Year 2023,
Issue: 67, 73 - 95, 06.07.2023
H. Bahadır Akın
,
Mustafa Cüneyt Özşahin
,
Şeyma Akın
References
- Akın, Ş. (2018). 28 Şubat sürecinde Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu [Association for Liberal Thought in the February 28 process]. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 23(89), 7–24. google scholar
- Aroopala, C. (2011). Mobilizing collective identity: frames & rational individuals. Political Behavior, 34(2), 193– 224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9155-4 google scholar
- Atatürk’e ‘Bu adam’ sözüne 15 ay hapis [15 months in prison for saying ‘this man’ to Atatürk]. Hürriyet (2008, January 28). Retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ataturke-bu-adam-sozune-15-ay-hapis-8117901. google scholar
- Babuşcu: Gelecek 10 yıl, liberaller gibi eski paydaşlarımızın arzuladığı gibi olmayacak [The next 10 years will not be what our former stakeholders, such as liberals, once desired]. T24 (2013, April 1). Retrieved from https://t24. com.tr/haber/babuscu-onumuzdeki-10-yil-liberaller-gibi-eski-paydaslarimizin-kabullenecegi-gibi olmayacak,226892. google scholar
- Balser, D., B. (1997). The impact of environmental factors on factionalism and schism in social movement organizations. Social Forces, 76 (1), 199–228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580323. google scholar
- Başer, B., & Öztürk, A.E. (2017). Authoritarian politics in Turkey: Elections, resistance and the AKP, London: I.B. Tauris. google scholar
- Benford, R. D (1993). Frame disputes within the nuclear disarmament movement. Social Forces, 71 (3), 677–701. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579890. google scholar
- Benford, R. D. (2013). Frame disputes. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, Maldem, Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi. org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm092. google scholar
- Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual review of sociology, 26(1), 611–639. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/223459. google scholar
- Berkes, N. (1998). The development of secularism in Turkey. London: Hurst & Company. google scholar
- Bilgic, A. (2018). Reclaiming the national will: Resilience of Turkish authoritarian neoliberalism after Gezi. South European Society and Politics, 23(2) (2018): 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1477422. google scholar
- Birinci, M. K. (2018). Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti [ Association for Spreading the Free Ideas]. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte Yayınları. google scholar
- Bora, T. (2017). Cereyanlar, Türkiye’de siyasi ideolojiler [Movements, political ideologies in Turkey]. İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
- Boucek, F. (2009). Rethinking factionalism, typologies, intra-party dynamics and three faces of factionalism. Party Politics, 15(4), 455–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809334553. google scholar
- Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments. Journal of communication, 57 (1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x. google scholar
- Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2013). Counterframing effects. The Journal of Politics, 75(1), 1–16. Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0022381612000837?journalCode=jop. google scholar
- Cliteur, P. B. (1990). Why Hayek is a conservative. ARSP: Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie / Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, 76(4): 467–478. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/23681094. google scholar
- Coles, R. L. (1999). Odd folk and ordinary people: collective identity disparities between peace groups in the Persian Gulf Crisis. Sociological Spectrum: Mid-South Sociological Association, 19 (3), 325–357. https://doi. org/10.1080/027321799280181. google scholar
- Coşar, S. (1998). Liberalim, “liberaliz,” liberal değil, ya da Türk liberalliği üzerine [I am liberal, “we are liberals”, not a liberal or on Turkish liberalism], Birikim, Sayı 110: 30–39. google scholar
- Coşar, S. (2004). Liberal thought and democracy in Turkey. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (1), 71–98. https://doi. org/10.1080/1356931032000167481. google scholar
- Coy, P. G., & Woehrle, L. M. (1996). Constructing identity and oppositional knowledge: the framing practices of peace movement organizations during the Persian Gulf War. Sociological Spectrum 16 (3), 287–327. https://doi. org/10.1080/02732173.1996.9982134. google scholar
- Demirel, T. (2012). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu ve Türkiye’de liberal düşünce kazanımlar, fırsatlar ve riskler [Association for Liberal Thought and liberal thought in Turkey, gains, opportunities, and risks]. Liberal Düşünce, 17(68), 83–107. google scholar
- Demirel, T. (2015). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu çevresindeki farklılaşmalar üzerine [On the transformations in the circle of Association for Liberal Thought]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), 107–123. google scholar
- Demirel, T. (2015). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu çevresindeki farklılaşmalar üzerine [On the transformations in the circle of Association for Liberal Thought]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), 107–123. google scholar
- Denli, Ö. (2011). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu veya bir paradoks olarak siyaset arayışı [Association for Liberal Thought or the quest for politics as a paradox]. Doğu-Batı, 14(57), 175–195. google scholar
- Denli, Ö. (2018). Liberal thought and Islamic politics in Turkey converging paths. Baden-Baden: Nomos. google scholar
- Doyle, J. L. (2017). State control of civil society organizations: the case of Turkey. Democratization, 24(2), 244–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159555. google scholar
- Dyck, B., & Starke, F. A. (1999). The formation of breakaway organizations: observations and a process model. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (4), 792–822. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667056. google scholar
- Ellingson, S. (1995). Understanding the dialectic of discourse and collective action: public debate and rioting in Antebellum Cincinnati. American Journal of Sociology, 101(1), 100–144. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2782507. google scholar
- Erdoğan, M. (2005). Liberalizm ve Türkiye’deki serüveni [Liberalism and its adventure in Turkey]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 23–40). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Erdoğan, M. (2013). İslâm, çoğulculuk ve AKP iktidarı [Islam, pluralism and JDP Government]. Liberal Düşünce, 18(69-70), 57–62. google scholar
- Ersoy, D., & Üstüner, F. (2016). ‘Liberal intellectuals’ narration of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 406–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1166057. google scholar
- Erten, B. (2005) Liberal (Demokrat?) Parti. [Liberal (Democratic?) Party]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 629–633). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Esen, B., & Gumuscu, Ş. (2016). Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 37(9), 1581–1606. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732. google scholar
- Gamson, J. (1996). The organizational shaping of collective identity: the case of lesbian and gay film festivals in New York. Sociological Forum, 11(2), 231–26. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/684839. google scholar
- Ghaziani, A., & Fine, G. A. (2008). Infighting and ideology: how conflict informs the local culture of the Chicago Dyke March. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 2(1–4), 51-67. Retrieved from https:// www.jstor.org/stable/40206147. google scholar
- Göçek, F. M. (1996). Rise of the bourgeoisie, demise of empire ottoman westernization and social change, New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar
- Guida, M. (2021). Turkish Politics: Making Sense of Nation, Identities, and Ideologies, Ankara: Orion Kitabevi google scholar
- Gürpınar, D. (2013). Düne veda: Türkiye’de liberalizm ve demokratlık (1980-2010) [Farewell to yesterday: Liberalism and democracy in Turkey (1980-2010)]. İstanbul, Turkey: Etkileşim. google scholar
- Haines, H. H. (2006). Dangerous issues and public identities: the negotiation of controversy in two movement organizations. Sociological Inquiry, 76 (2), 231–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2006.00153.x. google scholar
- Hallahan, K. (1999). Seven models of framing: implications for public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), 205–242. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1103_02. google scholar
- Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. google scholar
- Hukukçuya tazminat cezası AİHM’den döndü [Compensation penalty for lawyer was overturned by ECHR]. CNN Türk (2014, May 27). Retrieved from https://www.cnnturk.com/haber/turkiye/hukukcuya-tazminat-cezasiaihmden-dondu. google scholar
- Hunt, S.A., Benford, R.D., & Snow D. A. (1994). Identity fields: framing processes and the construction of movement identities. In E. Laraña, H. Johnston, & J. R. Gusfield (Eds.), New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (pp. 185–208). Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press. google scholar
- Hürriyet Yemeği-Hürriyet Onur Ödülü. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat. php?kat=1&akat=29. google scholar
- Kadıoğlu, A. (2007). An oxymoron: The origins of civic-republican liberalism in Turkey. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 16 (2), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669920701378887. google scholar
- Kaplan, S. (2008). Framing contests: strategy making under uncertainty. Organizational Science, 19(5), 729–752. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25146214. google scholar
- Karaman, D. (2005). Ulum-u iktisadiye ve içtimaiye mecmuasında liberal anlayış [Liberal understanding in Ulum-u İktisadiye ve İçtimaiye Journal]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 84–103). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim, 2005. google scholar
- Karpat, K. H. (2002). Studies on Ottoman social and political history: Selected articles and essays, Leiden: Brill. google scholar
- Koca-Atabey, M. (2016). Gezi park protests in Turkey: how can death be related to the protests? Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(4), 422–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2016.1176392. google scholar
- Koçak, C. (2005). Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ve Fikir Hareketleri Dergisi (1933-1940) [Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın and Fikir Hareketleri Journal]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 246–259). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Köroğlu, A. (2012). Türkiye’de 1990’lı yıllarda ortaya çıkan siyasi liberalizm pratikleri [Political Liberalism practices that emerged in Turkey in the 1990s]. İnsan ve Toplum, 2(3), 119–138. google scholar
- Kretschmer, K. (2017). Should we stay or should we go? Local and national factionalism in the National Organization for Women. Qualitative Sociology, 40(4), 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-017-9365-8. google scholar
- Krogman, N. T. (1996). Frame disputes in environmental controversies: The case of Wetland Regulations in Louisiana. Sociological Spectrum, 16(4), 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1996.9982142. google scholar
- Kubicek, P. (2016). Majoritarian democracy in Turkey causes and consequences. In C. Erisen & P. Kubicek (Eds.), Democratic consolidation in Turkey micro and macro challenges (pp. 123–143). New York: Routledge. google scholar
- Lau, D. C., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998). Demographic diversity and faultlines: the compositional dynamics of organizational groups. The Academy of Management Review, 23 (2), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/0273217 3.1996.9982142. google scholar
- Liberal Düşünce Dergisi. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.liberaldusunce.com.tr/ google scholar
- Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, no 77, 2015, Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/liberal/issue/48156. google scholar
- Liberal Düşünce Kongresi. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat.php?kat=1&akat=2 google scholar
- Mont Pelerin Cemiyeti Özel Toplantısı. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/mont-pelerincemiyeti-ozel-toplantisi-30-eylul-3-ekim-2011-istanbul,85.php google scholar
- Öniş, Z. (2004). Turgut Özal and his economic legacy: Turkish neo-liberalism in critical perspective. Middle Eastern Studies, 40 (4), 113–134. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4289930 google scholar
- Özavcı, H. O. (2012). Liberalism in the Turkish context and its historiography: past and present. Anatolian Studies, 62, December (2012), 141–151. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/42657284. google scholar
- Özbudun, E. (2015). Turkey’s judiciary and the drift toward competitive authoritarianism. The International Spectator, 50 (2), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651. google scholar
- Özipek, B. B. (2005) Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu [Association for Liberal Thought]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 620–628). İstanbul: İletişim. google scholar
- Özpek, B. B. (2015). Türkiye’de liberalizm: tembel öğrenciler ve sihirbazlar [Liberalism in Turkey: Lazy students and wizards]. Liber +, 1(4), 9–11. google scholar
- Özpek, B. B. (2020). Daktilo bir senedir çalışıyor [Daktilo has been at work for a year]. (Daktilo 1984, March 30). Retrieved from https://daktilo1984.com/yazilar/daktilo-bir-yasinda/ google scholar
- Pils, R., & Schoenegger, P. (2021). On the epistemological similarities of market liberalism and standpoint theory. Episteme, 1– 21. doi:10.1017/epi.2021.13. google scholar
- Piyasa Dergisi. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat.php?kat=2&akat=21 google scholar
- Ragin, C. C., & Schneider G.A. (2011). Case-oriented theory building and theory testing. In M. Williams & W. P. Vogt (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods (pp. 150-166). London: Sage Publication. google scholar
- Rochford, Jr., E. B. (1989). Factionalism, group defection, and schism in the Hare Krishna Movement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387057 google scholar
- Rochford, Jr., E. B. (1989). Factionalism, group defection, and schism in the Hare Krishna Movement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387057 google scholar
- Sadoğlu, H. (2005). Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti [The Association for Spreading the Free Ideas], In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 307–315). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Şahin, B. (2013). Farklılık, hoşgörü ve AKP iktidarı: Gezi Parkı sürecinin düşündürdükleri [Diversity, tolerance and JDP government: What the Gezi Park process brings up to mind]. Liberal Düşünce, 18(71), 161–169. google scholar
- Şahin, B. (2015). 17-25 kavşağında yanlış çıkış [Wrong exit at the crossroad of 17-25]. Ankara Review, (25 December) Retrieved from https://www.ankarareview.com/on-yedi-yirmibes-aralik-kavsagindan-yanlis-cikis/. google scholar
- Snow, D., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197–217. Retrieved from https://ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/ SnowBenfordIdeologyframeresonanceandparticipantmobilization.pdf. google scholar
- Toplantılar, faaliyetler. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat.php?kat=1&akat=4. google scholar
- Türk, H. B. (2005). Halide Edip Adıvar’ın liberalizmle imtihanı [Halide Edip Adıvar’s test with liberalism]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 119–138). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim google scholar
- Türkiye’de Liberalizm [Liberalism in Turkey]. Liber +, Vol.1, no. 4, 2015. google scholar
- Uslu, C. (2015). Türkiye’nin dönüşümü, cepheleşme ve liberallerin ayrışması [Turkey’s transformation, confrontation and the split of liberals]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), 7–40. google scholar
- Wiktorowicz, Q. (2002). Islamic activism and social movement theory: a new direction for research. Mediterranean Politics, 7(3), 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390207030012 google scholar
- Yabancı, B. (2019). Turkey’s tamed civil society: Containment and appropriation under a competitive authoritarian regime. Journal of Civil Society, 15 (4), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2019.1668627. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2002). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğunun doğuşu, gelişimi ve geleceği üzerine [On the birth, development and future of the Association for Liberal Thought]. Liberal Düşünce, 7(28) Güz, 35–66. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2003). Fikir Hareketleri ve Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu [Thought movements and Association for Liberal Thought]. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2013). Gezi Park revolts: For or against democracy? Insight Turkey, 15(4), 7–18. Retrieved from https:// www.insightturkey.com/commentaries/gezi-park-revolts-for-or-against-democracy. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2015). Liberallerin ayrışmasının temelleri [The fundamentals of the split of liberals]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), Kış, 41–51. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2017). Yaşadıkça öğrenmek [Live and Learn]. Retrieved from http://www.hurfikirler.com/ yasadikcaogrenmek. google scholar
- Yılmaz, H. (1999). Business notions of democracy: The Turkish experience in the 1990’s. CEMOTI, Cahiers d’Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le monde Turco-Iranien, No 27,: 183–194. Retrieved from https:// journals.openedition.org/cemoti/663. google scholar
- Yılmaz, Ö. Ç. (2013). 20 yılda Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu: Bir Entelektüel Hareketin Kronolojisi: 1992–2012 [20 years of Association for Liberal Thought: A chronology of an intellectual movement]. In A. Yayla (Ed.), Özgürlüğün Peşinde. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte. google scholar
- Yılmaz, Ö. Ç. (2013). 20 yılda Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu: Bir Entelektüel Hareketin Kronolojisi: 1992–2012 [20 years of Association for Liberal Thought: A chronology of an intellectual movement]. In A. Yayla (Ed.), Özgürlüğün Peşinde. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte. google scholar
- Zald, M. N. (1996). Culture, ideology, and strategic framing. In M. Zald, D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings. (pp. 261–274). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press google scholar
Market Liberals at a Crossroads in Post-Gezi Turkiye: Making Sense of a Framing Dispute
Year 2023,
Issue: 67, 73 - 95, 06.07.2023
H. Bahadır Akın
,
Mustafa Cüneyt Özşahin
,
Şeyma Akın
Abstract
The Gezi protests were a watershed moment for market liberals since it triggered inter-movement and intra-movement schisms. A flagship institution of market liberals, Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu (the Association of Liberal Thought) underwent such a schismatic process and, consequently, new market-liberal organizations arose from the schism, which was characterized by a frame dispute with the ALT over the policies pursued by the incumbent government, Justice and Development Party (JDP). The framing dispute between the two factions occurred along the lines of securing democracy versus the restriction of state power. This study delineates the root causes of the framing dispute between market liberals. To this end, two factors are proposed to account for it within the context of this paper. These two factors can be encapsulated as the growing conservative/liberal division among market liberals and entrenched interpersonal patronage networks within political circles which is closely related to the changing nature of government-civil society relations in Turkey. Drawing from semi-structured interviews, publications of market liberals, and a good number of secondary sources, we aim to shed light on the rift within market liberals in post-Gezi Turkey.
References
- Akın, Ş. (2018). 28 Şubat sürecinde Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu [Association for Liberal Thought in the February 28 process]. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 23(89), 7–24. google scholar
- Aroopala, C. (2011). Mobilizing collective identity: frames & rational individuals. Political Behavior, 34(2), 193– 224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9155-4 google scholar
- Atatürk’e ‘Bu adam’ sözüne 15 ay hapis [15 months in prison for saying ‘this man’ to Atatürk]. Hürriyet (2008, January 28). Retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ataturke-bu-adam-sozune-15-ay-hapis-8117901. google scholar
- Babuşcu: Gelecek 10 yıl, liberaller gibi eski paydaşlarımızın arzuladığı gibi olmayacak [The next 10 years will not be what our former stakeholders, such as liberals, once desired]. T24 (2013, April 1). Retrieved from https://t24. com.tr/haber/babuscu-onumuzdeki-10-yil-liberaller-gibi-eski-paydaslarimizin-kabullenecegi-gibi olmayacak,226892. google scholar
- Balser, D., B. (1997). The impact of environmental factors on factionalism and schism in social movement organizations. Social Forces, 76 (1), 199–228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580323. google scholar
- Başer, B., & Öztürk, A.E. (2017). Authoritarian politics in Turkey: Elections, resistance and the AKP, London: I.B. Tauris. google scholar
- Benford, R. D (1993). Frame disputes within the nuclear disarmament movement. Social Forces, 71 (3), 677–701. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579890. google scholar
- Benford, R. D. (2013). Frame disputes. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, Maldem, Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi. org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm092. google scholar
- Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual review of sociology, 26(1), 611–639. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/223459. google scholar
- Berkes, N. (1998). The development of secularism in Turkey. London: Hurst & Company. google scholar
- Bilgic, A. (2018). Reclaiming the national will: Resilience of Turkish authoritarian neoliberalism after Gezi. South European Society and Politics, 23(2) (2018): 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1477422. google scholar
- Birinci, M. K. (2018). Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti [ Association for Spreading the Free Ideas]. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte Yayınları. google scholar
- Bora, T. (2017). Cereyanlar, Türkiye’de siyasi ideolojiler [Movements, political ideologies in Turkey]. İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
- Boucek, F. (2009). Rethinking factionalism, typologies, intra-party dynamics and three faces of factionalism. Party Politics, 15(4), 455–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809334553. google scholar
- Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments. Journal of communication, 57 (1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x. google scholar
- Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2013). Counterframing effects. The Journal of Politics, 75(1), 1–16. Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0022381612000837?journalCode=jop. google scholar
- Cliteur, P. B. (1990). Why Hayek is a conservative. ARSP: Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie / Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, 76(4): 467–478. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/23681094. google scholar
- Coles, R. L. (1999). Odd folk and ordinary people: collective identity disparities between peace groups in the Persian Gulf Crisis. Sociological Spectrum: Mid-South Sociological Association, 19 (3), 325–357. https://doi. org/10.1080/027321799280181. google scholar
- Coşar, S. (1998). Liberalim, “liberaliz,” liberal değil, ya da Türk liberalliği üzerine [I am liberal, “we are liberals”, not a liberal or on Turkish liberalism], Birikim, Sayı 110: 30–39. google scholar
- Coşar, S. (2004). Liberal thought and democracy in Turkey. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (1), 71–98. https://doi. org/10.1080/1356931032000167481. google scholar
- Coy, P. G., & Woehrle, L. M. (1996). Constructing identity and oppositional knowledge: the framing practices of peace movement organizations during the Persian Gulf War. Sociological Spectrum 16 (3), 287–327. https://doi. org/10.1080/02732173.1996.9982134. google scholar
- Demirel, T. (2012). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu ve Türkiye’de liberal düşünce kazanımlar, fırsatlar ve riskler [Association for Liberal Thought and liberal thought in Turkey, gains, opportunities, and risks]. Liberal Düşünce, 17(68), 83–107. google scholar
- Demirel, T. (2015). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu çevresindeki farklılaşmalar üzerine [On the transformations in the circle of Association for Liberal Thought]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), 107–123. google scholar
- Demirel, T. (2015). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu çevresindeki farklılaşmalar üzerine [On the transformations in the circle of Association for Liberal Thought]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), 107–123. google scholar
- Denli, Ö. (2011). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu veya bir paradoks olarak siyaset arayışı [Association for Liberal Thought or the quest for politics as a paradox]. Doğu-Batı, 14(57), 175–195. google scholar
- Denli, Ö. (2018). Liberal thought and Islamic politics in Turkey converging paths. Baden-Baden: Nomos. google scholar
- Doyle, J. L. (2017). State control of civil society organizations: the case of Turkey. Democratization, 24(2), 244–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159555. google scholar
- Dyck, B., & Starke, F. A. (1999). The formation of breakaway organizations: observations and a process model. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (4), 792–822. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667056. google scholar
- Ellingson, S. (1995). Understanding the dialectic of discourse and collective action: public debate and rioting in Antebellum Cincinnati. American Journal of Sociology, 101(1), 100–144. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2782507. google scholar
- Erdoğan, M. (2005). Liberalizm ve Türkiye’deki serüveni [Liberalism and its adventure in Turkey]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 23–40). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Erdoğan, M. (2013). İslâm, çoğulculuk ve AKP iktidarı [Islam, pluralism and JDP Government]. Liberal Düşünce, 18(69-70), 57–62. google scholar
- Ersoy, D., & Üstüner, F. (2016). ‘Liberal intellectuals’ narration of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 406–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1166057. google scholar
- Erten, B. (2005) Liberal (Demokrat?) Parti. [Liberal (Democratic?) Party]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 629–633). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Esen, B., & Gumuscu, Ş. (2016). Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 37(9), 1581–1606. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732. google scholar
- Gamson, J. (1996). The organizational shaping of collective identity: the case of lesbian and gay film festivals in New York. Sociological Forum, 11(2), 231–26. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/684839. google scholar
- Ghaziani, A., & Fine, G. A. (2008). Infighting and ideology: how conflict informs the local culture of the Chicago Dyke March. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 2(1–4), 51-67. Retrieved from https:// www.jstor.org/stable/40206147. google scholar
- Göçek, F. M. (1996). Rise of the bourgeoisie, demise of empire ottoman westernization and social change, New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar
- Guida, M. (2021). Turkish Politics: Making Sense of Nation, Identities, and Ideologies, Ankara: Orion Kitabevi google scholar
- Gürpınar, D. (2013). Düne veda: Türkiye’de liberalizm ve demokratlık (1980-2010) [Farewell to yesterday: Liberalism and democracy in Turkey (1980-2010)]. İstanbul, Turkey: Etkileşim. google scholar
- Haines, H. H. (2006). Dangerous issues and public identities: the negotiation of controversy in two movement organizations. Sociological Inquiry, 76 (2), 231–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2006.00153.x. google scholar
- Hallahan, K. (1999). Seven models of framing: implications for public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), 205–242. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1103_02. google scholar
- Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. google scholar
- Hukukçuya tazminat cezası AİHM’den döndü [Compensation penalty for lawyer was overturned by ECHR]. CNN Türk (2014, May 27). Retrieved from https://www.cnnturk.com/haber/turkiye/hukukcuya-tazminat-cezasiaihmden-dondu. google scholar
- Hunt, S.A., Benford, R.D., & Snow D. A. (1994). Identity fields: framing processes and the construction of movement identities. In E. Laraña, H. Johnston, & J. R. Gusfield (Eds.), New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (pp. 185–208). Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press. google scholar
- Hürriyet Yemeği-Hürriyet Onur Ödülü. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat. php?kat=1&akat=29. google scholar
- Kadıoğlu, A. (2007). An oxymoron: The origins of civic-republican liberalism in Turkey. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 16 (2), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669920701378887. google scholar
- Kaplan, S. (2008). Framing contests: strategy making under uncertainty. Organizational Science, 19(5), 729–752. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25146214. google scholar
- Karaman, D. (2005). Ulum-u iktisadiye ve içtimaiye mecmuasında liberal anlayış [Liberal understanding in Ulum-u İktisadiye ve İçtimaiye Journal]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 84–103). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim, 2005. google scholar
- Karpat, K. H. (2002). Studies on Ottoman social and political history: Selected articles and essays, Leiden: Brill. google scholar
- Koca-Atabey, M. (2016). Gezi park protests in Turkey: how can death be related to the protests? Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(4), 422–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2016.1176392. google scholar
- Koçak, C. (2005). Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ve Fikir Hareketleri Dergisi (1933-1940) [Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın and Fikir Hareketleri Journal]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 246–259). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Köroğlu, A. (2012). Türkiye’de 1990’lı yıllarda ortaya çıkan siyasi liberalizm pratikleri [Political Liberalism practices that emerged in Turkey in the 1990s]. İnsan ve Toplum, 2(3), 119–138. google scholar
- Kretschmer, K. (2017). Should we stay or should we go? Local and national factionalism in the National Organization for Women. Qualitative Sociology, 40(4), 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-017-9365-8. google scholar
- Krogman, N. T. (1996). Frame disputes in environmental controversies: The case of Wetland Regulations in Louisiana. Sociological Spectrum, 16(4), 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1996.9982142. google scholar
- Kubicek, P. (2016). Majoritarian democracy in Turkey causes and consequences. In C. Erisen & P. Kubicek (Eds.), Democratic consolidation in Turkey micro and macro challenges (pp. 123–143). New York: Routledge. google scholar
- Lau, D. C., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998). Demographic diversity and faultlines: the compositional dynamics of organizational groups. The Academy of Management Review, 23 (2), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/0273217 3.1996.9982142. google scholar
- Liberal Düşünce Dergisi. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.liberaldusunce.com.tr/ google scholar
- Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, no 77, 2015, Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/liberal/issue/48156. google scholar
- Liberal Düşünce Kongresi. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat.php?kat=1&akat=2 google scholar
- Mont Pelerin Cemiyeti Özel Toplantısı. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/mont-pelerincemiyeti-ozel-toplantisi-30-eylul-3-ekim-2011-istanbul,85.php google scholar
- Öniş, Z. (2004). Turgut Özal and his economic legacy: Turkish neo-liberalism in critical perspective. Middle Eastern Studies, 40 (4), 113–134. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4289930 google scholar
- Özavcı, H. O. (2012). Liberalism in the Turkish context and its historiography: past and present. Anatolian Studies, 62, December (2012), 141–151. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/42657284. google scholar
- Özbudun, E. (2015). Turkey’s judiciary and the drift toward competitive authoritarianism. The International Spectator, 50 (2), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651. google scholar
- Özipek, B. B. (2005) Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu [Association for Liberal Thought]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 620–628). İstanbul: İletişim. google scholar
- Özpek, B. B. (2015). Türkiye’de liberalizm: tembel öğrenciler ve sihirbazlar [Liberalism in Turkey: Lazy students and wizards]. Liber +, 1(4), 9–11. google scholar
- Özpek, B. B. (2020). Daktilo bir senedir çalışıyor [Daktilo has been at work for a year]. (Daktilo 1984, March 30). Retrieved from https://daktilo1984.com/yazilar/daktilo-bir-yasinda/ google scholar
- Pils, R., & Schoenegger, P. (2021). On the epistemological similarities of market liberalism and standpoint theory. Episteme, 1– 21. doi:10.1017/epi.2021.13. google scholar
- Piyasa Dergisi. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat.php?kat=2&akat=21 google scholar
- Ragin, C. C., & Schneider G.A. (2011). Case-oriented theory building and theory testing. In M. Williams & W. P. Vogt (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods (pp. 150-166). London: Sage Publication. google scholar
- Rochford, Jr., E. B. (1989). Factionalism, group defection, and schism in the Hare Krishna Movement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387057 google scholar
- Rochford, Jr., E. B. (1989). Factionalism, group defection, and schism in the Hare Krishna Movement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387057 google scholar
- Sadoğlu, H. (2005). Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti [The Association for Spreading the Free Ideas], In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 307–315). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim. google scholar
- Şahin, B. (2013). Farklılık, hoşgörü ve AKP iktidarı: Gezi Parkı sürecinin düşündürdükleri [Diversity, tolerance and JDP government: What the Gezi Park process brings up to mind]. Liberal Düşünce, 18(71), 161–169. google scholar
- Şahin, B. (2015). 17-25 kavşağında yanlış çıkış [Wrong exit at the crossroad of 17-25]. Ankara Review, (25 December) Retrieved from https://www.ankarareview.com/on-yedi-yirmibes-aralik-kavsagindan-yanlis-cikis/. google scholar
- Snow, D., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197–217. Retrieved from https://ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/ SnowBenfordIdeologyframeresonanceandparticipantmobilization.pdf. google scholar
- Toplantılar, faaliyetler. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.liberal.org.tr/sayfa/kat.php?kat=1&akat=4. google scholar
- Türk, H. B. (2005). Halide Edip Adıvar’ın liberalizmle imtihanı [Halide Edip Adıvar’s test with liberalism]. In Murat Yılmaz (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce: Liberalizm Cilt 7 [Political thought in Turkey: Liberalism Volume 7] (pp. 119–138). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim google scholar
- Türkiye’de Liberalizm [Liberalism in Turkey]. Liber +, Vol.1, no. 4, 2015. google scholar
- Uslu, C. (2015). Türkiye’nin dönüşümü, cepheleşme ve liberallerin ayrışması [Turkey’s transformation, confrontation and the split of liberals]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), 7–40. google scholar
- Wiktorowicz, Q. (2002). Islamic activism and social movement theory: a new direction for research. Mediterranean Politics, 7(3), 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390207030012 google scholar
- Yabancı, B. (2019). Turkey’s tamed civil society: Containment and appropriation under a competitive authoritarian regime. Journal of Civil Society, 15 (4), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2019.1668627. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2002). Liberal Düşünce Topluluğunun doğuşu, gelişimi ve geleceği üzerine [On the birth, development and future of the Association for Liberal Thought]. Liberal Düşünce, 7(28) Güz, 35–66. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2003). Fikir Hareketleri ve Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu [Thought movements and Association for Liberal Thought]. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2013). Gezi Park revolts: For or against democracy? Insight Turkey, 15(4), 7–18. Retrieved from https:// www.insightturkey.com/commentaries/gezi-park-revolts-for-or-against-democracy. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2015). Liberallerin ayrışmasının temelleri [The fundamentals of the split of liberals]. Liberal Düşünce, 20(77), Kış, 41–51. google scholar
- Yayla, A. (2017). Yaşadıkça öğrenmek [Live and Learn]. Retrieved from http://www.hurfikirler.com/ yasadikcaogrenmek. google scholar
- Yılmaz, H. (1999). Business notions of democracy: The Turkish experience in the 1990’s. CEMOTI, Cahiers d’Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le monde Turco-Iranien, No 27,: 183–194. Retrieved from https:// journals.openedition.org/cemoti/663. google scholar
- Yılmaz, Ö. Ç. (2013). 20 yılda Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu: Bir Entelektüel Hareketin Kronolojisi: 1992–2012 [20 years of Association for Liberal Thought: A chronology of an intellectual movement]. In A. Yayla (Ed.), Özgürlüğün Peşinde. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte. google scholar
- Yılmaz, Ö. Ç. (2013). 20 yılda Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu: Bir Entelektüel Hareketin Kronolojisi: 1992–2012 [20 years of Association for Liberal Thought: A chronology of an intellectual movement]. In A. Yayla (Ed.), Özgürlüğün Peşinde. Ankara, Turkey: Liberte. google scholar
- Zald, M. N. (1996). Culture, ideology, and strategic framing. In M. Zald, D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings. (pp. 261–274). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press google scholar