Research Article
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Turkey's adjustment to the emerging post-western international order: The Russian connection

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 30 - 44, 31.12.2019

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed revolutionary changes in Turkey's domestic and international policies as the
dynamics of the international order have been changing in a post-western fashion. Turkey, a NATO member
since 1952 and an EU membership candidate since July 2005, has been experiencing a difficult relationship with
its traditional allies and partners within the western international community over the last decade. This article
seeks to analyze the dynamics of Turkey's response to the emerging post-western international order within
the framework of Turkey’s domestic environment and foreign policy. Of special importance in this regard is
the impact that the so-called Russian revisionism/resurgence has had on Turkey's choices. To what extent and
in which ways have the dynamics of Russia's challenge to western primacy in global politics constituted a role
model for Turkey? What are the similarities and differences between Russian and Turkish efforts to adapt to
the emerging post-western international order?

References

  • Abb, P. (2018) ‘What drives interstate balancing? Estimations of domestic and systemic factors’, International Politics, 55, 2.
  • Akcali, E. & Perincek, M. (2009) ‘Kemalist Eurasianism: An Emerging Geopolitical Discourse in Turkey’, Geopolitics, 14, 3.
  • Allison, R. (2017) ‘Russia and the post-2014 international legal order: revisionism and realpolitik’, International Affairs, 93, 3.
  • Baranovsky, V. & Mateiko, A. (2016) ‘Responsibility to Protect: Russia’s Approaches’, The International Spectator, 51, 2.
  • Breslin, S. (2018) ‘Global Reordering and China’s Rise: Adoption, Adaptation and Reform’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Curanovic, A. (2015) ‘The Guardians of Traditional Values: Russia and The Russian Orthodox Church in the Quest for Status’, Transatlantic Academy, 15, 1.
  • Chung, H. C. (2016) ‘The Rise of China and East Asia: A New Regional Order on the Horizon?’, Chinese Political Science Review, 1, 1.
  • Dal, P. E. (2015) ‘A normative approach to contemporary Turkish foreign policy: The cosmopolitanism-communitarism divide’, International Journal, 70, 3.
  • Danforth, N. (2016) ‘The Ottoman Empire from 1923 to Today: In Search of a Usable Past’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 27, 2.
  • Delcour, L. (2018) ‘Lost in Transition: The Liberal International Order in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Dworkin, A. & Leonard, M. (2018) ‘Can Europe save the World Order’, European Council on Foreign Relations, 260. Duncombe, C. & Dunne, T. (2018) ‘After Liberal World Order’ International Affairs, 94, 1.
  • Ferguson, C. (2012) ‘The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese–Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 35, 2.
  • Friedberg, L. A. 2018) ‘Competing with China’, Survival, 60, 3.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2014) ‘America in Decay’, Foreign Affairs, 93, 5.
  • German, T. (2017) ‘NATO and the enlargement debate: enhancing Euro-Atlantic security or inciting confrontation?’, International Affairs, 93, 2.
  • Gill, B. & Schreer, B. (2018) ‘Countering China’s “United Front”’, The Washington Quarterly, 41, 2.
  • Harding, H. (2015) ‘Has U.S. China Policy Failed?’, The Washington Quarterly, 28, 3.
  • He, K. (2012) ‘Undermining Adversaries: Unipolarity, Threat Perception, and Negative Balancing Strategies after the Cold War’, Security Studies, 21, 2.
  • Hill, F. & Taspinar, O. (2006) ‘Turkey and Russia: Axis of the Ecluded?’, Survival, 48, 1.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. (2017) ‘The Plot Against American Foreign Policy Can the Liberal Order Survive?’, Foreign Affairs, 96, 3.
  • Kaempf, S. (2010) ‘Russia: A Part of the West or Apart from the West?’, International Relations, 24, 3.
  • Keyman, F. (2016) ‘Turkısh Foreign Policy in the Post-Arab Spring Era: from Pro-Active to Buffer State’, Third World Quarterly, 37, 12.
  • Kotkin, S. (2016) ‘Russia’s Perpetual Geopolitics Putin Returns to the Historical Pattern’, Foreign Affairs, 95, 3.
  • Langan, M. (2016) ‘Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa: the ‘Neo-Ottoman’ challenge to the European Union’, Third World Quarterly.
  • Lo, B. (2008) Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and The New Geopolitics (Washington D.C., Brookings Institution Press).
  • Laruelle, M. (2008) Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire (Washington D.C., Woodrow Wilson Center Press).
  • Larson, W. D. & Shevchenko, A. (2010) ‘Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to U.S. Primacy’, International Security, 34, 4.
  • Makarychev, S. A. (2008) ‘Russia’s Search for International Identity Through the Sovereign Democracy Concept’, The International Spectator, 43, 2.
  • March, L. (2012) ‘Nationalism for Export? The Domestic and Foreign-Policy Implications of the New ‘Russian Idea’’, Europe-Asia Studies, 64, 3.
  • Mazarr, J. M., Heat, R. T. & Cevallos, S. A. (2018) China and International Order (California, RAND Corporation).
  • Morozova, N. (2009) ‘Geopolitics, Eurasianism and Russian Foreign Policy under Putin’, Geopolitics, DOI: 10.1080/14650040903141349
  • Morozov, V. & Rumelili, B. (2012) ‘The External Constitution of European Identity: Russia and Turkey as EuropeMakers’, Cooperation and Conflict, 47, 1.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2003) ‘An Analysis of Turkey’s Prospective Membership in the European Union from a ‘Security’ Perspective’, Security Dialogue, 34, 3.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2010-2011) ‘Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?’, Political Science Quarterly, 125, 4.
  • Oğuzlu, T. (2011) ‘Turkey and the West The Rise of Turkey-Centric Westernism’, International Journal, 66, 4.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2013) ‘Making Sense of Turkey's Rising Power Status: What Does Turkey's Approach Within NATO Tell Us?’, Turkish Studies, 14, 4.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2016) ‘Turkish foreign policy at the nexus of changing international and regional dynamics’, Turkish Studies, 17, 1.
  • Öniş, Z. & Yılmaz, U. (2009) ‘Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era’, Turkish Studies, 10, 1.
  • Öniş, Z. (2012) ‘Turkey and Arab Spring: Between Ethics and Self-Interest’, Insight Turkey, 14, 3.
  • Öniş, Z. (2014) ‘Turkey and the Arab Revolutions: Boundaries of Regional Power Influence in a Turbulent Middle East’, Mediterranean Politics.
  • Öniş, Z. & Yılmaz, Ş. (2015) ‘Turkey and Russia in a shifting global order: cooperation, conflict and asymmetric interdependence in a turbulent region’, Third World Quarterly.
  • Özkan, B. (2014) ‘Turkey, Davutoglu and the Idea of Pan-Islamism’, Survival, 56, 4.
  • Paul, T. V. (2005) ‘Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy’, International Security, 30, 1.
  • Peterson, J. (2018) ‘Present at the Destruction? The Liberal Order in the Trump Era’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Romanova, T. (2018) ‘Russia’s Neorevisionist Challenge to the Liberal International Order’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Shifrinson, I. R. J. (2016) ‘Deal or No Deal? The End of the Cold War and the U.S. Offer to Limit NATO Expansion’, International Security, 40, 4.
  • Shlapentokh, D. (ed) (2007) Russia between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism (Leiden & Boston, Brill).
  • Smith, H. M. & Youngs R. (2018) ‘The EU and the Global Order: Contingent Liberalism’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Snetkov, A. (2012) ‘When the Internal and External Collide: A Social Constructivist Reading of Russia's Security Policy’, Europe-Asia Studies, 64, 3.
  • Stokes, D. (2018) ‘Trump, American hegemony and the future of the liberal international order’, International Affairs, 94, 1.
  • Torbakov, I. (2017) ‘Neo-Ottomanism versus Neo-Eurasianism?: Nationalism and Symbolic Geography in Postimperial Turkey and Russia’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 28, 2.
  • Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2014) ‘Strategic Depth: A Neo-Ottomanist Interpretation of Turkish Eurasianism’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 25, 2.
  • Wilson, J. L. (2018) ‘Russia’s Relationship with China: the role of domestic and ideational factors’, International Politics, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-018-0167-8
Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 30 - 44, 31.12.2019

Abstract

References

  • Abb, P. (2018) ‘What drives interstate balancing? Estimations of domestic and systemic factors’, International Politics, 55, 2.
  • Akcali, E. & Perincek, M. (2009) ‘Kemalist Eurasianism: An Emerging Geopolitical Discourse in Turkey’, Geopolitics, 14, 3.
  • Allison, R. (2017) ‘Russia and the post-2014 international legal order: revisionism and realpolitik’, International Affairs, 93, 3.
  • Baranovsky, V. & Mateiko, A. (2016) ‘Responsibility to Protect: Russia’s Approaches’, The International Spectator, 51, 2.
  • Breslin, S. (2018) ‘Global Reordering and China’s Rise: Adoption, Adaptation and Reform’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Curanovic, A. (2015) ‘The Guardians of Traditional Values: Russia and The Russian Orthodox Church in the Quest for Status’, Transatlantic Academy, 15, 1.
  • Chung, H. C. (2016) ‘The Rise of China and East Asia: A New Regional Order on the Horizon?’, Chinese Political Science Review, 1, 1.
  • Dal, P. E. (2015) ‘A normative approach to contemporary Turkish foreign policy: The cosmopolitanism-communitarism divide’, International Journal, 70, 3.
  • Danforth, N. (2016) ‘The Ottoman Empire from 1923 to Today: In Search of a Usable Past’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 27, 2.
  • Delcour, L. (2018) ‘Lost in Transition: The Liberal International Order in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Dworkin, A. & Leonard, M. (2018) ‘Can Europe save the World Order’, European Council on Foreign Relations, 260. Duncombe, C. & Dunne, T. (2018) ‘After Liberal World Order’ International Affairs, 94, 1.
  • Ferguson, C. (2012) ‘The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese–Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 35, 2.
  • Friedberg, L. A. 2018) ‘Competing with China’, Survival, 60, 3.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2014) ‘America in Decay’, Foreign Affairs, 93, 5.
  • German, T. (2017) ‘NATO and the enlargement debate: enhancing Euro-Atlantic security or inciting confrontation?’, International Affairs, 93, 2.
  • Gill, B. & Schreer, B. (2018) ‘Countering China’s “United Front”’, The Washington Quarterly, 41, 2.
  • Harding, H. (2015) ‘Has U.S. China Policy Failed?’, The Washington Quarterly, 28, 3.
  • He, K. (2012) ‘Undermining Adversaries: Unipolarity, Threat Perception, and Negative Balancing Strategies after the Cold War’, Security Studies, 21, 2.
  • Hill, F. & Taspinar, O. (2006) ‘Turkey and Russia: Axis of the Ecluded?’, Survival, 48, 1.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. (2017) ‘The Plot Against American Foreign Policy Can the Liberal Order Survive?’, Foreign Affairs, 96, 3.
  • Kaempf, S. (2010) ‘Russia: A Part of the West or Apart from the West?’, International Relations, 24, 3.
  • Keyman, F. (2016) ‘Turkısh Foreign Policy in the Post-Arab Spring Era: from Pro-Active to Buffer State’, Third World Quarterly, 37, 12.
  • Kotkin, S. (2016) ‘Russia’s Perpetual Geopolitics Putin Returns to the Historical Pattern’, Foreign Affairs, 95, 3.
  • Langan, M. (2016) ‘Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa: the ‘Neo-Ottoman’ challenge to the European Union’, Third World Quarterly.
  • Lo, B. (2008) Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and The New Geopolitics (Washington D.C., Brookings Institution Press).
  • Laruelle, M. (2008) Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire (Washington D.C., Woodrow Wilson Center Press).
  • Larson, W. D. & Shevchenko, A. (2010) ‘Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to U.S. Primacy’, International Security, 34, 4.
  • Makarychev, S. A. (2008) ‘Russia’s Search for International Identity Through the Sovereign Democracy Concept’, The International Spectator, 43, 2.
  • March, L. (2012) ‘Nationalism for Export? The Domestic and Foreign-Policy Implications of the New ‘Russian Idea’’, Europe-Asia Studies, 64, 3.
  • Mazarr, J. M., Heat, R. T. & Cevallos, S. A. (2018) China and International Order (California, RAND Corporation).
  • Morozova, N. (2009) ‘Geopolitics, Eurasianism and Russian Foreign Policy under Putin’, Geopolitics, DOI: 10.1080/14650040903141349
  • Morozov, V. & Rumelili, B. (2012) ‘The External Constitution of European Identity: Russia and Turkey as EuropeMakers’, Cooperation and Conflict, 47, 1.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2003) ‘An Analysis of Turkey’s Prospective Membership in the European Union from a ‘Security’ Perspective’, Security Dialogue, 34, 3.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2010-2011) ‘Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?’, Political Science Quarterly, 125, 4.
  • Oğuzlu, T. (2011) ‘Turkey and the West The Rise of Turkey-Centric Westernism’, International Journal, 66, 4.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2013) ‘Making Sense of Turkey's Rising Power Status: What Does Turkey's Approach Within NATO Tell Us?’, Turkish Studies, 14, 4.
  • Oğuzlu, T. H. (2016) ‘Turkish foreign policy at the nexus of changing international and regional dynamics’, Turkish Studies, 17, 1.
  • Öniş, Z. & Yılmaz, U. (2009) ‘Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era’, Turkish Studies, 10, 1.
  • Öniş, Z. (2012) ‘Turkey and Arab Spring: Between Ethics and Self-Interest’, Insight Turkey, 14, 3.
  • Öniş, Z. (2014) ‘Turkey and the Arab Revolutions: Boundaries of Regional Power Influence in a Turbulent Middle East’, Mediterranean Politics.
  • Öniş, Z. & Yılmaz, Ş. (2015) ‘Turkey and Russia in a shifting global order: cooperation, conflict and asymmetric interdependence in a turbulent region’, Third World Quarterly.
  • Özkan, B. (2014) ‘Turkey, Davutoglu and the Idea of Pan-Islamism’, Survival, 56, 4.
  • Paul, T. V. (2005) ‘Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy’, International Security, 30, 1.
  • Peterson, J. (2018) ‘Present at the Destruction? The Liberal Order in the Trump Era’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Romanova, T. (2018) ‘Russia’s Neorevisionist Challenge to the Liberal International Order’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Shifrinson, I. R. J. (2016) ‘Deal or No Deal? The End of the Cold War and the U.S. Offer to Limit NATO Expansion’, International Security, 40, 4.
  • Shlapentokh, D. (ed) (2007) Russia between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism (Leiden & Boston, Brill).
  • Smith, H. M. & Youngs R. (2018) ‘The EU and the Global Order: Contingent Liberalism’, The International Spectator, 53, 1.
  • Snetkov, A. (2012) ‘When the Internal and External Collide: A Social Constructivist Reading of Russia's Security Policy’, Europe-Asia Studies, 64, 3.
  • Stokes, D. (2018) ‘Trump, American hegemony and the future of the liberal international order’, International Affairs, 94, 1.
  • Torbakov, I. (2017) ‘Neo-Ottomanism versus Neo-Eurasianism?: Nationalism and Symbolic Geography in Postimperial Turkey and Russia’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 28, 2.
  • Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2014) ‘Strategic Depth: A Neo-Ottomanist Interpretation of Turkish Eurasianism’, Mediterranean Quarterly, 25, 2.
  • Wilson, J. L. (2018) ‘Russia’s Relationship with China: the role of domestic and ideational factors’, International Politics, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-018-0167-8
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

H. Tarık Oğuzlu

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date September 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Oğuzlu, H. T. (2019). Turkey’s adjustment to the emerging post-western international order: The Russian connection. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 30-44.