Mediator Role of Work Stress Between Burnout and Job Related Affective Wellbeing: A Case of Public Employees
Year 2020,
Issue: 61, 189 - 205, 30.06.2020
Selver Yıldız Bağdoğan
Ülviye Tüfekçi Yaman
Kadriye Burcu Öngen Bilir
Serpil Aytaç
Abstract
Both stress and burnout among employees are serious workplace problems. Work stress and burnout also affect employees’ feelings towards work and their well-being. Employees’ positive feelings towards work determine their attitude towards general life. For this reason, developing positive feelings towards work can also lead to a decrease in the stress and burnout experienced by the employee. In this study, the relationship between burnout and job-related affective well-being among public sector employees was examined. In addition, this study considers whether job stress has a mediator effect between these two variables. 172 people participated in the study using the questionnaire method. Pearson Correlation Analysis was performed for the relationship between variables. In order to determine the mediator effect analyzes were performed in Structural Equation Modeling. According to the results of the analysis, there is a significant and negative relationship between job related affective well-being and burnout; significant and clear relationship between work stress and burnout. In addition, the stress variable was found to play a partial mediator role in explaining the relationship between job-related affective well-being and burnout. In other words, it is necessary to understand stress in order to explain the relationship between job well-being and perceptions of employees and burnout.
References
- Abarghouei, M. R., M. H., Abarghouei, M., Bidaki, R., & Yazdanpoor, S. (2016). A study of job stress and burnout and related factors in the hospital personnel of Iran. Electronic Physician, 8(7), 2625 –2632.
- Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Isometsa, E., Kalimo, R., Nykyri, E., Koskinen, S., & Lönnqvist, J. (2006). Burnout in the general population. Results from the finnish health 2000 study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(11).
- Anand, M., & Arora, D. (2009). Burnout, life satisfaction and quality of life among executives of multi national companies. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(1), 159–164.
- Anvari, M., Kalali, N., & Gholipour, A. (2011). How does personality affect on job burnout? International Journal of Trade Economics and Finance, 2(2), 115–119.
- Ardıç, K. ve Polatçı, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik sendromu akademisyenler üzerine bir uygulama (GOÜ Örneği). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 10(2), 69–96.
- Armutçuk, A. K., Sevinç, Ö., Bozkurt, A. İ., Bostancı, M. ve Zencir, M. (2011). Denizli Devlet Hastanesi’nde çalışan hekim dışı sağlık personelinde tükenmişlik düzeyi ve ilişkili faktörler. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 4(1), 15–20.
- Aytaç, S. (2002). İş yerindeki kronik stres kaynakları. İş Güç. HYPERLINK “https://www.isguc. org/?p=makale&id=276&cilt=4&sayi=1&yil=2002” https://www.isguc.org/?p=makale&id=276&cilt=4& sayi=1&yil=2002
- Baron, D. N., & West, E. (2007). The emotional costs of caring ıncurred by men and women in the british labour market. Social Sciences&Medicine (65), 2160–2171.
- Bayram, N., Kuşdil, M. E., Aytaç, S. ve Bilgel, N. (2004). İşe ilişkin duyuşsal iyilik algısı ölçeğinin türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirlik çalışması, job-related affective well-being-JAWS. Öneri, 6(22), 1–7.
- Bulgurcu Gürel, E. (2016). Duygusal tükenmişlik, iş stresi ve işe bağlılığın iş-aile çatışması üzerindeki etkisi: ampirik bir araştırma. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (48), 349–364.
- Bussing, A., & Glasser, J. (2000). Four stage process model of core factors of burnout: the role of work stressors and work related resources. Work and Stress, 14(4), 329–346.
- Büte, M. (2011). Nepotizm ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkisinde iş stresinin aracı rolü var mıdır? Dumlupınar Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 29, 175–184.
- Collin, V., Toon, M., O’Selmo, E., Reynolds, L., & Whitehea, P. (2019). A Survey of stress, burnout and well-being in UK dentists. British Dental Jornal, 226(1), 40–49
- Constable, C., & Russell, D. (1986). The effect of social support and the work environment upon burnout among nurses. Human Stress, 12, 20–26.
- Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. (1993). A review and ıntegration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18, 621–656.
- Çakır Yıldız, N. ve Güneş, M. Ş. (2017). Örgütsel stresin, örgütsel sessizlik ve tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: eczane çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 45–66.
- Çelik, M. ve Yıldız, B. (2016). Duygusal emek düzeyinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde stresin aracı rolü. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(45), 734–745.
- Danna, K., & Griffin, R. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25, 357–384.
- Devi, A., & Sharma, J. (2013). Investigating role stress in frontline bank employees: a cluster based approach. IIMB Management Review, 25(3), 171–178.
- Devos, G., Bouckenooghe, D., Engels, N., Hotton, G., & Aelterman, A. (2006). The Well-being of Flemish primary school principals. Vlerick Leuven Gent University Working PaperSeries/27.
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
- Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & W.Pavot. (1991). Happiness is the frequency, not the ıntensity of positive versus negative affect. In M. A. F. Strack (Edt) , Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspevtive. New York: Pergamon.
- Donald, I., Taylor, P., Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., & Robertson, S. (2005). Work environments, stress, and productivity: an examination using ASSET. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(4), 409–423.
- Dumitru, V. M., & Cozman, D. (2012). The relationship between stress and personality factors. Human & Veterinary Medicine International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 4(1), 34–42.
- Duygulu, E., Çıraklar, N. H., Güripek, E., & Bağıran, D. (2013). The effect of role stress on the employee’s wellbeing: A study in the pharmaceutical companies in the city of İzmir. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84 (2013), 1361–1368.
- Dülgeroğlu, İ. ve Başol, O. (2017). İş stresi ve çalışma yaşamı kalitesi algısının yansımaları: satış temsilcileri üzerine bir araştırma. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 293–304.
- Efeoğlu, İ.E. (2006). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş stresi, iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: ilaç sektöründe bir araştırma. (Doktora Tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Adana.
- Erdoğan, İ. (1991). İşletmelerde personel seçimi ve başarı değerleme teknikleri. İstanbul: İşletme Fakültesi, İşletme İktisadi Enstitüsü.
- Ergin, C. (1992), Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeği’nin uyarlanması, 7. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Editörler: R. Bayraktar ve İ. Dağ, Ankara, ss. 143–154.
- Eurofound- EU-OSHA. (2014). Psychosocial risks in europe prevalence and strategies for prevention. Luxembourg: Eurofound and EU-OSHA.
- European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2005). Expert forecast on emerging physical risks related to occupational health and safety. Bilbao, Spain: EA-OSHA.
- Filizöz, B. ve Ay, F. A. (2011). Örgütlerde mobbing ve tükenmişlik olgusu arasındaki ilişkilere yönelik bir araştırma. Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 6(2).
- Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159–165.
- Gürel, E. B. (2016, Nisan). Duygusal tükenmişlik, iş stresi ve işe bağlılığın iş-aile çatışması üzerindeki etkisi: ampirik bir araştırma. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, s. 349–364.
- Halkos, G., & Bousinakis, d. (2010). The effect of stress and satisfaction on productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performnace Management, 59(5), 415–431.
- Hanafi, A., Zunaidah, & Ulfa, M. (2018). The effect of job stress toward employee performance through job satisfaction of PT Muara Alam Sejahtera employees. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(8), 1–5.
- Harris, L. M., Cumming, S. R., & Campbell, A. J. (2006). Stress and psychological well-being among allied health professionals. Journal of Allied Health, 198–207.
- Hayes, B., Douglas, C., & Bonnier, A. (2015). Work environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among haemodialysis nurses . Journal of Nursing Management (23), 588–598.
- Iacovides, A., Fountoulakis, K., Kaprinis, S., & Kaprinis, G. (2003). The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders (75), 209–221.
- Jain, A. K., Giga, S. I., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Stress, health and well-being: The mediating role of employee and organizational commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 4907– 4924.
- Kareaga, A. A., Exeberria, S. A., & Smith, J. C. (2009). Assessment of Burnout and psychological well-being among health professionals in the Basque Country. Psychology in Spain, 62–71.
- Katwyk, V. P., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway K. K. (2000). Using the job-related affective well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 219–230.
- Kayış, A. (2006). Güvenirlik analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri kitabı içinde Ankara: Asil Yayın.
- Keser, A. (2014). İş stresi kaynakları. Ankara: Türk Metal. Khamisa, N., Oldenburg, B., Peltzer, K., & Ilic, D. (2015). Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health , 12, 652–666.
- Khatibi, H. A., & Hamidi, M. (2009). The relationship between job stress and organizational commitment in national olympic and paralympic academy. World Journal of Sport Sciences , 2(4), 272–278.
- Kuşdil, E., Bayram, N., Aytaç, S. ve Bilgel, N. (2004). Çalışma yaşamında bireylerin yaptıkları işe ilişkin duygularının iş stres tepkileri üzerine etkisi. İş, Güç, 6(1), HYPERLINK “http://www.isguc. org/?p=makale&id=184&cilt=6&sayi=1&yil=2004” http://www.isguc.org/?p=makale&id=184&cilt=6&sayi =1&yil=2004
- Laes, T., & Laes, T. (2001). Career burnout and its relationship to couple burnout in finland: a pilot study. Paper presented in a symposium entitled the relationship between career and couple burnout: a cross-cultural perspective held at the annual conve. Annual Convention of The American Psychological Association. San Francisco.
- Lizano, E. L., & Barak, M. M. (2015). Job burnout and affective well-being: a longitudinal study of burnout and job satisfaction among public child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 18–28.
- Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behaviour an evidence-based approach. The McGraw-Hill. Makikangas, A., Feldt, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2007). Warr’s scale of job-related affective well-being. Work and Stress, 21(3), 197–219.
- Makin, P. E., & Lindley, P. A. (1995). Pozitif stres yönetimi. İstanbul: Rota Yayın. Maslach, C. (1998). A multidimensional theory of burnout. C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theory of organizational stress içinde (s. 68-86). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: new directions in research and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189–192.
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior(2), 99–113.
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. (1997). The truth about burnout: how organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W., & Leiter, M. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397–422.
- Mielniczuk, E., & Laguna, M. (2018). The factorial structure of job related affective well-being: Polish adaptation of the Warr’s measure. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 31(4), 429–443.
- Miksaj-Todorovic, L., & Novak, T. (2008). Research of emotional well-being and job burnout of prison staff. Kriminologija i Socijalna Integracija (16), 61–77.
- Milfont, T. L., Denny, S., Ameratunga, S., Robinson, E., & Merry, S. (2007, Ekim). Burnout and well-being: testing the copenhagen burnout inventory in New Zealand teachers. Social Indicators Research, 169–177.
- Morrissy, L., Boman, P., & Mergler, A. (2013). Nursing a case of the blues: an examination of the role of depression in predicting job-related affective well-being in nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 158–168.
- Mulki, J., Jaramillo, F., Goad, E., & Pesquera, M. (2011). Regulation of emotions, ınterpersonal conflict, and job performance for salespeople. Journal of Health Managemnet, 3(2), 363–372.
- Onay, M. ve Kılcı, S. (2011). İş stresi ve tükenmişlik duygusunun işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkileri: garsonlar ve aşçıbaşılar. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 363–372.
- Özarallı, N. (2015). Örgüt kültürü ve işe ilişkin duygusal iyilik algısının çalışanların çatışma çözümü tarzları üzerindeki etkisi . İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 7–37.
- Özdemir, R., Kılıç, A. K., Özdemir, E., Öztürk, D. ve Sümer, M. H. (2003). Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimligi Fakültesi akademik personelinde tükenmislik ölçeginin üç yıllık arayla degerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Fakültesi Dergisi, 6, 14–18.
- Pines, A. M., & Nunes, R. (2003). The relationship between career and couple burnout: ımplications for career and couple counseling. Journal of Employment Counseling, 40(2), 50–64.
- Rothmann, S. (2008, December). Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related well-being. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 11–16.
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. (2001). To be happy or to be self fullfilled: a review of resarch on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.
- Ryff, C. (1995). Psychogical well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 99–104.
- Sağlam Arı, G. ve Çına Bal, E. (2008). Tükenmişlik kavramı: birey ve örgütler açısından önemi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 15(1), 131–148.
- Schaufelia, W. B., Bakkerb, A. B., Heijdenc, F. M., & Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155–172.
- Selamu, M., Thornicroft, G., Fekadu, A., & CharlotteHanlon. (2017). Conceptualisation of job-related well-being, stress and burnout among healthcare workers in rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. BMC Health Services Research, 17, 1–11.
- Selye, H. (1973). Evolution of the stress concept. American Scientist, 61(6), 692–699.
- Selye, H. (1976). Forty years of stress research: principal remaining problems. CMA Journal (115), 53–56.
- Shamstalab, R., Akbari, B., & Mosavi, S. (2014, February). The comparison of burnout, psychological well-being and meta-cognitive belieff in teachers of normal and exceptional schools. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 91–100.
- Shields, G. S., Toussaint, L. L., & Slavichc, G. M. (2016). Stress-related changes in personality: a longitudinal study of perceived stress and trait pessimism. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 61–68.
- Singh, J., Goolsby, J. R., & Rhoads, G. R. (1994). Behavioral and psychological consequences of boundary spanning burnout for customer service represantatives. Journal of Marketing Research(31), 558–569.
- Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders’ well-being behaviours and style associated with the affective well-being of employees? a systematic review of three decades of research. Work and Stress, 24(2), 107–139.
- Smith, J. C. (2002). Stress management. Springer Publishing Company. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology. 13, 290–312.
- Şahin, N. H. (1994). Stresle başa çıkma: olumlu bir yaklaşım. Ankara: TPD Yayınları No:2. Şenyiğit, G. (2004). Çalışma hayatında stres. Verimlilik Dergisi (3).
- Trivellas, P., Reklitis, P., & Platis, C. (2013). The effect of job related stresson employees’ satisfaction: a survey in health care. Procedia-Social and Behavirol Sciences, 73, 718–726.
- Uncu, Y., Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2006). Job related affective well-being among primary health care physicians. European Journal of Public Health, 17(5), 514–519.
- Vollrath, M. (2001). Personality and stress. Scadinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 335–347.
- Wang, Z., Liu, H., Yu, H., Wu, Y., Chang, S., & Wang, L. (2017). Associations between occupational stress, burnout and well-being among manufacturing workers: mediating roles of psychological capital and self-esteem. BMC Psychiatry, 17(364), 1–10.
- Zarbova, B., & Karabeliova, S. (2018). Stress and well-being. 12th International Conference Days of Applied Psychology 2016 Contemporary Psychology and Practice, 1–11. Serbia: At: University of Nish, Serbia.
Tükenmişlik ve İşe İlişkin Duygular Arasında İş Stresinin Aracı Rolü: Kamu Çalışanları Örneği
Year 2020,
Issue: 61, 189 - 205, 30.06.2020
Selver Yıldız Bağdoğan
Ülviye Tüfekçi Yaman
Kadriye Burcu Öngen Bilir
Serpil Aytaç
Abstract
Çalışanlar arasında stres ve tükenmişlik kavramları önemli işyeri sorunları arasında yer alır. Yaşanan iş stresi ve tükenmişlik, çalışanların işe karşı duygularını dolayısıyla iyilik hallerini de etkiler. Çalışanların işe karşı olumlu duygular beslemesi, genel yaşama karşı tutumunu da belirler. Bu sebeple işe karşı geliştirilen duygular, çalışanın yaşadığı stresin ve tükenmişliğin azalmasına da yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada tükenmişlik, işe ilişkin duygular ve iş stresi kavramları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada kamu sektöründeki çalışanlar arasındaki tükenmişlik ve işe ilişkin duygular arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiş, iş stresinin bu iki değişken arasında aracı etkisinin bulunup bulunmadığına bakılmıştır. Anket yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada 172 kişi katılımcı olarak yer almıştır. Araştırmada değişkenler arasındaki ilişki için Pearson Korelasyon Analizi ve değişkenler arasındaki aracı etkiyi tespit edebilmeye yönelik Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi içinde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre işe ilişkin duygular ve tükenmişlik arasında anlamlı ve negatif yönlü; iş stresi ile tükenmişlik arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki mevcuttur. Ayrıca stres değişkeninin işe ilişkin duygular ile tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamada kısmi aracılık rolünü üstlendiği görülmüştür. Diğer bir deyişle çalışanların işe ilişkin iyilik halleri ve algıları ile tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak için iş stresini de anlamak gerekir.
References
- Abarghouei, M. R., M. H., Abarghouei, M., Bidaki, R., & Yazdanpoor, S. (2016). A study of job stress and burnout and related factors in the hospital personnel of Iran. Electronic Physician, 8(7), 2625 –2632.
- Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Isometsa, E., Kalimo, R., Nykyri, E., Koskinen, S., & Lönnqvist, J. (2006). Burnout in the general population. Results from the finnish health 2000 study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(11).
- Anand, M., & Arora, D. (2009). Burnout, life satisfaction and quality of life among executives of multi national companies. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(1), 159–164.
- Anvari, M., Kalali, N., & Gholipour, A. (2011). How does personality affect on job burnout? International Journal of Trade Economics and Finance, 2(2), 115–119.
- Ardıç, K. ve Polatçı, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik sendromu akademisyenler üzerine bir uygulama (GOÜ Örneği). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 10(2), 69–96.
- Armutçuk, A. K., Sevinç, Ö., Bozkurt, A. İ., Bostancı, M. ve Zencir, M. (2011). Denizli Devlet Hastanesi’nde çalışan hekim dışı sağlık personelinde tükenmişlik düzeyi ve ilişkili faktörler. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 4(1), 15–20.
- Aytaç, S. (2002). İş yerindeki kronik stres kaynakları. İş Güç. HYPERLINK “https://www.isguc. org/?p=makale&id=276&cilt=4&sayi=1&yil=2002” https://www.isguc.org/?p=makale&id=276&cilt=4& sayi=1&yil=2002
- Baron, D. N., & West, E. (2007). The emotional costs of caring ıncurred by men and women in the british labour market. Social Sciences&Medicine (65), 2160–2171.
- Bayram, N., Kuşdil, M. E., Aytaç, S. ve Bilgel, N. (2004). İşe ilişkin duyuşsal iyilik algısı ölçeğinin türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirlik çalışması, job-related affective well-being-JAWS. Öneri, 6(22), 1–7.
- Bulgurcu Gürel, E. (2016). Duygusal tükenmişlik, iş stresi ve işe bağlılığın iş-aile çatışması üzerindeki etkisi: ampirik bir araştırma. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (48), 349–364.
- Bussing, A., & Glasser, J. (2000). Four stage process model of core factors of burnout: the role of work stressors and work related resources. Work and Stress, 14(4), 329–346.
- Büte, M. (2011). Nepotizm ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkisinde iş stresinin aracı rolü var mıdır? Dumlupınar Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 29, 175–184.
- Collin, V., Toon, M., O’Selmo, E., Reynolds, L., & Whitehea, P. (2019). A Survey of stress, burnout and well-being in UK dentists. British Dental Jornal, 226(1), 40–49
- Constable, C., & Russell, D. (1986). The effect of social support and the work environment upon burnout among nurses. Human Stress, 12, 20–26.
- Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. (1993). A review and ıntegration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18, 621–656.
- Çakır Yıldız, N. ve Güneş, M. Ş. (2017). Örgütsel stresin, örgütsel sessizlik ve tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: eczane çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 45–66.
- Çelik, M. ve Yıldız, B. (2016). Duygusal emek düzeyinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde stresin aracı rolü. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(45), 734–745.
- Danna, K., & Griffin, R. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25, 357–384.
- Devi, A., & Sharma, J. (2013). Investigating role stress in frontline bank employees: a cluster based approach. IIMB Management Review, 25(3), 171–178.
- Devos, G., Bouckenooghe, D., Engels, N., Hotton, G., & Aelterman, A. (2006). The Well-being of Flemish primary school principals. Vlerick Leuven Gent University Working PaperSeries/27.
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
- Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & W.Pavot. (1991). Happiness is the frequency, not the ıntensity of positive versus negative affect. In M. A. F. Strack (Edt) , Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspevtive. New York: Pergamon.
- Donald, I., Taylor, P., Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., & Robertson, S. (2005). Work environments, stress, and productivity: an examination using ASSET. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(4), 409–423.
- Dumitru, V. M., & Cozman, D. (2012). The relationship between stress and personality factors. Human & Veterinary Medicine International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 4(1), 34–42.
- Duygulu, E., Çıraklar, N. H., Güripek, E., & Bağıran, D. (2013). The effect of role stress on the employee’s wellbeing: A study in the pharmaceutical companies in the city of İzmir. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84 (2013), 1361–1368.
- Dülgeroğlu, İ. ve Başol, O. (2017). İş stresi ve çalışma yaşamı kalitesi algısının yansımaları: satış temsilcileri üzerine bir araştırma. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 293–304.
- Efeoğlu, İ.E. (2006). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş stresi, iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: ilaç sektöründe bir araştırma. (Doktora Tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Adana.
- Erdoğan, İ. (1991). İşletmelerde personel seçimi ve başarı değerleme teknikleri. İstanbul: İşletme Fakültesi, İşletme İktisadi Enstitüsü.
- Ergin, C. (1992), Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeği’nin uyarlanması, 7. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Editörler: R. Bayraktar ve İ. Dağ, Ankara, ss. 143–154.
- Eurofound- EU-OSHA. (2014). Psychosocial risks in europe prevalence and strategies for prevention. Luxembourg: Eurofound and EU-OSHA.
- European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2005). Expert forecast on emerging physical risks related to occupational health and safety. Bilbao, Spain: EA-OSHA.
- Filizöz, B. ve Ay, F. A. (2011). Örgütlerde mobbing ve tükenmişlik olgusu arasındaki ilişkilere yönelik bir araştırma. Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 6(2).
- Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159–165.
- Gürel, E. B. (2016, Nisan). Duygusal tükenmişlik, iş stresi ve işe bağlılığın iş-aile çatışması üzerindeki etkisi: ampirik bir araştırma. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, s. 349–364.
- Halkos, G., & Bousinakis, d. (2010). The effect of stress and satisfaction on productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performnace Management, 59(5), 415–431.
- Hanafi, A., Zunaidah, & Ulfa, M. (2018). The effect of job stress toward employee performance through job satisfaction of PT Muara Alam Sejahtera employees. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(8), 1–5.
- Harris, L. M., Cumming, S. R., & Campbell, A. J. (2006). Stress and psychological well-being among allied health professionals. Journal of Allied Health, 198–207.
- Hayes, B., Douglas, C., & Bonnier, A. (2015). Work environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among haemodialysis nurses . Journal of Nursing Management (23), 588–598.
- Iacovides, A., Fountoulakis, K., Kaprinis, S., & Kaprinis, G. (2003). The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders (75), 209–221.
- Jain, A. K., Giga, S. I., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Stress, health and well-being: The mediating role of employee and organizational commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 4907– 4924.
- Kareaga, A. A., Exeberria, S. A., & Smith, J. C. (2009). Assessment of Burnout and psychological well-being among health professionals in the Basque Country. Psychology in Spain, 62–71.
- Katwyk, V. P., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway K. K. (2000). Using the job-related affective well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 219–230.
- Kayış, A. (2006). Güvenirlik analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri kitabı içinde Ankara: Asil Yayın.
- Keser, A. (2014). İş stresi kaynakları. Ankara: Türk Metal. Khamisa, N., Oldenburg, B., Peltzer, K., & Ilic, D. (2015). Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health , 12, 652–666.
- Khatibi, H. A., & Hamidi, M. (2009). The relationship between job stress and organizational commitment in national olympic and paralympic academy. World Journal of Sport Sciences , 2(4), 272–278.
- Kuşdil, E., Bayram, N., Aytaç, S. ve Bilgel, N. (2004). Çalışma yaşamında bireylerin yaptıkları işe ilişkin duygularının iş stres tepkileri üzerine etkisi. İş, Güç, 6(1), HYPERLINK “http://www.isguc. org/?p=makale&id=184&cilt=6&sayi=1&yil=2004” http://www.isguc.org/?p=makale&id=184&cilt=6&sayi =1&yil=2004
- Laes, T., & Laes, T. (2001). Career burnout and its relationship to couple burnout in finland: a pilot study. Paper presented in a symposium entitled the relationship between career and couple burnout: a cross-cultural perspective held at the annual conve. Annual Convention of The American Psychological Association. San Francisco.
- Lizano, E. L., & Barak, M. M. (2015). Job burnout and affective well-being: a longitudinal study of burnout and job satisfaction among public child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 18–28.
- Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behaviour an evidence-based approach. The McGraw-Hill. Makikangas, A., Feldt, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2007). Warr’s scale of job-related affective well-being. Work and Stress, 21(3), 197–219.
- Makin, P. E., & Lindley, P. A. (1995). Pozitif stres yönetimi. İstanbul: Rota Yayın. Maslach, C. (1998). A multidimensional theory of burnout. C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theory of organizational stress içinde (s. 68-86). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: new directions in research and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189–192.
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior(2), 99–113.
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. (1997). The truth about burnout: how organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W., & Leiter, M. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397–422.
- Mielniczuk, E., & Laguna, M. (2018). The factorial structure of job related affective well-being: Polish adaptation of the Warr’s measure. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 31(4), 429–443.
- Miksaj-Todorovic, L., & Novak, T. (2008). Research of emotional well-being and job burnout of prison staff. Kriminologija i Socijalna Integracija (16), 61–77.
- Milfont, T. L., Denny, S., Ameratunga, S., Robinson, E., & Merry, S. (2007, Ekim). Burnout and well-being: testing the copenhagen burnout inventory in New Zealand teachers. Social Indicators Research, 169–177.
- Morrissy, L., Boman, P., & Mergler, A. (2013). Nursing a case of the blues: an examination of the role of depression in predicting job-related affective well-being in nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 158–168.
- Mulki, J., Jaramillo, F., Goad, E., & Pesquera, M. (2011). Regulation of emotions, ınterpersonal conflict, and job performance for salespeople. Journal of Health Managemnet, 3(2), 363–372.
- Onay, M. ve Kılcı, S. (2011). İş stresi ve tükenmişlik duygusunun işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkileri: garsonlar ve aşçıbaşılar. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 363–372.
- Özarallı, N. (2015). Örgüt kültürü ve işe ilişkin duygusal iyilik algısının çalışanların çatışma çözümü tarzları üzerindeki etkisi . İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 7–37.
- Özdemir, R., Kılıç, A. K., Özdemir, E., Öztürk, D. ve Sümer, M. H. (2003). Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimligi Fakültesi akademik personelinde tükenmislik ölçeginin üç yıllık arayla degerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Fakültesi Dergisi, 6, 14–18.
- Pines, A. M., & Nunes, R. (2003). The relationship between career and couple burnout: ımplications for career and couple counseling. Journal of Employment Counseling, 40(2), 50–64.
- Rothmann, S. (2008, December). Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related well-being. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 11–16.
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. (2001). To be happy or to be self fullfilled: a review of resarch on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.
- Ryff, C. (1995). Psychogical well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 99–104.
- Sağlam Arı, G. ve Çına Bal, E. (2008). Tükenmişlik kavramı: birey ve örgütler açısından önemi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 15(1), 131–148.
- Schaufelia, W. B., Bakkerb, A. B., Heijdenc, F. M., & Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155–172.
- Selamu, M., Thornicroft, G., Fekadu, A., & CharlotteHanlon. (2017). Conceptualisation of job-related well-being, stress and burnout among healthcare workers in rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. BMC Health Services Research, 17, 1–11.
- Selye, H. (1973). Evolution of the stress concept. American Scientist, 61(6), 692–699.
- Selye, H. (1976). Forty years of stress research: principal remaining problems. CMA Journal (115), 53–56.
- Shamstalab, R., Akbari, B., & Mosavi, S. (2014, February). The comparison of burnout, psychological well-being and meta-cognitive belieff in teachers of normal and exceptional schools. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 91–100.
- Shields, G. S., Toussaint, L. L., & Slavichc, G. M. (2016). Stress-related changes in personality: a longitudinal study of perceived stress and trait pessimism. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 61–68.
- Singh, J., Goolsby, J. R., & Rhoads, G. R. (1994). Behavioral and psychological consequences of boundary spanning burnout for customer service represantatives. Journal of Marketing Research(31), 558–569.
- Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders’ well-being behaviours and style associated with the affective well-being of employees? a systematic review of three decades of research. Work and Stress, 24(2), 107–139.
- Smith, J. C. (2002). Stress management. Springer Publishing Company. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology. 13, 290–312.
- Şahin, N. H. (1994). Stresle başa çıkma: olumlu bir yaklaşım. Ankara: TPD Yayınları No:2. Şenyiğit, G. (2004). Çalışma hayatında stres. Verimlilik Dergisi (3).
- Trivellas, P., Reklitis, P., & Platis, C. (2013). The effect of job related stresson employees’ satisfaction: a survey in health care. Procedia-Social and Behavirol Sciences, 73, 718–726.
- Uncu, Y., Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2006). Job related affective well-being among primary health care physicians. European Journal of Public Health, 17(5), 514–519.
- Vollrath, M. (2001). Personality and stress. Scadinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 335–347.
- Wang, Z., Liu, H., Yu, H., Wu, Y., Chang, S., & Wang, L. (2017). Associations between occupational stress, burnout and well-being among manufacturing workers: mediating roles of psychological capital and self-esteem. BMC Psychiatry, 17(364), 1–10.
- Zarbova, B., & Karabeliova, S. (2018). Stress and well-being. 12th International Conference Days of Applied Psychology 2016 Contemporary Psychology and Practice, 1–11. Serbia: At: University of Nish, Serbia.