Kentleşme Baskısı Altında Havza Alanları: İstanbul İncelemesi

Abstract

İstanbul, Türkiye’nin en kalabalık şehri olup anomalik biçimde büyüme göstermektedir. Kent nüfusundaki artış, doğal arazi örtüsü, sulak alanlar vb. diğer doğal, ekolojik alanları doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu etkilerin başlıcalarından biri kentsel havzalar üzerinde olmaktadır. Küresel iklim değişikliği ve doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilirliğinin kentsel planlama gündeminde yer alması, mega kent için su yönetimi ve havza alanlarının önemini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul'daki içme suyu havza alanları üzerindeki kentleşme baskısının mevcut durumu analiz edilerek yakın gelecek için bir tahmin yapılmakta ve mevcut arazi kullanım verileri ile mevcut yasal-idari koşullar birlikte incelenmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre İstanbul’daki içme suyu havzaları içerisinde en büyük yapılaşma baskısının, Terkos üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Terkos havza alanı mutlak koruma alanında 1291, kısa mesafe koruma alanında 3635 adet yapı bulunmaktadır. Terkos'taki mutlak koruma alanındaki yapı stokunun tüm havza bölgelerindeki mutlak koruma alanındaki yapı stokuna oranı %31,28'dir. Terkos, hem kısa mesafeli hem de mutlak koruma alanı içinde en fazla yapı bulunan havza alanıdır. Mevcut duruma ek olarak, Kanal İstanbul gibi mega projeler ve yapılaşma trendleri, Terkos'taki yapı yoğunluğunun yakın zamanda artacağını göstermektedir. Su ekosistemlerin sürdürülebilirliği su havzalarına bağlıdır. Bu nedenle havzalar için entegre su kaynakları yönetimi planlarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Su kaynakları üzerinde yetki sahibi kurumlar arasında düzenlemelerin ve denetim mekanizmasının oluşturulması gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Havza Alanları
• Içme Suyu
• Kentleşme Baskısı
• İstanbul

Watershed Areas under Urbanisation Pressure: The Case of Istanbul

Abstract

Istanbul is the most populous city that is growing anomalistically in Turkey. An increase in urban population, natural land cover, wetlands, etc., directly affect other natural and ecological areas. One of the main effects is on urban watersheds. Global climate change and the sustainability of natural resources are included in the urban planning agenda increasing the importance of water management and watershed areas for the megacity. In this study, by analyzing the current situation of the urbanization pressure on the drinking water basin areas in Istanbul, a prediction is made for the near future and current land use data and current legal-administrative conditions are examined together. According to the findings, the highest building pressure among the drinking water basins in Istanbul is on Terkos. There are 1291 buildings in the strict preservation zone of the Terkos watershed area and 3635 buildings in the short-distance preservation area. The ratio of strictly protected area building stock in Terkos, to the strictly protected area building stock in all watershed areas is 31,28%. Terkos is the watershed area with the highest number of buildings in both short-distance and strictly protected areas. In addition to the current situation, mega projects, and construction trends such as Kanal Istanbul, indicate that the building density on Terkos will increase soon. The sustainability of aquatic ecosystems depends on watersheds. Therefore, integrated water resources management plans are needed for basins. It has been determined that arrangements and control mechanisms should be established between the institutions having authority over water resources.

Keywords

• Watershed Areas
• Drinking Water
• Urbanisation Pressure
• Istanbul

References

1. Aboelnour, M., Gitau, M. W., & Engel, B. A. (2019). Hydrologic response in an urban watershed as affected by climate and land-use change. Water, 11(8), 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081603
2. Alberti, M. (1999). Urban Patterns and environmental performance: What do we know? Journal of Planning Education and Research, 19(2). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0739456X9901900205
3. Arnold Jr., C.A., Gibbons, C.J. (1996). Impervious surface coverage: the emergence of a key urban environmental indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(2), 243–258.
4. Bajjali, W. (2018). Watershed Delineation. In W. Bajjali, ArcGIS for Environmental and Water Issues (pp. 235–245). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61158-7_14
5. Baker, A. (2006). Land Use and Water Quality. In Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0470848944.hsa195
6. Baykal, B, Tanik B., A, Gonenc, I., E. (2000). Water quality in drinking water reservoirs of a megacity Istanbul. Environmental Management, 26(6), 607– 614.
7. Canıberk, M., & Kiracı, A. C. (2014). Arazi kullanımının zamansal değişiminin tarihi ortofotolarla belirlenmesi (Elmalı Havzası Örneği). 5. Uzaktan algılama-CBS sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2014), 14-17 Ekim, İstanbul, Türkiye.
8. Coşkun, H.G., Algancı, U. and Usta, G. (2008). Analysis of land use change and urbanization in the kucukcekmece water basin (Istanbul, Turkey) with temporal satellite data using remote sensing and GIS. Sensors. (8), 7213-7223. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8117213

9. Fiquepron, J., Garcia, S., & Stenger, A. (2013). Land use impact on water quality: Valuing forest services in terms of the water supply sector. Journal of Environmental Management, 126, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.002
10. Gove, N.E., Edwards, R.T., Conquest, L.L. (2001). Effects of scale on land use and water quality relationships: A longitudinal basin-wide perspective. Journal of the American Water Resource Association, 37(6), 1721–1734.
11. Haidary, A., Amiri, B. J., Adamowski, J., Fohrer, N., & Nakane, K. (2013). Assessing the Impacts of Four Land Use Types on the Water Quality of Wetlands in Japan. Water Resources Management, 27(7), 2217–2229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0284-5
12. Harbor, J. M. (1994). A practical method for estimating the ımpact of land-use change on surface runoff, groundwater recharge and wetland hydrology. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369408975555
13. IPCC.(2020). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change and Land Summary for Policymakers https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SPM_Updated-Jan20.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2021
14. İSKİ. (2019). İSKİ Kurumsal Haberler. https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/kurumsal/haberler1/haberler-detay/buyukcekmece-ve-elmali-havzasi-ya-guzel-haber
15. Jordan, S. J., & Benson, W. H. (2020). Sustainable Watersheds: Integrating Ecosystem Services and Public Health. Environmental Health Insights, 9(s2). https://doi.org/10.1177/EHI.S19586 Kaushal, S. S., & Belt, K. T. (2012). The urban watershed continuum: Evolving spatial and temporal dimensions. Urban Ecosystems, 15(2), 409–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0226-7
16. Kuru, A. ve Tezer, A. (2020). New approach to determine the protection zones for drinking water basins: the case study of Kırklareli dam./ İçme suyu havzası koruma sınırlarının belirlenmesine yeni yöntem önerisi: Kırklareli barajı içme suyu havzası örneği. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 35:1 (2020) 519-535. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.486855
17. Küçükmehmetoğlu, M. and Geymen, A. (2007). Measuring the spatial impacts of urbanization on the surfacewater resource basins in Istanbul via remote sensing. Environ. Monit. Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9917-6
18. Küçükmehmetoğlu, M. ve Geymen, A. (2009). Urban sprawl factors in the surface water resource basins of Istanbul. Land Use Policy 26 (2009) 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.08.007.
19. Larsen, T. A., & Gujer, W. (1997). The concept of sustainable urban water management. Water Science and Technology, 35(9), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00179-0
20. Liu, Y., Yao, C., Wang, G., & Bao, S. (2011). An integrated sustainable development approach to modeling the eco-environmental effects from urbanization. Ecological Indicators, 11(6), 1599–1608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.004
21. Meriç, B. T. (2004). Su kaynakları yönetimi ve Türkiye. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi. 28(1), 27-38.
22. Moscrip, A. L., & Montgomery, D. R. (1997). Urbanization, flood frequency, and salmon abundance in puget lowland streams. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33(6), 1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03553.x
23. Prasad, V., Yousuf, A., & Sharma, N. (2020). Hydrological modeling for watershed management. Journal of Natural Resource Conservation and Management, 1(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.51396/ANRCM.1.1.2020.29-34
24. Randhir, T. O., & Raposa, S. (2014). Urbanization and watershed sustainability: Collaborative simulation modeling of future development states. Journal of Hydrology, 519, 1526–1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.08.051
25. Ren, W., Zhong, Y., Meligrana, J., Anderson, B., Watt, W. E., Chen, J., & Leung, H.-L. (2003). Urbanization, land use, and water quality in Shanghai: 1947–1996. Environment International, 29(5), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00051-5
26. Resmi Gazete. (2017). İçme-Kullanma Suyu Havzalarının Korunmasına Dair Yönetmelik. Resmî Gazete. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-8.htm, Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2021
27. Schmidt, P., & Morrison, T. H. (2012). Watershed management in an urban setting: Process, scale and administration. Land Use Policy, 29(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.05.003
28. Schueler, T.R. (1994). The importance of imperviousness. Watershed Protection Techniques, 1(3), 100–111. http://pinelakedistrict.org/doc/resources/The%20Importance%20of%20Imperviousness.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2021.
29. Slonecker, E.T., Jennings, D.B., Garofalo, D. (2001). Remote sensing of impervious surface: a review. Remote Sensing Review, 20, 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757250109532436
30. Sriyana, I., De Gijt, J. G., Parahyangsari, S. K., & Niyomukiza, J. B. (2020). Watershed management index based on the village watershed model (VWM) approach towards sustainability. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 8(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.01.003
31. Strager, M. P, Fletcher, J. J., Strager, J. M., Yuil,l C. B., El,i R. N., Petty, J. D. & Lamont,, S.J. (2010). Watershed analysis with GIS: The watershed characterization and modeling system software application. Computers & Geosciencesi, 30, 970-976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2010.01.003.
32. Tang, Z., Engel, B. A., Pijanowski, B. C., & Lim, K. J. (2005). Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale. Journal of Environmental Management, 76(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.006
33. Tavakoli, M., De Smedt, F., Vansteenkiste, T., & Willems, P. (2014). Impact of climate change and urban development on extreme flows in the Grote Nete watershed, Belgium. Natural Hazards, 71(3), 2127–2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-1001-7
34. Tesfaye, G., Debebe, Y., & Yakob, T. (2018). Impact of participatory ıntegrated watershed management on hydrological, environment of watershed and socio-economic, case study at somodo watershed, South Western Ethiopia. The International Journal of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12419.35362
35. The United Nations. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2021
36. TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası. (2021). ŞPO Duyurular. https://www.spo.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod=9930&tipi=3&sube=0, Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2021
37. TÜİK. (2020). TÜİK - Veri Portalı. Nüfus ve Demografi İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1, Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2021
38. Tunç Dede, Ö., & Sezer, M. (2017). Aksu Deresi Su Kalitesinin Belirlenmesinde Kanada Su Kalitesi İndeks (Cwqı) Modelinin Uygulanması. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.337643