Sosyal Sermaye ve Sağlık Arasındaki İlişki: Ampirik Çalışmalar Ne Gösteriyor?

Year 2018, Issue: 57, 53 - 91, 28.06.2018

Temmuz Gönç Şavran

Abstract

Neoliberal ekonomi politikaları sonucunda devletin sağlık hizmetleri sunma görevinden geri çekilmeye başlaması ve sağlık sistemlerinin giderek serbest piyasanın parçası olması, toplum sağlığını iyileştirmek için yapısal reformlar yapmak yerine birey ve grupların kaynaklarına odaklanan bir bakış açısını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu durum sosyal sermaye ve sağlık arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik akademik ilginin artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma sosyal sermaye ve sağlık arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyan ampirik çalışmaların incelenmesini, bulguların ve kavramsal şemaların genel hatlarıyla ortaya konmasını ve eleştirel sosyolojik bir gözle değerlendirilmesini amaçlayan bir derleme çalışmasıdır. Bu çalışmanın, Türkiye’de son derece az çalışılmış bu alanda yapılacak olan ampirik araştırmalar için bir çerçeve oluşturması hedeflenmektedir. Sosyal sermaye ve sağlık arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyan nicel ampirik çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğunun işlemselleştirme sürecinde sağladığı kolaylık nedeniyle Putnam’ın tanımını temel aldıkları ve genel olarak sosyal sermaye kavramını bir bütün olarak değil, boyutları ve biçimleri üzerinden ele aldıkları gözlenmiştir. Araştırmaların sonuçları sosyal sermayenin farklı boyut ve biçimlerinin sosyal destek, sosyal etki, sosyal kontrol, sosyal katkı, maddi kaynaklara erişim, güven ve kolektif eylem yarattığını ve bunların her birinin sağlık üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Her ne kadar sosyal sermayenin bazı biçimleri sağlık açısından olumuz sonuçlar yaratabiliyorsa da genel olarak sosyal sermayenin birey ve topluluk düzeyinde sağlığı bir dereceye kadar iyileştirme kapasitesinin olduğu görülmektedir. Sosyal sermayeye erişim yollarından biri olan kültürel sermaye kavramından türetilen kültürel sağlık sermayesi kavramı da sağlık eşitsizliklerinin belirli boyutlarında bireylerin kullanabileceği bir savunma mekanizması olarak işlemektedir.

Keywords

kültürel sağlık sermayesi, sağlık, Sosyal sermaye

The Relation Between Social Capital and Health: What do Empirical Studies Show?

Abstract

As a consequence of neoliberal economy politics, the states began to retreat from providing health services and health systems began to be a part of free markets. This resulted in a focus on individual and societal assets and resources instead of on structural reforms which could improve health. As a result, academic interest in the relationship between social capital and health increased. This study is a critical review article that will examine, summarize, and evaluate the findings and conceptual framework of the empirical studies on the relationship between social capital and health from a critical sociological perspective. Due to the lack of empirical studies on this subject in Turkey, this study also aims to provide a framework for anticipated empirical research in Turkey. The quantitative empirical studies which examine the relationship between social capital and health are mainly based on Putnam’s definition due to its convenient exposition of the operationalization process. These studies examine the dimensions and forms of social capital rather than discussing the concept in a holistic manner. The research shows that different dimensions and forms of social capital affect health by creating social support, social influence, social control, social participation, access to material resources, and trust and collective action, which all have more specific consequences on health. Although some forms of social capital may cause negative results on health, it seems that social capital in general has the potential to improve individual and societal health to some extent. Derived from cultural capital, cultural health capital is also an important concept within this topic. As one of the ways to access social capital, cultural health capital operates as a defense mechanism for individuals in certain processes as related to health inequalities.

Keywords

cultural health capital, Social capital, health

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