Research Article
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Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye

Year 2023, Issue: 67, 97 - 118, 06.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2022-1068689

Abstract

Sexual minorities consistently rank as the most disapproved of group in Turkey although the LGBTQ community remain largely invisible. To explain this disparity, we examine private and public responses to “homosexuality” along four dimensions: demographic factors, social context, religion and religiosity, and public morality. The data come from a nationally representative survey (N=1893). We tested four sets of variables to explain the persistence of mistrust toward sexual minorities. The first two, demographic factors and social context, show limited explanatory power. The third dimension of personal morality is also limited, because boundaries against LGBTQ individuals also cut across religion and religiosity. The fourth dimension, public morality, a vision of moral values shaping public life and political discourse, explains the particularity of the views toward non-straight sexual orientations as the specific alignment of a moral worldview with exclusionary cultural membership. Results are significant in two ways. First, they show that the mistrust of sexual minorities is high. Second, the public displays of mistrust are different from the forms of prejudice expressed toward other groups, such as ethnic minorities. The symbolic boundaries drawn vis-àvis LGBTQ individuals tells us more about the core values of belonging and solidarity in Turkish society.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

109K062

Thanks

Invaluable research assistance came from graduate students in the Comparative Studies in History and Society program: Güliz Akkaymak, Ezgi Canpolat, Duygu Kaşdoğan, Ayşegül Kayagil, Nazlı Özkan, and Ülker Sözen.

References

  • Alexander, J. C. (2003). The meanings of social life: A cultural sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Altan-Olcay, Ö. (2009). Gendered projects of national identity formation: The case of Turkey. National Identities, 11(2), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608940902891336
  • Andersen, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 942–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x
  • Anderson, B. R. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Verso.
  • Anderson, J., & Koc, Y. (2015). Exploring patterns of explicit and implicit anti-gay attitudes in Muslims and Atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 687–701. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/ejsp.2126
  • Arat, Y. (2005). Women's challenge to citizenship in Turkey. In F. Birtek & T. Dragonas (Eds.), Citizenship and the nation-state in Greece and Turkey (pp. 104–116). London: Routledge.
  • Aytaç, S. E., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). Ethnicity and religiosity-based prejudice in Turkey: evidence from a survey experiment. International Political Science Review, 40(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117696333
  • Bail, C. A. (2014). Terrified: How civil society organizations shape American understandings of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Bail, C. A. (2008). The configuration of symbolic boundaries against immigrants in Europe. American Sociological Review, 73(1), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300103
  • Bakacak, A. G., & Öktem, P. (2014). Homosexuality in Turkey: Strategies for managing heterosexism. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(6), 817–846. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.870453
  • Blashill, A., & Powlishta, K. (2009). The impact of sexual orientation and gender role on evaluations of men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014583
  • Bonthuys, E., & Erlank, N. (2012). Modes of (in)tolerance: South African Muslims and same-sex relationships. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(3), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2011.621450
  • Brewer, P. R. (2003). Values, political knowledge, and public opinion about gay rights: A framing-based account. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(2), 173–201. https://doi.org/10.1086/374397
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2009). The rising tide of conservatism in Turkey. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Toprak, B. (2007). Religion, society and politics in a changing Turkey. (Ç. A. Fromm, Trans.). Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Çetin, Z. l. (2016). The dynamics of the queer movement in Turkey before and during the conservative AKP government (G.I.f.I.a.S. Affairs Report). Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/WP_RG_Europe_2016_01.pdf
  • Collier, K. L., Bos, H. M. W., Merry, M. S., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2013). Gender, ethnicity, religiosity, and same-sex sexual attraction and the acceptance of same-sex sexuality and gender non-conformity. Sex Roles, 68(11), 724–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0135-5
  • Cullen, J. M., Wright, L. W., Jr., & Alessandri, M. (2002). The personality variable openness to experience as it relates to homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n04_08
  • Delehanty, J., Edgell, P., & Stewart, E. (2019). Christian America? Secularized evangelical discourse and the boundaries of national belonging. Social Forces, 97(3), 1283–1306. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy080
  • Duyan, V., & Duyan, G. (2005). Turkish social work students’ attitudes toward sexuality. Sex Roles, 52(9), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3736-4
  • Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as "Other": Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society. American Sociological Review, 71(2), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100203
  • Edgell, P., Hartmann, D., Stewart, E., & Gerteis, J. (2016). Atheists and other cultural outsiders: Moral boundaries and the non-religious in the United States. Social Forces, 95(2), 607–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow063
  • Edgell, P., Stewart, E., Billups, S. C., & Larson, R. (2020). The stakes of symbolic boundaries. The Sociological Quarterly, 61(2), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2019.1625736
  • Edgell, P., & Tranby, E. (2010). Shared visions? Diversity and cultural membership in American life. Social Problems, 57(2), 175–204. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.2.175
  • Edgell, P., & Tranby, E. (2014). Religious influences on understandings of racial inequality in the United States. Social Problems, 54(2), 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.263
  • Ergin, M. (2016). "Is the Turk a white man?" Race and modernity in the making of Turkish identity. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
  • Ergin, M., Rankin, B., & Gökşen, F. (2019). Education and symbolic violence in contemporary Turkey. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(1), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2018.1500274
  • Finlay, B., & Walther, C. S. (2003). The relation of religious affiliation, service attendance, and other factors to homophobic attitudes among university students. Review of Religious Research, 44(4), 370–393. https://doi.org/10.2307/3512216
  • Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55(7), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9112-1
  • Griswold, W. (1992). The sociology of culture: Four good arguments (and one bad one). Acta Sociologica, 35(4), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939203500405
  • Hartmann, D. (2015). Reflections on race, diversity, and the crossroads of multiculturalism. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12096
  • Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen (2022). World Values Survey: Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version 4.0. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. doi:10.14281/18241.18
  • Hooghe, M., Claes, E., Harell, A., Quintelier, E., & Dejaeghere, Y. (2010). Anti-gay sentiment among adolescents in Belgium and Canada: A comparative investigation into the role of gender and religion. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(3), 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903543071
  • Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x
  • Jamal, A. (2001). The story of Lot and the Qur'an's perception of the morality of same-sex sexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(1), 1–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v41n01_01
  • Janssen, D.-J., & Scheepers, P. (2019). How religiosity shapes rejection of homosexuality across the globe. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(14), 1974–2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1522809
  • Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107
  • Lichterman, P. (2005). Elusive togetherness: Church groups trying to bridge America's divisions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Meuleman, B., Abts, K., Slootmaeckers, K., & Meeusen, C. (2018). Differentiated threat and the genesis of prejudice: Group-specific antecedents of homonegativity, Islamophobia, anti-semitism, and anti-immigrant attitudes. Social Problems, 66(2), 222–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy002
  • Minwalla, O., Rosser, B. R. S., Feldman, J., & Varga, C. (2005). Identity experience among progressive gay Muslims in North America: A qualitative study within Al‐Fatiha. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050412331321294
  • Olson, L. R., Cadge, W., & Harrison, J. T. (2006). Religion and public opinion about same-sex marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 340–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00384.x
  • Öztürk, A. E. (2016). Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP rule: From protector to imposer of state ideology? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663
  • Pachucki, M. A., Pendergrass, S., & Lamont, M. (2007). Boundary processes: Recent theoretical developments and new contributions. Poetics, 35(6), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2007.10.001
  • Persell, C. H., Green, A., & Gurevich, L. (2001). Civil society, economic distress, and social tolerance. Sociological Forum, 16(2), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011048600902
  • Quinn, K., & Dickson-Gomez, J. (2016). Homonegativity, religiosity, and the intersecting identities of young black men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 20(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1200-1
  • Rankin, B. H., & Aytaç, I. A. (2006). Gender inequality in schooling: The case of Turkey. Sociology of Education, 79, 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070607900102
  • Savcı, E. (2016). Subjects of rights and subjects of cruelty: The production of an Islamic backlash against homosexuality in Turkey. In A. S. Orloff, R. Ray, & E. Savcı (Eds.), Perverse politics? Feminism, anti-imperialism, multiplicity (pp. 159–186). Bingley, UK: Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0198-871920160000030005
  • Sherkat, D. E., Powell-Williams, M., Maddox, G., & de Vries, K. M. (2011). Religion, politics, and support for same-sex marriage in the United States, 1988–2008. Social Science Research, 40(1), 167–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.009
  • Sirin, S. R., McCreary, D. R., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Differential reactions to men and women's gender role transgressions: Perceptions of social status, sexual orientation, and value dissimilarity. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 12(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1202.119
  • Smith, S. J., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2009). The effects of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 61(3), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3
  • Stewart, E., Edgell, P., & Delehanty, J. (2018). The politics of religious prejudice and tolerance for cultural others. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383144
  • Svallfors, S. (2006). The moral economy of class: Class and attitudes in comparative perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Whitley, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610802471104
  • Wilks, A. (2020, June 24). Turkey's Religious Directorate criticised over coronavirus. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/turkey-religious-directorate-criticised-coronavirus-200430064447853.html
  • Williams, H. H. (2018). From family values to religious freedom: Conservative discourse and the politics of gay rights. New Political Science, 40(2), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2018.1449064
  • Wuthnow, R. J. (2011). Taking talk seriously: Religious discourse as social practice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01549.x
  • Yang, A. S. (1997). Trends: Attitudes toward homosexuality. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(3), 477–507. https://doi.org/10.1086/297810
Year 2023, Issue: 67, 97 - 118, 06.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2022-1068689

Abstract

Project Number

109K062

References

  • Alexander, J. C. (2003). The meanings of social life: A cultural sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Altan-Olcay, Ö. (2009). Gendered projects of national identity formation: The case of Turkey. National Identities, 11(2), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608940902891336
  • Andersen, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 942–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x
  • Anderson, B. R. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Verso.
  • Anderson, J., & Koc, Y. (2015). Exploring patterns of explicit and implicit anti-gay attitudes in Muslims and Atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 687–701. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/ejsp.2126
  • Arat, Y. (2005). Women's challenge to citizenship in Turkey. In F. Birtek & T. Dragonas (Eds.), Citizenship and the nation-state in Greece and Turkey (pp. 104–116). London: Routledge.
  • Aytaç, S. E., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). Ethnicity and religiosity-based prejudice in Turkey: evidence from a survey experiment. International Political Science Review, 40(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117696333
  • Bail, C. A. (2014). Terrified: How civil society organizations shape American understandings of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Bail, C. A. (2008). The configuration of symbolic boundaries against immigrants in Europe. American Sociological Review, 73(1), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300103
  • Bakacak, A. G., & Öktem, P. (2014). Homosexuality in Turkey: Strategies for managing heterosexism. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(6), 817–846. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.870453
  • Blashill, A., & Powlishta, K. (2009). The impact of sexual orientation and gender role on evaluations of men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014583
  • Bonthuys, E., & Erlank, N. (2012). Modes of (in)tolerance: South African Muslims and same-sex relationships. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(3), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2011.621450
  • Brewer, P. R. (2003). Values, political knowledge, and public opinion about gay rights: A framing-based account. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(2), 173–201. https://doi.org/10.1086/374397
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2009). The rising tide of conservatism in Turkey. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Toprak, B. (2007). Religion, society and politics in a changing Turkey. (Ç. A. Fromm, Trans.). Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Çetin, Z. l. (2016). The dynamics of the queer movement in Turkey before and during the conservative AKP government (G.I.f.I.a.S. Affairs Report). Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/WP_RG_Europe_2016_01.pdf
  • Collier, K. L., Bos, H. M. W., Merry, M. S., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2013). Gender, ethnicity, religiosity, and same-sex sexual attraction and the acceptance of same-sex sexuality and gender non-conformity. Sex Roles, 68(11), 724–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0135-5
  • Cullen, J. M., Wright, L. W., Jr., & Alessandri, M. (2002). The personality variable openness to experience as it relates to homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n04_08
  • Delehanty, J., Edgell, P., & Stewart, E. (2019). Christian America? Secularized evangelical discourse and the boundaries of national belonging. Social Forces, 97(3), 1283–1306. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy080
  • Duyan, V., & Duyan, G. (2005). Turkish social work students’ attitudes toward sexuality. Sex Roles, 52(9), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3736-4
  • Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as "Other": Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society. American Sociological Review, 71(2), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100203
  • Edgell, P., Hartmann, D., Stewart, E., & Gerteis, J. (2016). Atheists and other cultural outsiders: Moral boundaries and the non-religious in the United States. Social Forces, 95(2), 607–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow063
  • Edgell, P., Stewart, E., Billups, S. C., & Larson, R. (2020). The stakes of symbolic boundaries. The Sociological Quarterly, 61(2), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2019.1625736
  • Edgell, P., & Tranby, E. (2010). Shared visions? Diversity and cultural membership in American life. Social Problems, 57(2), 175–204. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.2.175
  • Edgell, P., & Tranby, E. (2014). Religious influences on understandings of racial inequality in the United States. Social Problems, 54(2), 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.263
  • Ergin, M. (2016). "Is the Turk a white man?" Race and modernity in the making of Turkish identity. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
  • Ergin, M., Rankin, B., & Gökşen, F. (2019). Education and symbolic violence in contemporary Turkey. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(1), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2018.1500274
  • Finlay, B., & Walther, C. S. (2003). The relation of religious affiliation, service attendance, and other factors to homophobic attitudes among university students. Review of Religious Research, 44(4), 370–393. https://doi.org/10.2307/3512216
  • Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55(7), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9112-1
  • Griswold, W. (1992). The sociology of culture: Four good arguments (and one bad one). Acta Sociologica, 35(4), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939203500405
  • Hartmann, D. (2015). Reflections on race, diversity, and the crossroads of multiculturalism. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12096
  • Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen (2022). World Values Survey: Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version 4.0. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. doi:10.14281/18241.18
  • Hooghe, M., Claes, E., Harell, A., Quintelier, E., & Dejaeghere, Y. (2010). Anti-gay sentiment among adolescents in Belgium and Canada: A comparative investigation into the role of gender and religion. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(3), 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903543071
  • Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x
  • Jamal, A. (2001). The story of Lot and the Qur'an's perception of the morality of same-sex sexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(1), 1–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v41n01_01
  • Janssen, D.-J., & Scheepers, P. (2019). How religiosity shapes rejection of homosexuality across the globe. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(14), 1974–2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1522809
  • Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107
  • Lichterman, P. (2005). Elusive togetherness: Church groups trying to bridge America's divisions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Meuleman, B., Abts, K., Slootmaeckers, K., & Meeusen, C. (2018). Differentiated threat and the genesis of prejudice: Group-specific antecedents of homonegativity, Islamophobia, anti-semitism, and anti-immigrant attitudes. Social Problems, 66(2), 222–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy002
  • Minwalla, O., Rosser, B. R. S., Feldman, J., & Varga, C. (2005). Identity experience among progressive gay Muslims in North America: A qualitative study within Al‐Fatiha. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050412331321294
  • Olson, L. R., Cadge, W., & Harrison, J. T. (2006). Religion and public opinion about same-sex marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 340–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00384.x
  • Öztürk, A. E. (2016). Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP rule: From protector to imposer of state ideology? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663
  • Pachucki, M. A., Pendergrass, S., & Lamont, M. (2007). Boundary processes: Recent theoretical developments and new contributions. Poetics, 35(6), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2007.10.001
  • Persell, C. H., Green, A., & Gurevich, L. (2001). Civil society, economic distress, and social tolerance. Sociological Forum, 16(2), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011048600902
  • Quinn, K., & Dickson-Gomez, J. (2016). Homonegativity, religiosity, and the intersecting identities of young black men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 20(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1200-1
  • Rankin, B. H., & Aytaç, I. A. (2006). Gender inequality in schooling: The case of Turkey. Sociology of Education, 79, 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070607900102
  • Savcı, E. (2016). Subjects of rights and subjects of cruelty: The production of an Islamic backlash against homosexuality in Turkey. In A. S. Orloff, R. Ray, & E. Savcı (Eds.), Perverse politics? Feminism, anti-imperialism, multiplicity (pp. 159–186). Bingley, UK: Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0198-871920160000030005
  • Sherkat, D. E., Powell-Williams, M., Maddox, G., & de Vries, K. M. (2011). Religion, politics, and support for same-sex marriage in the United States, 1988–2008. Social Science Research, 40(1), 167–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.009
  • Sirin, S. R., McCreary, D. R., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Differential reactions to men and women's gender role transgressions: Perceptions of social status, sexual orientation, and value dissimilarity. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 12(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1202.119
  • Smith, S. J., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2009). The effects of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 61(3), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3
  • Stewart, E., Edgell, P., & Delehanty, J. (2018). The politics of religious prejudice and tolerance for cultural others. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383144
  • Svallfors, S. (2006). The moral economy of class: Class and attitudes in comparative perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Whitley, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610802471104
  • Wilks, A. (2020, June 24). Turkey's Religious Directorate criticised over coronavirus. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/turkey-religious-directorate-criticised-coronavirus-200430064447853.html
  • Williams, H. H. (2018). From family values to religious freedom: Conservative discourse and the politics of gay rights. New Political Science, 40(2), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2018.1449064
  • Wuthnow, R. J. (2011). Taking talk seriously: Religious discourse as social practice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01549.x
  • Yang, A. S. (1997). Trends: Attitudes toward homosexuality. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(3), 477–507. https://doi.org/10.1086/297810
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Ergin 0000-0002-8447-8014

Fatoş Gökşen 0000-0003-3510-0637

Project Number 109K062
Publication Date July 6, 2023
Submission Date February 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 67

Cite

APA Ergin, M., & Gökşen, F. (2023). Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(67), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2022-1068689
AMA Ergin M, Gökşen F. Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. July 2023;(67):97-118. doi:10.26650/JECS2022-1068689
Chicago Ergin, Murat, and Fatoş Gökşen. “Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 67 (July 2023): 97-118. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2022-1068689.
EndNote Ergin M, Gökşen F (July 1, 2023) Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 67 97–118.
IEEE M. Ergin and F. Gökşen, “Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 67, pp. 97–118, July 2023, doi: 10.26650/JECS2022-1068689.
ISNAD Ergin, Murat - Gökşen, Fatoş. “Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 67 (July 2023), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2022-1068689.
JAMA Ergin M, Gökşen F. Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2023;:97–118.
MLA Ergin, Murat and Fatoş Gökşen. “Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 67, 2023, pp. 97-118, doi:10.26650/JECS2022-1068689.
Vancouver Ergin M, Gökşen F. Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership: Perceptions of the LGBTQ in Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2023(67):97-118.