Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance

Abstract

This study explores the association of social, cultural, and economic capital with the performance of women entrepreneurs established in Turkey’s technoparks. It contributes to the limited set of women’s entrepreneurial studies in developing countries such as Turkey. In addition, it seeks to understand the relative role of different capital factors in women’s success as entrepreneurs. This has two major implications: the first is that the findings will provide empirical evidence supporting the theories suggested in the entrepreneurial literature on the relationship between different capital factors and entrepreneurial performance. The second is that the findings will inform the decision makers who provide entrepreneurial support. We will address these factors within the framework of Bourdieu’s concept of social, cultural, and economic capital classifications. 

The data in this paper comes from surveys conducted in 2015 on 196 women entrepreneurs operating in 24 technoparks in 13 of Turkey’s provinces. The statistical model employs logistic regression because the outcome variable “being successful” is binary. We defined a successful entrepreneur as one who has either achieved high growth performance within the last three years or who is currently exporting their products or services. The model includes two control variables and twelve independent variables as proxies of cultural, social, and economic capital. The results show that some of the proxies selected for social and cultural capital are statistically associated with successful women entrepreneurs. Having previous work experience, having three or more partners, and the age of the venture are found to be positively associated with success, whereas having a doctorate-level education is negatively related to it. It is interesting to note that previous entrepreneurship experience has no statistically significant association with entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, none of the selected proxies for economic capital has a statistically significant relationship with being a successful entrepreneur. Moreover, operating in ICT and software sectors is found to be negatively associated with successful performance. This study will contribute to closing gaps in the existing literature that analyzes women entrepreneurs in non-western developing countries and non-traditional industries and to providing a better understanding for developing policies to promote successful women entrepreneurs.

Keywords

• Women entrepreneurs,social capital,cultural capital,economic capital,technology-based entrepreneurship

Türkiye’de Yenilikçi ve Teknoloji Tabanlı Kadın Girişimciler: Sermaye ve Performans

Abstract

Bu çalışma, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sermaye ile Türkiye’deki teknoparklarda iş yapmakta olan kadın girişimcilerin performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye gibi kalkınmakta olan ülkelerde gerçekleştirilen kadın girişimciliği çalışmalarına katkı sağlamanın yanı sıra, kadın girişimcilerin girişimcilik başarılarıyla farklı sermaye faktörlerinin ilişkisini anlamak iki temel çıkarımı ortaya koyacaktır: Birincisi, bu konuda mevcut girişimcilik literatüründe yer alan teoriler açısından ampirik bulgular elde etme, ikincisi ise girişimcilik alanında kamu desteği sağlayan karar mercilerinin kararlarına ışık tutmaktır. Söz konusu sermaye faktörleri açısından Borudieu’nun sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sermaye sınıflandırması uygulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, 13 ilde kurulmuş bulunan 24 teknoparkta işyeri sahibi olan 196 kadın girişimciye anket uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın bağımlı değişkeni başarılı olmak olarak seçilmiş ve son üç yılda hızlı büyüyen ya da ihracat yapan girişimci kadınlar başarılı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Lojistik regresyon modeline iki adet kontrol değişkeni ile sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sermaye kapsamında 12 adet bağımsız değişken dahil edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları sosyal ve kültürel sermaye kapsamında seçilen değişkenlerden bir kısmının istatistiksel olarak kadın girişimcilerin başarısıyla ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çerçevede, iş tecrübesine sahip olmak, üç ya da daha fazla ortağa sahip olmak ve firmanın yaşının başarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlginç bir şekilde, daha önce girişimcilik deneyimine sahip olma ile başarı arasında bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Diğer yandan, doktora derecesine sahip olmanın başarıyla negatif yönde ilişkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Ekonomik sermaye kapsamında seçilen değişkenlerin hiçbirinin, girişimcinin başarısıyla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde ilişkisi bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve yazılım sektöründe iş yapmanın başarıyla ters yönlü ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ve geleneksel olmayan sektörlerde çalışan kadın girişimciler konusunda mevcut literatürdeki eksikliği kapatmaya katkı sağlayacağı ve yüksek teknoloji sektörlerde çalışan kadın girişimcilere yönelik destekleme politikalarının tespitine ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Kadın girişimci,sosyal sermaye,kültürel sermaye,ekonomik sermaye,teknoloji tabanlı girişimciliği

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