Ischemic stroke models in adult experimental animals

Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemia is containing complex physiological, molecular and biochemical pathways and it is induced by lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Hypoxic ischemia induces severe brain injury in adults and newborns. Pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy production failure, excessive Ca2+ influx and apoptosis (Akpınar, et al., 2016). Investigation of the traumatic brain injuries in the subject are difficult due to ethical restrictions. Therefore, the animal models have great importance for the clarifying etiology of the ischemic stroke-induced brain injuries. However, there are differences between human rodent brains. Notable difference between the human and rodent is presence of developing brain (Gennaro et al. 2019). In experimental animals, the best model of induction of hypoxic cerebral ischemic stroke is occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 30-60 min (Gennaro et al. 2019). In addition to the best model, there are also other models of hypoxic cerebral stroke in rodents such as hypoxiaischemia, thrombotic ischemia, vasoconstriction. Endothelin 1 and the distal artery compression models (Gennaro et al. 2019; Hermann et al. 2019).  In this presentation, I summarized the models currently used to investigate the human developmental ischemic stroke, describing their advantages and limitations. 

Keywords

• Brain injury,Hypoxic cerebral ischemic stroke model,Rodents,Oxidative stress

References

1. Akpınar H, Nazıroğlu M, Övey İS, Çiğ B, Akpınar O. 2016. The neuroprotective action of dexmedetomidine on apoptosis, calcium entry and oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia-induced rats: Contribution of TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels. Sci Rep. 6:37196.
2. Gennaro M, Mattiello A, Pizzorusso T. 2019. Rodent models of developmental ischemic stroke for translational research: Strengths and weaknesses. Neural Plast. 2019:5089321.
3. Hermann DM, Popa-Wagner A, Kleinschnitz C, Doeppner TR. 2019. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their impact on drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 14(3):315-326.