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Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?

Year 2021, Issue: 64, 257 - 277, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-865861

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk işgücündeki ücret eşitsizliğini genelleştirilmiş Mincer ücret denklemi çerçevesinde, koşullu ve koşulsuz kantil regresyon yöntemleri ile tahmin ederek karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektir. Bu amaç için 2018 Türkiye Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi verileri analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Mincer ücret denklemini koşulsuz kantil regresyon yöntemi ile inceleyen ve koşullu ve koşulsuz kantil regresyon tahmin sonuçlarını karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz eden ilk çalışmadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, koşullu kantil regresyon yönteminin ücret eşitsizliğini olduğundan daha az belirlediği, koşulsuz kantil regresyon yöntemine göre ise ücret eşitsizliğinin daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Türk işgücü piyasasında ücret eşitsizliğinin olduğunu ve ücret eşitsizliğinin ücret seviyesinin düşük olduğu kesimlerde daha fazla olduğu hakkında kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

References

  • Aeberhardt, R., Givord, P., & Marbot, C. (2011). Minimum wage and wage inequality in France: An unconditional quantile regression approach. Forthcoming in Documents de Travail de la DESE-Working Papers of the DESE. Erişim adresi: http://www.crest.fr/
  • Alejo, J., Gabrielli, M., & Sosa-Escudero, W. (2014). The distributive effects of education: An unconditional quantile regression approach. Revista de Análisis Económico–Economic Analysis Review, 29(1), 53–76. http://dx.doi. org/0.4067/S0718-88702014000100003
  • Bishop, J., Luo, F., & Wang, F. (2005). Economic transition, gender bias, and the distribution of earnings in China. Economics of Transition, 13(2), 239–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00218.x
  • Borah, B., & Basu, A. (2013). Highlighting differences between conditional and unconditional quantile regression approaches through an application to assess medication adherence. Health Economics, 22(9), 1052–1070. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2927
  • Buchinsky, M. (1994). Changes in the U.S. wage structure 1963–1987: Application of quantile regression. Econometrica, 62(2), 405–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951618
  • Buchinsky, M. (1998). Recent advances in quantile regression models: A practical guideline for empirical research. The Journal of Human Resources, 33(1), 88–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146316
  • Çelik, O. ve Selim S. (2014). Türkiye’de kamu ve özel sektör ücret farklılıklarının kantil regresyon yaklaşımı ile analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 205–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18657/yecbu.26375
  • De la Rica, S., Dolado, J., & Llorens, V. (2008). Ceilings or floors? Gender wage gaps by education in Spain. Journal of Population Economics, 21(3), 751–776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-006-0128-1
  • Firpo, S., Fortin, N., & Lemieux, T. (2009). Unconditional quantile regression. Econometrica, 77(3), 953–973. http:// dx.doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6822
  • Fournier, J., & Koske, I. (2012). The determinants of earnings inequality: evidence from quantile regressions. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2012(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/19952856
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan, E., & Saçaklı Saçıldı, İ. (2010). Schooling and wage distribution for male and female employees in the public and private sector. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 40, 146–154.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan, E., & Saçaklı, İ. (2009). Education, experience and male-female wage differentials after 2001 crisis. Öneri Dergisi, 8(31), 259–270. http://dx.doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.678684
  • Hampel, F., Rochetti, E., Rousseeuw, P., & Stahel, W. (1986). Robust Statistics: The Approach Based on Influence Functions. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hao, L., & Naiman, D. Q. (2007). Quantile regression. United States of America, USA: Sage Publications.
  • Jarque, C., & Bera, A. (1987). A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. International Statistical Review, 55(2), 163–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1403192
  • Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile Regression (Econometric Society Monographs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754098
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/1913643
  • Machado, J., & Mata, J. (2001). Earning functions in Portugal 1982-1994: Evidence from quantile regressions. Empirical Economics, 26(1), 115–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810000049
  • MacKinnon, J., & White, H. (1985). Some heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 29(3), 305–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304- 4076(85)90158-7
  • Maclean, J., Webber, D., & Marti, J. (2014). An application of unconditional quantile regression to cigarette taxes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.21724
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Montenegro, C. (2001). Wage distribution in Chile: does gender matter? A quantile regression approach. Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, Working Paper Series 20. Erişim adresi: https://citeseerx.ist. psu.edu/
  • OECD. (2021, 3 Ocak). Income inequality (indicator). Erişim adresi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/459aa7f1-en
  • Polachek, S. (2008). Earnings over the life cycle: The Mincer earnings function and its applications. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 4(3), 165–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0700000018
  • Rahona-López, M., Murillo-Huertas, I., & Salinas-Jiménez, M. (2016). Wage differentials by sector and gender: a quantile analysis for the Spanish case. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 19(1), 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1 080/17487870.2015.1028936
  • Tang, Y., & Long, W. (2013). Gender earnings disparity and discrimination in urban china: Unconditional quantile regression. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 5(3), 202–212. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/20421338.2013.796743
  • Tansel, A., & Acar, E. O. (2016). The formal/informal employment earnings gap: Evidence from Turkey. In J. A. Bishop & J. G. Rodríguez (Eds.) Inequality after the 20th century: Papers from the Sixth ECINEQ Meeting (Research on economic inequality, Vol. 24) (pp. 121–154). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520160000024006
  • Tansel, A., & Bodur, F. (2012). Wage inequality and returns to education in Turkey: A quantile regression analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16(1), 107–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00655.x
  • White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912934
  • Yu, K., Lu, Z., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile regression: Applications and current research areas. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(3), 331–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9884.00363

What Do Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regression Models Tell Us Something Different About Wage Inequality in Turkey?

Year 2021, Issue: 64, 257 - 277, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-865861

Abstract

This study comparatively analyzes wage inequality in the Turkish labor force by estimating the generalized Mincer wage equation with quantile regression methods using the 2018 Turkish Household Budget Survey data. This is the first study on wage inequality in Turkey that includes a comparative analysis of conditional and unconditional quantile regression methods. The results indicate that conditional quantile regression estimates wage inequality to be lower than it actually is. In contrast, in unconditional quantile regression, wage inequality is higher. The results further provide evidence of wage inequality in the Turkish labor market and suggest that wage inequality is higher in low-wage segments.

References

  • Aeberhardt, R., Givord, P., & Marbot, C. (2011). Minimum wage and wage inequality in France: An unconditional quantile regression approach. Forthcoming in Documents de Travail de la DESE-Working Papers of the DESE. Erişim adresi: http://www.crest.fr/
  • Alejo, J., Gabrielli, M., & Sosa-Escudero, W. (2014). The distributive effects of education: An unconditional quantile regression approach. Revista de Análisis Económico–Economic Analysis Review, 29(1), 53–76. http://dx.doi. org/0.4067/S0718-88702014000100003
  • Bishop, J., Luo, F., & Wang, F. (2005). Economic transition, gender bias, and the distribution of earnings in China. Economics of Transition, 13(2), 239–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00218.x
  • Borah, B., & Basu, A. (2013). Highlighting differences between conditional and unconditional quantile regression approaches through an application to assess medication adherence. Health Economics, 22(9), 1052–1070. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2927
  • Buchinsky, M. (1994). Changes in the U.S. wage structure 1963–1987: Application of quantile regression. Econometrica, 62(2), 405–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951618
  • Buchinsky, M. (1998). Recent advances in quantile regression models: A practical guideline for empirical research. The Journal of Human Resources, 33(1), 88–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146316
  • Çelik, O. ve Selim S. (2014). Türkiye’de kamu ve özel sektör ücret farklılıklarının kantil regresyon yaklaşımı ile analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 205–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18657/yecbu.26375
  • De la Rica, S., Dolado, J., & Llorens, V. (2008). Ceilings or floors? Gender wage gaps by education in Spain. Journal of Population Economics, 21(3), 751–776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-006-0128-1
  • Firpo, S., Fortin, N., & Lemieux, T. (2009). Unconditional quantile regression. Econometrica, 77(3), 953–973. http:// dx.doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6822
  • Fournier, J., & Koske, I. (2012). The determinants of earnings inequality: evidence from quantile regressions. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2012(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/19952856
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan, E., & Saçaklı Saçıldı, İ. (2010). Schooling and wage distribution for male and female employees in the public and private sector. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 40, 146–154.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan, E., & Saçaklı, İ. (2009). Education, experience and male-female wage differentials after 2001 crisis. Öneri Dergisi, 8(31), 259–270. http://dx.doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.678684
  • Hampel, F., Rochetti, E., Rousseeuw, P., & Stahel, W. (1986). Robust Statistics: The Approach Based on Influence Functions. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hao, L., & Naiman, D. Q. (2007). Quantile regression. United States of America, USA: Sage Publications.
  • Jarque, C., & Bera, A. (1987). A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. International Statistical Review, 55(2), 163–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1403192
  • Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile Regression (Econometric Society Monographs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754098
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/1913643
  • Machado, J., & Mata, J. (2001). Earning functions in Portugal 1982-1994: Evidence from quantile regressions. Empirical Economics, 26(1), 115–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810000049
  • MacKinnon, J., & White, H. (1985). Some heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 29(3), 305–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304- 4076(85)90158-7
  • Maclean, J., Webber, D., & Marti, J. (2014). An application of unconditional quantile regression to cigarette taxes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.21724
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Montenegro, C. (2001). Wage distribution in Chile: does gender matter? A quantile regression approach. Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, Working Paper Series 20. Erişim adresi: https://citeseerx.ist. psu.edu/
  • OECD. (2021, 3 Ocak). Income inequality (indicator). Erişim adresi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/459aa7f1-en
  • Polachek, S. (2008). Earnings over the life cycle: The Mincer earnings function and its applications. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 4(3), 165–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0700000018
  • Rahona-López, M., Murillo-Huertas, I., & Salinas-Jiménez, M. (2016). Wage differentials by sector and gender: a quantile analysis for the Spanish case. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 19(1), 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1 080/17487870.2015.1028936
  • Tang, Y., & Long, W. (2013). Gender earnings disparity and discrimination in urban china: Unconditional quantile regression. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 5(3), 202–212. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/20421338.2013.796743
  • Tansel, A., & Acar, E. O. (2016). The formal/informal employment earnings gap: Evidence from Turkey. In J. A. Bishop & J. G. Rodríguez (Eds.) Inequality after the 20th century: Papers from the Sixth ECINEQ Meeting (Research on economic inequality, Vol. 24) (pp. 121–154). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520160000024006
  • Tansel, A., & Bodur, F. (2012). Wage inequality and returns to education in Turkey: A quantile regression analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16(1), 107–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00655.x
  • White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912934
  • Yu, K., Lu, Z., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile regression: Applications and current research areas. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(3), 331–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9884.00363
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Çağlayan 0000-0002-9998-5334

Fulden Kömüryakan 0000-0002-4034-513X

Publication Date December 29, 2021
Submission Date January 21, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 64

Cite

APA Çağlayan, E., & Kömüryakan, F. (2021). Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(64), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-865861
AMA Çağlayan E, Kömüryakan F. Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. December 2021;(64):257-277. doi:10.26650/JECS2021-865861
Chicago Çağlayan, Ebru, and Fulden Kömüryakan. “Koşullu Ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 64 (December 2021): 257-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-865861.
EndNote Çağlayan E, Kömüryakan F (December 1, 2021) Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 64 257–277.
IEEE E. Çağlayan and F. Kömüryakan, “Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 64, pp. 257–277, December 2021, doi: 10.26650/JECS2021-865861.
ISNAD Çağlayan, Ebru - Kömüryakan, Fulden. “Koşullu Ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 64 (December 2021), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-865861.
JAMA Çağlayan E, Kömüryakan F. Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2021;:257–277.
MLA Çağlayan, Ebru and Fulden Kömüryakan. “Koşullu Ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 64, 2021, pp. 257-7, doi:10.26650/JECS2021-865861.
Vancouver Çağlayan E, Kömüryakan F. Koşullu ve Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon Modelleri Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliği Hakkında Farklı Ne Söylüyor?. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2021(64):257-7.