Current Usage Areas of Deepfake Applications with Artificial Intelligence Technology

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 301 - 332, 02.10.2023

Büşra Kılıç , Mehmet Emin Kahraman

https://doi.org/10.59534/jcss.1358318

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The concept of artificial intelligence has gained significant prominence throughout history, persisting as a subject of regular discussion and exploration in contemporary times. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a recurring theme in numerous literary works and films, with its projected significance in future contexts. This thematic exploration of AI has been a subject of creative endeavors spanning several decades. In recent years, deepfake technology has emerged as a prominent subject of interest within the realm of artificial intelligence. Deepfake technology is widely recognized as an artificial intelligence and deep learning-based innovation. Numerous deepfake applications have had a big impact on the public recently. In addition to the production of manipulation films targeting individuals of high popularity, it is evident that deepfake technology possesses many potential applications across several domains. The objective of this study is to explore the potential applications of deepfake technology across many domains. Deepfake technology was examined in the study by concentrating on the concept of deep learning and referencing artificial intelligence technology. The study involved the classification of the many applications of deepfake technology by conducting a comprehensive literature analysis and analyzing examples of its usage in diverse domains. Based on the findings of the study, it is possible to categorize the significant applications of deepfake technology into four distinct groups. The previously mentioned categories include arts and entertainment, advertising and marketing, the film industry, political communication, and media.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Deepfake, Deep Fake

References

• Abbass, H. (2021). What is Artificial Intelligence? IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 2(2), 94-95.
• AkSigorta. (t.y). Barış Manço, Dijital Güvenlik Konusunda Uyardı, https://www.aksigorta.com.tr/hakkimizda/basin-odasi/bizden-haberler/baris-manco-dijital-guvenlik-konusunda-uyardi , Erişim tarihi: 26.08.2023.
• Anıkaydın, İ. (2022). Deepfake Uygulamalarının Hukuki Boyutu. Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 736-747.
• Anjila P K, F. (2021). Artificial Intelligence. J. Karthikeyan, Ting Su Hi, Ng Yu Jin (Ed.) Learning Outcomes of Classroom Research (ss. 65-73). New Delhi: L Ordine Nuovo Publication.
• Anyoha, R. (2017). The History of Artificial Intelligence, https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/, Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2023.
• Arslan, K. (2020). Eğitimde Yapay Zekâ ve Uygulamaları. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 71-88.
• Ashok, M., Madan, R., Joha, A., & Sivarajah, U. (2022). Ethical framework for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies. International Journal of Information Management, 62, 102433. Ss. 1-17.
• Ballı, Ö. (2020). Yapay Zekâ ve Sanat Uygulamaları Üzerine Güncel Bir Değerlendirme. Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, (26), 277-306.
• Berk, M. E. (2020). Dijital Çağın Yeni Tehlikesi “Deepfake”. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16 (28), 1508-1523.
• Brandon, J. (2018). Terrifying high-tech porn: Creepy 'deepfake' videos are on the rise, https://www.foxnews.com/tech/terrifying-high-tech-porn-creepy-deepfake-videos-are-on-the-rise, Erişim tarihi: 24.08.2023
• Brill, T. (2018). Siri, Alexa, And Other Dıgıtal Assıstants: A Study of Customer Satısfactıon with Artificial Intelligence Applications. The University Of Dallas, Business Adminis Doctorate.
• Caporusso, N. (2021). Deepfakes for the Good: A Beneficial Application Of Contentious Artificial Intelligence Technology. In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Software and Systems Engineering: Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences on Software and Systems Engineering, and Artificial Intelligence and Social Computing, July 16-20, 2020, USA (pp. 235-241). Springer International Publishing.
• Carlo, A. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in the Defence Dector, Modelling and Simulation for Autonomous Systems: 7th International Conference, MESAS 2020, Prague, Czech Republic, October 21, 2020, Revised Selected Papers 7, 269-278, 2021.
• Chiang, S. (2023). A.I. poses human extinction risk on par with nuclear war, Sam Altman and other tech leaders warn, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/31/ai-poses-human-extinction-risk-sam-altman-and-other-tech-leaders-warn.html, Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2023.
• Collier, K. (2023). AI Risks Leading Humanity To 'Extinction,' Experts Warn, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna86791, Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2023.
• Çeber, B. (2023). “Yeni Nesil Reklam Aracı Olarak Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları: Reklam Filmlerinde Deepfake Teknolojilerinin Kullanımı Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma”. Tüketiciyi Anlamak: Reklam Araştırmalarında Disiplinlerarası Yaklaşımlar ve Yeni Yönelimler, Cihan Becan (ed.) Efeakademi yayınları.
• Çelebi, V. ve İnal, A. (2019). Yapay Zekâ Bağlamında Etik Problemi. Journal of International Social Research, 12(66): 651-661.
• Demircan, B. (2021). “Gördüğün Her Şeye İnanma”: Derin Sahte Çalışmaları Üzerine Bir Doküman Analizi. TRT Akademi, 6(13), 728-747.
• Dickson, B. (2018). When AI Blurs the Line Between Reality and Fiction, https://www.pcmag.com/news/when-ai-blurs-the-line-between-reality-and-fiction, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2022.
• Esther. (2022). Introducing DeepStory: Make Your Family Photos Speak, https://blog.myheritage.com/2022/03/introducing-deepstory-give-voice-to-your-family-stories/, Erişim tarihi: 28.08.2023.
• Elitaş, T. (2022). Dijital Manipülasyon ‘Deepfake’teknolojisi Ve Olmayanın İnandırıcılığı. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(49), 113-128.
• Etienne, H. (2021). The Future of Online Trust (And Why Deepfake is Advancing It). AI and Ethics, 1(4), 553-562.
• Field, H. (2023). Elon Musk launches his new company, xAI, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/12/elon-musk-launches-his-new-company-xai.html, Erişim tarihi: 26.08.2023.
• Floridi, L. ve Cowls, J. (2021). A Unified Framework of Five Principles for Al in Society. Luciano Floridi (ed.). Ethics, Governance, and Policies in Artificial Intelligence (ss. 5-18) Oxford: Springer.
• Foote, K. D. (2022). A Brief History of Deep Learning, Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2023, https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-deep-learning/
• Glaeser, G. ve Strouhal, E. (2000). Von Kempelen’s Chess-Playing Pseudo-Automaton and Zu Racknitz’s Explanation of Its Controls, in 1789. In International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms Proceedings HMM 2000 (pp. 351-360). Springer Netherlands.
• Hollister, S. (2021). Lucasfilm hires the YouTube deepfaker who put its Luke, Leia and Tarkin cameos to shame, https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/26/22595227/star-wars-lucasfilm-mandalorian-rogue-one-hire-deepfake-shamook , Erişim tarihi: 28.08.2023.
• Inspirede Learning (2022). Examples of Deepfake Technology That Didn’t Look Very Fake, https://inspiredelearning.com/blog/examples-of-deepfake-technology/, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.
• Isabelle. (2019). Deepfake Salvador Dalí Interacts with Museum Visitors, Takes Selfies! https://derivative.ca/community-post/deepfake-salvador-dal%C3%AD-interacts-museum-visitors-takes-selfies/60968, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023.
• Sucu, İ. ve Ataman, E. (2020). Dijital Evrenin Yeni Dünyası Olarak Yapay Zeka Ve Her Filmi Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 4(1), 40-52.
• Jennings, R. (2023). AI art freaks me out. So I tried to make some., https://www.vox.com/culture/23678708/ai-art-balenciaga-harry-potter-midjourney-eleven-labs, Erişim tarihi: 24.08.2023.
• Jones, V. A. (2020). Artificial Intelligence Enabled Deepfake Technology: The Emergence of A New Threat (Master Thesis, Utica College).
• Kaliyar, R. K., Goswami, A., & Narang, P. (2021). Deepfake: Improving Fake News Detection Using Tensor Decomposition-Based Deep Neural Network. The Journal of Supercomputing, 77, 1015-1037.
• Karal, E., & Turan, M. (2021). Hekime tanı Koymada Yardımcı, Yapay Zeka Destekli Hastalık Tespit Uzmanı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (26), 100-116.
• Karnouskos, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Digital Media: The Era of Deepfakes. IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society, 1(3), 138-147.
• Kırık, A. M., & Özkoçak, V. Medya ve İletişim Bağlamında Yapay Zekâ Tarihi Ve Teknolojisi: Chatgpt Ve Deepfake İle Gelen Dijital Dönüşüm. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, (58), 73-99.
• Kietzmann, J., Lee, L. W., McCarthy, I. P., & Kietzmann, T. C. (2020). Deepfakes: Trick or treat? Business Horizons, 63(2), 135-146.
• Kwok, A. O., & Koh, S. G. (2021). Deepfake: A Social Construction of Technology Perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(13), 1798-1802.
• Lee, D. (2019). Deepfake Salvador Dalí takes selfies with museum visitors, https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/10/18540953/salvador-dali-lives-deepfake-museum, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023.
• Lees, D. (2023). Deep Fake Neighbour Wars: ITV’s comedy shows how AI can transform popular culture, https://theconversation.com/deep-fake-neighbour-wars-itvs-comedy-shows-how-ai-can-transform-popular-culture-198569, Erişim tarihi: 27.08.2023.
• Macki D. (2018). This PSA About Fake News from Barack Obama Is Not What It Appears, Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2023, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/obama-fake-news-jordan-peele-psa-video-buzzfeed
• Marr, B. (2019). The Best (And Scariest) Examples Of AI-Enabled Deepfakes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/07/22/the-best-and-scariest-examples-of-ai-enabled-deepfakes/?sh=7a89df422eaf, Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2023.
• MIT Media Lab. (2020). Deep Angel: The AI behind the aesthetics of absence, https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/deep-angel-ai/overview/, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023.
• Myers, A. (2019). Stanford Engineers Make Editing Video as Easy as Editing Text, , https://news.stanford.edu/2019/06/05/edit-video-editing-text/ , Erişim tarihi: 25.08.2023.
• Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, Q. V. H., Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, D. T., Huynh-The, T., Nahavandi, S., & Nguyen, C. M. (2022). Deep Learning for Deepfakes Creation and Detection: A Survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 223, 103525.
• O’Mahony, N., Campbell, S., Carvalho, A., Harapanahalli, S., Hernandez, G. V., Krpalkova, L., ... & Walsh, J. (2020). Deep learning vs. traditional computer vision. In Advances in Computer Vision: Proceedings of the 2019, Computer Vision Conference (CVC), Volume 1 1 (pp. 128-144). Springer International Publishing.
• Özdemir, M. (2022). Dijital Çağda Aşk Başkadır: Her Filmi Üzerine Bir Analiz. Mahremiyetin Sonu Dijital İletişim ve Veri Güvenliği. Nurat Kara, Nil Çokluk (ed). (ss.275-292). Literatürk Academia.
• Öztürk, K. ve Şahin, M. E. (2018). Yapay Sinir Ağları Ve Yapay Zekâ’ya Genel Bir Bakış. Takvim-i Vekayi, 6(2), 25-36.
• Özyiğit, S. (2022). Karşılaştırmalı Hukuktaki Gelişmeler Işığında Deepfake Teknolojisinin Regülasyonu Ve Türk Hukuku İçin Öneriler. Şerafettin Ekici, Ekrem Solak ve Muhammed Emre Avşar (ed.) Bilişim ve Teknoloji Hukuku Yıllığı (ss.479-513). Adalet Yayınevi.
• Pan, D., Sun, L., Wang, R., Zhang, X., & Sinnott, R. O. (2020). Deepfake Detection through Deep Learning. Proceedings - 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Big Data Computing, Applications and Technologies, BDCAT 2020, 134–143.
• Paşalı-Taşoğlu, N. ve Koca, İ. (2022). Türkiye’de İletişimcilerin Sosyal Medyada Üretilen İçeriklere Bakışına Dair Bir Öngörü: TikTok’a Yönelik Odak Grup Çalışması. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 12 (3), 809-832.
• Patterson, D. (2019). From deepfake to "cheap fake," it's getting harder to tell what's true on your favorite apps and websites, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-are-deepfakes-how-to-tell-if-video-is-fake/, Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2023.
• Picazo, P., & Moreno-Gil, S. (2019). Analysis of the projected image of tourism destinations on photographs: A literature reviews to prepare for the future. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 25(1), 3–24.
• Pirim, H. (2006). Yapay Zeka. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 1(1), 81-93.
• Costa,R., Dias,A., Pereira,L., Santos, J. and Capelo, A. (2019). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Commercial Management. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(4), 441-452.
• Saxe, A., Nelli, S., & Summerfield, C. (2021). If Deep Learning Is the Answer, What Is the Question? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(1), 55-67.
• Schoenherr, R., J. (2023). The disturbing trend of state media use of deepfakes, https://theconversation.com/the-disturbing-trend-of-state-media-use-of-deepfakes-203368, Erişim tarihi: 28.08.2023.
• Sharma K, Qian F, Jiang H, Ruchansky N, Zhang M, Liu Y (2019) Combating fake news: a survey on identification and mitigation techniques. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST), 10(3):21.
• Techsmartest. (t.y). FakeApp, what it is and How it works in Short the App to Create Fake Videos, https://techsmartest.com/fakeapp-what-it-is/#google_vignette, Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2023.
• T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2023). Reklam Kurulu yapay zekâ reklamlarını ilk kez incelemeye aldı. Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2023 https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/reklam-kurulu-yapay-zeka-reklamlarini-ilk-kez-incelemeye-aldi
• Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: New Era in The Age of Disinformation & End of Reliable Journalism. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 13 (2), 1009–10024.
• Tesla. (2023). Elon Musk’s statements could be ‘deepfakes’, Tesla defence lawyers tell court, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/apr/27/elon-musks-statements-could-be-deepfakes-tesla-defence-lawyers-tell-court, Erişim tarihi: 26.08.2023.
• Thedali. (2019). Dalí Lives: Museum Brings Artist Back to Life with Ai, https://thedali.org/press-room/dali-lives-museum-brings-artists-back-to-life-with-ai/, Erişim tarihi: 26.08.2023.
• Theguardian. (2023). Elon Musk overstated Tesla’s autopilot and self-driving tech, new lawsuit says, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/27/elon-musk-tesla-lawsuit-autopilot, Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2023.
• Thies, J., Zollhofer, M., Stamminger, M., Theobalt, C., & Nießner, M. (2016). Face2face: Real-Time Face Capture And Reenactment Of Rgb Videos. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 2387-2395).
• Tucker, P. The newest AI-enabled weapon: ‘deep-faking’ photos of the earth, https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2019/03/next-phase-ai-deep-faking-whole-world-and-china-ahead/155944/, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.
• Turing, A. M. (2009). Computing machinery and intelligence. In Parsing the turing test (pp. 23-65). Springer, Dordrecht..
• Vyas, H. (2020). Deep Fake Creation by Deep Learning. Extraction, 7(7): 960-963.
• Zengin, F. (2020). Akıllı Makine Çağı Sinemasına Giriş: Sinema Sanatında Yapay Zekâ Teknolojilerinin Kullanımı. İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 151-177.
• Wakefield J. (2022). Deepfake Presidents Used in Russia-Ukraine War, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60780142, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.
• Waters, R. (2021). Rising tide of online deepfakes bring opportunities as well as risk Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/1dd069ba-8df7-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.
• Westerlund (t.y). Rising tide of online deepfakes bring opportunities as well as risk, https://www.ft.com/content/1dd069ba-8df7-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972, Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2023.
• Westerlund, M. (2019). The emergence of deepfake technology: A review. Technology innovation management review, 9(11): 39-52.
• Visual References
• Figure 1. Isabelle. (2019). Deepfake Salvador Dalí Interacts with Museum Visitors, Takes Selfies!, https://derivative.ca/community-post/deepfake-salvador-dal%C3%AD-interacts-museum-visitors-takes-selfies/60968, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023,
• Figure 2. Aouf, S., R. (2019). Museum creates deepfake Salvador Dalí to greet visitors, https://www.dezeen.com/2019/05/24/salvador-dali-deepfake-dali-musuem-florida/, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023.
• Figure 3. Marino, D. (2018). FakeApp: Groundbreaking or dangerous?, https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2018/02/13/fakeapp-groundbreaking-or-dangerous/, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023.
• Figure 4. Inspirede Learning (2022). Examples of Deepfake Technology That Didn’t Look Very Fake, https://inspiredelearning.com/blog/examples-of-deepfake-technology/, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.
• Figure 5. MIT Media Lab. (2020). Deep Angel: The AI behind the aesthetics of absence, https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/deep-angel-ai/overview/, Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2023.
• Figure 6. MyHeritage. (t.y.). DeepStory — Aile hikayelerinize ses katın, https://www.myheritage.com.tr/deepstory, Erişim tarihi: 28.08.2023.
• Figure 7. Youtube. (2019). Sen Hep Gülümse, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPiwmoxa0QE, Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2023.
• Figure 8. Best Yayıncılık. (2022). Barış Manço, Dijital Güvenlik Konusunda Uyardı, https://www.bestyayincilik.com/Haberler/Haberler.aspx?HABER=41581, Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2023.
• Figure 9. Jennings, R. (2023). AI art freaks me out. So I tried to make some., https://www.vox.com/culture/23678708/ai-art-balenciaga-harry-potter-midjourney-eleven-labs, Erişim tarihi: 24.08.2023.
• Figure 10. Keller, E. (2023). Pope Francis in Balenciaga deepfake fools millions: ‘Definitely scary’, https://nypost.com/2023/03/27/pope-francis-in-balenciaga-deepfake-fools-millions-definitely-scary/, Erişim tarihi: 26.08.2023.
• Figure 11. Youtube, Jarkan VFX. (2021). [Deepfake] Rogue One: Moff Tarkın - Improved Again, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gg1LPc6WUdM, Erişim tarihi: 24.08.2023.
• Figure 12. Lees, D. (2023). Deep Fake Neighbour Wars: ITV’s comedy shows how AI can transform popular culture, https://theconversation.com/deep-fake-neighbour-wars-itvs-comedy-shows-how-ai-can-transform-popular-culture-198569, Erişim tarihi: 27.08.2023,
• Figure 13. Spangler, T. (2018). Jordan Peele Teams with BuzzFeed for Obama Fake-News Awareness Video (Watch), https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/jordan-peele-obama-fake-news-video-buzzfeed-1202755517/, Erişim tarihi: 19.08.2023.
• Figure 14. Wakefield J. (2022). Deepfake Presidents Used in Russia-Ukraine War, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60780142, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.
• Figure 15. İnspirede Learning (2022). Examples of Deepfake Technology That Didn’t Look Very Fake, https://inspiredelearning.com/blog/examples-of-deepfake-technology/, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2023.