Piyasalar ve Kolektif Davranış: Geleneksel Buğday Türleri Üzerine Bir Örnek Olay İncelemesi

Abstract

Türkiye buğdayın yabani atalarının ekilip biçilmeye başlandığı bir coğrafyada yer alır ve önemli bir buğday genetik çeşitlilik merkezidir. Küresel olarak bitki genetik çeşitlilik merkezlerinde çeşitliliğin azaldığı, geleneksel (atalık) türlerin modern türlerin hakimiyeti altında gitgide kaybolduğu ve bunun gıda güvenliği ve iklim değişikliğine karşı adaptasyon sürecinde etkileri üzerine kaygılar vardır. Geleneksel (atalık) buğday çeşitlerini pazara ulaştırmaya yönelik proje ve politikalar bu kaynakların korunması yanında geçimlik kaynaklarının korunmasını ve gıda güvenliğine erişimi de sağlar. Fakat geleneksel çeşitlerin pazarlanması için üreticilerin kollektif eylemi gereklidir. Türkiye’de alan çalışmasında derlenen bilgilere dayanan bu makale, geleneksel iki buğday çeşidi, siyez (Triticum monococcum) ve zeron/zerunun (T. Aestivum) korunması ve geliştirilmesini incelemektedir. Üreticilerin geleneksel buğdayların satışı için daimi ve güvenceli pazarlara erişiminde dışsal kalkınma müdahaleleri kadar üreticilerin kendi aralarında ve dış aktörlerle ilişkileri ve bağlayıcı, birleştirici ve köprü kuran sosyal sermayeleri gereklidir. Üreticilerin geçmiş kollektif eylem deneyimleri ve tarımsal biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması için tohum ağları gibi pazar-dışı çözümleri de pazar odaklı çözümlerin uzun süreçte etkin olabilmesi için gereklidir. Ulusal yasal düzenlemeler ve sosyo-ekonomik politikalar da üreticilerin karar alma süreçlerini etkilediği için geleneksel buğday çeşitlerini pazara ulaştıran çözümlerin sürdürülebilirliği sürecinde ele alınan başlıklardan olmalıdır.

Keywords

• Geleneksel buğday,siyez,geçimlik kaynağı,Türkiye,kollektif eylem,sosyal sermaye

Markets and Collective Action: A Case Study of Traditional Wheat Varieties in Turkey

Abstract

Turkey one of the centers of origin and genetic diversity for wheat. There are concerns about a global decline in crop genetic diversity in centers of agricultural diversity, the replacement of traditional varieties with modern varieties and implications for food security and climate change resilience. Market-oriented solutions can help conserve traditional wheat varieties, secure livelihoods and promote food security. However, overcoming marketing challenges of traditional varieties require collective action of small farmers. Based on fieldwork in Turkey, this article examines the conservation and development outcomes for two traditional wheat varieties, einkorn (Triticum monococcum) and a local bread wheat variety zeron/zerun (Triticum aestivum). While external development interventions are critical to secure guaranteed markets for farmers, bonding, bridging and linking social capital between farmers and external actors sustain collective action in the long term. Previous collective action of farmers and non-market solutions for agricultural biodiversity conservation, particularly seed exchange networks, also are critical for the effectiveness of market-oriented solutions. The national context, legal changes as well as socio-economic policies, also affects the decisions of farmers to cultivate the traditional varieties, and thus, should be included in the sustainability of market-oriented solutions for traditional wheat variety conservation.

Keywords

• Taditional wheat variety,einkorn,livelihood,Turkey,collective action,social capital

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