2019;11:149-53.
  • 38) Kan E, Emektar E, Corbacioglu K, Safak T, Sariaydin T, Cevik Y. Evaluation of relationship between inflammatory markers and hyperemesis gravidarum in patients admitted to emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:292–5.
  • 39) Soysal C, Işıkalan MM, Bıyık İ, Erten Ö, İnce O. The relationship between inflammation markers and ketonuria in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. Res. 2021;47(9):3078-83.
  • 40) Tayfur C, Burcu DC, Gulten O, Betul D, Tugberk G, Onur O, et al. Association between platelet to lymphocyte ratio, plateletcrit and the presence and severity of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017;43:498‑504.
  • 41) Minagawa M, Narita J, Tada T, Maruyama S, Shimizu T , Bannai M, et al. Mechanisms underlying immunologic states during pregnancy: possible association of the sympathetic nervous system. Cell Immunol. 1999;196:1-13.
  • 42) Yıldırım SB, Ayaydın Yılmaz Kİ, Altuntaş NB, Tekşn YB. Relationship between combined systemic inflammatory indices with presence and severity of hyperemesis gravidarum. 2023;27(18):8868-76.
  • 43) Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, Sun YF, Sun C, Guo W, et al. Systemic immune- inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 6212-22.

Comparison of inflammation scores of patients diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum who applied to the emergency clinic and were hospitalized with pregnant women with a normal course.

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 5, 240 - 244, 25.09.2024

Abstract

Aim
We aimed to compare systemic inflammatory markers ((NLR (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio), PLR (platelet/lymphocyte ratio), MLR( monocyte/lymphocyte ratio), SII (systemic immune-inflammation index) and SIRI (systemic inflammation response index)) in patients diagnosed with HEG with normal pregnant women in the first trimester.
Materials and Methods
The study included 52 pregnant women who applied to the emergency gynecology clinic between the 7th and 12th weeks of pregnancy and were hospitalized due to 2+ ketonuria. The control group consisted of healthy pregnant women at the same gestational age who applied to the gynecology clinic. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS (Statistical package for Social Sciences-SPSS Inc., version 20.0; Chicago, IL) program.
Results
There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of maternal age, parity, body mass index (BMI) and elective curettage numbers (p>0.05). When platelet, monocyte, leukocyte and lymphocyte values were compared between the two groups, no difference was found (p>0, 05). However, when neutrophil count, NLR and PLR results were evaluated, we observed a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). We also found that combined inflammatory indices, including SII and SIRI, were significantly higher in Group HEG (p=0.000 and p=0.0011, respectively).
Conclusion
The results of our study showed that neutrophil and combined systemic inflammatory indices (NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI) were associated with the presence of HEG. According to our results, NLR was determined to have the strongest diagnostic efficacy in detecting the presence of HEG.

References

  • 1) Bulanık M, Sağsöz N, Sayan CD, Yeral Mİ, Kısa Ü. Comparison of Serum Ykl-40 and Ischemia Modified Albumin Levels Between Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Normal Pregnant Women. Med Arch 2019;73: 97-100.
  • 2) Lacroix R, Eason E, Melzack R. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: A prospective study of its frequency, intensity, and patterns of change. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182: 931-7.
  • 3) Fairweather DV. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968; 102:135-75.
  • 4) Celik F, Guzel AI, Kuyumcuoglu U, Celik Y. Dietary antioxidant levels in hyperemesis gravidarum: a case control study. Ginekol Pol. 2011, 82, 840-844.
  • 5) Kallen B. Hyperemesis during pregnancy and delivery outcome: a registry study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987;26:291-302.
  • 6) Sherman PW, Flaxman SM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in an evolutionary perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:190-7.
  • 7) Buckwalter JG, Simpson SW. Psychological factors in the etiology and treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186: S210‑14.
  • 8) Brzana RJ, Koch KL. Gastroesophageal reflux disease presenting with intractable nausea. Ann Intern Med 1997;126: 704‑7.
  • 9) Verberg M, Gillott D, Al-Fardan N, Grudzinskas J. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review. Hum Reprod Update. 2005;11: 527-39.
  • 10) Li A, Mu X, He K, Wang P, Wang D, Liu C, et al. Prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases. Future Oncol. 2020;16: 2433–44.
  • 11) Nording HM, Seizer P, Langer HF. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. Front Immunol. 2015; 6:98. 12) Daglar HK, Kirbas A, Kaya B, Kilincoglu F. The value of complete blood count parameters in predicting preterm delivery. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:801-5.
  • 13) Sahbaz A, Cicekler H, Aynioglu O, Isik H, Ozmen U. Comparison of the predictive value of plateletcrit with various other blood parameters in gestational diabetes development. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36:589-93.
  • 14) Engin-Ustun Y, Tonguç E, Var T, Deveer R, Yilmaz N, Danisman N, et al. Vaspin and C-reactive protein levels in hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013; 17:138-40.
  • 15) Tunc SY, Agacayak E, Budak S, Tunc N, Icen MS, Findik FM, et al. Serum levels of neopterin, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress indicators in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016; 42:618-24.
  • 16) Tanacan A, Oluklu D, Laleli Koc B, Sinaci S, Menekse Beser D, Uyan Hendem D,et al. The utility of systemic immune-inflammation index and systemic immune-response index in the prediction of adverse outcomes in pregnant women with coronavirus disease2019: Analysis of 2649 cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2023; 49: 912-9.
  • 17) Chen L, Kong X, Wang Z, Wang X, Fang Y, Wang J. Pretreatment systemic inflammation response index in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a useful prognostic indicator. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:1543-67.
  • 18) Li S, Lan X, Gao H, Li Z, Chen L, Wang W, et al. Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI), cancer stem cells and survival of localised gastric adenocarcinoma after curative resection. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143:2455-68.
  • 19) Netravathi M, Sinha S, Taly AB, Bindu PS, Bharath RD. Hyperemesis‑gravidarum‑induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy: Serial clinical, electrophysiological and MR imaging observations. J Neurol Sci. 2009; 284:214‑6.
  • 20) Tekyol D, Kılıç M. Usage of the Ranson criteria and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio measured on presentation to the emergency department in the prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis. Signa Vitae. 2022: 18(5); 133-7.
  • 21) Özdemir S. Inflammation: Complexity and significance of cellular and molecular responses. Journal of Acute Disease. 2024;13(1):3-7. doi: 10.4103/jad.jad_129_23.
  • 22) Kokulu K, Günaydın YK, Akıllı NB, Köylü R, Sert ET, Köylü Ö et al. The Relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute pancreatitis and the severity and systemic complications of the disease. Turk J Gastroenterol 2018;29:684-91.
  • 23) Akoglu EU, Özdemir S, Ak R, Ozturk TC. The Discriminative Power of Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Mild-To-Moderate Acute Pancreatitis: Mean Platelet Volume, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio, and Neutrophil-Monocyte Product. South Clin Ist Euras. 2021; 32(2): 159-64.
  • 24) Beyazit F, Öztürk FH, Pek E, Ünsal MA. Evaluation of the hematologic system as a marker of subclinical inflammation in hyperemesis gravidarum: a case control study. Ginekol Pol. 2017;88(6):315-319.
  • 25) Özkan A, Özdemir S, Akça HŞ, Akça MT. Can the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte*Platelet Ratio Predict Acute Appendicitis? An Analytical Study. Namik Kemal Med J.2024 ;12(1):45-51.
  • 26) Özdemir S, Altunok İ, Algın A. Relationship of the systemic immuno-inflammation index and hematological inflammatory index with mortality and hospitalization in acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Emergency Medicine. 2023 ;7(2): e13.
  • 27) Özdemir S, Altunok İ, Özkan A, İslam MM, Algın A, Eroğlu SE, et al. The role of the hematological inflammatory index and systemic immuno-inflammation index in acute cholecystitis. European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2022:20:330-5.
  • 28) Kennedy RL, Darne J. The role of hCG in regulation of the thyroid gland in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78(2):298-307.
  • 29) Harding AT, Heaton NS. The Impact of Estrogens and Their Receptors on Immunity and Inflammation during Infection. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(4):909.
  • 30) Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):425-33.
  • 31) Kurt RK, Güler A, Silfeler DB, Ozçil MD, Karateke A, Hakverdi AU, et al. Relation of inflammatory markers with both presence and severity of hyperemesis gravidarum. Ginekol Pol. 2014; 85:589‑93. 32) Caglayan EK, Engin‑Ustun Y, Gocmen AY, Sarı N, Seckin L, Kara M, et al. Is there any relationship between serum sirtuin‑1 level and neutrophil‑lymphocyte ratio in hyperemesisgravidarum? J Perinat Med. 2016;44:315‑20.
  • 33) Niemeijer MN, Grooten IJ, Vos N, Bais JM, van der Post JA, Mol BW, et al. Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211:150.e1‑15.
  • 34) Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, Sawa R, Araki T. Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Clin Chem Acta. 2004;342:99-103.
  • 35) Kaplan PB, Gucer F, Sayin NC, Yüksel M, Yüce MA, Yardim T. Maternal serum cytokine levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2003;79:498-502.
  • 36) Kuscu NK, Yildirim Y, Koyuncu F, [et al.]. Interleukin-6 levels in hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003;269:13-15.
  • 37) Çintesun E, Akar S, Gul A, Çintesun FNI, Sahin G, Ezveci H, et al. Subclinical inflammation markers in hyperemesis gravidarum and ketonuria: a case-control study. J Lab Physicians. 2019;11:149-53.
  • 38) Kan E, Emektar E, Corbacioglu K, Safak T, Sariaydin T, Cevik Y. Evaluation of relationship between inflammatory markers and hyperemesis gravidarum in patients admitted to emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:292–5.
  • 39) Soysal C, Işıkalan MM, Bıyık İ, Erten Ö, İnce O. The relationship between inflammation markers and ketonuria in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. Res. 2021;47(9):3078-83.
  • 40) Tayfur C, Burcu DC, Gulten O, Betul D, Tugberk G, Onur O, et al. Association between platelet to lymphocyte ratio, plateletcrit and the presence and severity of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017;43:498‑504.
  • 41) Minagawa M, Narita J, Tada T, Maruyama S, Shimizu T , Bannai M, et al. Mechanisms underlying immunologic states during pregnancy: possible association of the sympathetic nervous system. Cell Immunol. 1999;196:1-13.
  • 42) Yıldırım SB, Ayaydın Yılmaz Kİ, Altuntaş NB, Tekşn YB. Relationship between combined systemic inflammatory indices with presence and severity of hyperemesis gravidarum. 2023;27(18):8868-76.
  • 43) Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, Sun YF, Sun C, Guo W, et al. Systemic immune- inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 6212-22.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Özlem Dülger 0000-0003-0400-1513

Hatice Şeyma Akça 0000-0003-2823-9577

Publication Date September 25, 2024
Submission Date July 3, 2024
Acceptance Date July 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 5

Cite

AMA Dülger Ö, Akça HŞ. Comparison of inflammation scores of patients diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum who applied to the emergency clinic and were hospitalized with pregnant women with a normal course. J Contemp Med. September 2024;14(5):240-244.