Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 251 - 257, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.633056

Abstract

Thanks

I express very profound gratitude to Professor Meral Birbir for her tremendous supports and continuous encouragement throughout my academic career. I am thankful to Assoc. Prof. Nüzhet Cenk Sesal for his great guidance and valuable comments in every aspect of the study. The author is also grateful to Assoc. Prof. Gülşah Çobanoğlu Özyiğitoğlu for taxonomic identification of lichen species tested.

References

  • [1] Dahl, S. (1956). Prevention of microbiological deterioration of leather. Leather Chem. Ass., 51, 103-117.
  • [2] Birbir, M. and Ilgaz, A. (1996). Isolation and identification of bacteria adversely affecting hide and leather quality. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 80, 147- 153.
  • [3] Birbir, M., Calli, B., Mertoglu, B., Elevi Bardavid, R., Oren, A., Ogmen, M.N. and Ogan, A. (2007). Extremely halophilic archaea from Tuz Lake, Turkey, and the adjacent Kaldirim and Kayacık Salterns. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23 309-316.
  • [4] Bailey, D.G. (2003). The preservation of hides and skins. The Jour¬nal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 98, 308- 319.
  • [5] Kallenberger, E.W. (1984). Halophilic bacteria in brine cu¬ring. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Associ¬ation, 79, 104-114.
  • [6] Bailey, D.G. and Birbir, M. (1996). The Impact of Halophilic Organisms on the Grain Quality of Brine Cured Hides. The Journal American Leather Chemists Association, 91 47-51.
  • [7] Caglayan, P., Birbir, M., Sánchez-Porro, C., and Ventosa, A. (2018). Detection of industrially potential enzymes of moderately halophilic bacteria on salted goat skins. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 43(3), 312-322.
  • [8] Haines, M.B. (1984). Quality rawstock. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 4, 164-173.
  • [9] Birbir, M. and Bailey, D.G. (2000). Controlling the growth of extremely halophilic bacteria on brine cured cattle hides. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 84 (5), 201-204.
  • [10] Bailey, D.G. & Birbir, M. (1993). A study of the extremely halophilic microorganisms found on commercially brine-cured cattle hides. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 88, 285-293.
  • [11]Toptaş A. (2004). Deri işlentisinde hata kaynakları, ReinLeader-Okkimya, Sade Ofset ve Matbaacılık, İstanbul, Türkiye, 65-71.
  • [12] Vivian, G.W. (1969). The preservation of hides and skins against bacterial damage. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 64 (10) 489-500.
  • [13] Weiss, E.F. and Thornton, R.L. (1984). Growth and control of microbiological activity during hide curing process, Buckman Laboratories Inc., 18.
  • [14] Birbir, Y., Uğur, G., and Birbir, M. (2008). Inactivation of bacterial population in hide-soak liquors via direct electric current. Journal of Electrostatics, 66 (7-8), 355-360.[15] Türkan, M.F., Aslan, A., Yapici, A.N., Yapici, B.M., and Bilgi, S.T. (2013). Assessment of antimicrobial activity of natural leathers treated with Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf extracts. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 23 (2), 176-180.
  • [16] Nash, III TH. 2008. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, pp.303.
  • [17] Molnár, K.and Farkas E. 2010. Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65 (3-4): 157-173. [18] Paudel, B., Bhattarai, H. D., Lee, J. S., Hong, S. G., Shin, H. W., and Yim, J. H. (2008). Antibacterial potential of Antarctic lichens against human pathogenic Gram‐positive bacteria. Phytotherapy research, 22(9), 1269-1271.
  • [19] Çobanoğlu, G., Sesal, C., Gökmen, B., and Çakar, S. (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of some lichens. South Western Journal of Horticulture, 1(2), 153-158.
  • [20] Ranković, B., Ranković, D., Kosanić, M., and Marić, D. (2010). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Anaptychya ciliaris, Nephroma parile, Ochrolechia tartarea and Parmelia centrifuga. Central European Journal of Biology, 5(5), 649-655.
  • [21] Sweidan, A., Chollet-Krugler, M., Sauvager, A., Van de Weghe, P., Chokr, A., Bonnaure-Mallet, M. and Bousarghin, L. (2017). Antibacterial activities of natural lichen compounds against Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Fitoterapia, 121, 164-169.
  • [22] Harley, J.P. and Prescott, L.M. (2002). Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, 5th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY, pp. 93–95, 117-120, 143–144, 161-163, 291–295.
  • [23] Birbir, M., Ogan, A., Calli, B. and Mertoğlu, B. (2004). Enzy¬matic characteristics of extremely halophilic archaeal com¬munity in Tuzkoy Salt Mine, Turkey. World Journal of Mic¬robiology and Biotechnology, 20, 613-621.
  • [24] Birbir, M. (1997). Investigation of salted-cured France and Russian hides for halophilic bacteria. Journal of Turkish Microbiological Society, 27, 68-73.
  • [25] Birbir, M., Kallenberger, W., Ilgaz, A. and Bailey, G. (1996). Halophilic bacteria isolated from brine cured cattle hides. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 80, 87-90.
  • [26] Berber, D. and Birbir, M. (2010). Examination of bacterial po¬pulations in salt, salted hides, soaked hides and soak liqu¬ors. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 105 (10), 320-326.
  • [27] Aslan, E., and Birbir, M. (2011). Examination of Gram posi¬tive bacteria on salt-pack cured hides. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 106 (12), 372-380.
  • [28] Aslan, E. and Birbir, M. (2012). Examination of Gram-Negative bacteria on salt-pack cured hides. The Journal of the Ameri¬can Leather Chemists Association, 4 (107), 106-115.
  • [29] Akpolat, C., Ventosa, A., Birbir, M., Sánchez-Porro, C. and Caglayan, P. (2015). Molecular identification of moderately halophilic bacteria and extremely halophilic archaea isolated from salted sheepskins containing red and yellow discoloratios, The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 110, 211-220.
  • [30] Caglayan, P., Birbir, M., Sanchez-Porro, C. and Ventosa, A. (2017). Screening of industrially important enzymes produced by moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from salted sheepskins of diverse origin. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 112 (6), 207-216.
  • [31] Ulusoy, K. and Birbir, M. (2015). Identification and metabolic activities of bacterial species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae on salted cattle hides and sheep skins. J Am Leather Chem As 110: 86–199.
  • [32] Birbir, M., Yazici, E., Caglayan, P., Birbir, Y., and Goebel, R.A. (2019). Elimination of antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae via combined application of direct electric current, alternating electric current and 2-thiocyanomethylthio benzothiazole. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 103(2), 85-90.
  • [33]Berber, D., Birbir, M., and Hacioglu, H. (2010). Efficacy assessment of bactericide containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride on bacteria found in soak liquor at different exposure times. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists' Association, 105(11), 354-359.
  • [34] Veyselova C, Birbir M, Berber D (2013). Minimal bactericidal concentration for a quaternary ammonium compound used in soak liquors. J Soc Leath Tech Ch 4(97): 166–171.
  • [35] Gulluce, M., Aslan, A., Sokmen, M., Sahin, F., Adiguzel, A., Agar, G, Sokmen, A. (2006). Screening the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina polymorpha and Umbilicaria nylanderiana. Phytomedicine 13 (7), 515-521.
  • [36] Rankovic, B., and Kosanic, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Lecanora atra, Lecanora muralis, Parmelia saxatilis, Parmelia sulcata and Parmeliopsis ambigua. Pak. J. Bot. 44:429-33.
  • [37] Çobanoğlu G., Sesal C., Gökmen B., and Çakar S. (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of some lichens. South Western Journal of Horticulture, 1(2): 153-158.
  • [38] Çobanoğlu G., Sesal C., Açıkgöz B., and Karaltı I. (2016). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Physcia aipolia, Xanthoria parietina, Usnea florida, Usnea subfloridana and Melanohalea exasperata. Modern Phytomorphology, 10: 21-26.
  • [39] Mitrović T., Stamenković S., Cvetković V., Tošıć S, Stanković M., Radojević I., Stefanović O., Čomić L, Dačić D., Ćurčić M., and Marković S. (2011). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12: 5428- 5448.
  • [40] Kıran, F., Yıldız, A., and Osmanağaoğlu, Ö. (2013). Determination of antimicrobial properties of some lichen samples. Türk Mikrobiyol. Cem. Derg. 43 (3):97-103. doi:10.5222/TMCD.2013.097
  • [41] Altuner, E.M., Ceter, T., Demirkapı, D., Ozkay, K., Hayal, U., and Eser, G. (2011). Investigation on antimicrobial effects of some lichen species collected from Kastamonu region. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C: Biology, 23 (1-2), 21-31.
  • [42] Cansaran-Duman, D., Cetin, D., Simsek, H., and Coplu, N. (2010). Antimicrobial activities of the lichens Hypogymnia vittata, Hypogymnia physodes and Hypogymnia tubulosa and HPLC analysis of their usnic acid content. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22 (8), 6125.
  • [43] Rankovic, B., Misic, M., and Sukdolak, S. (2007). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Lasallia pustulata, Parmelia sulcata, Umbilicaria crustulosa, and Umbilicaria cylindrica. Микробиология, 76 (6), 817-821.
  • [44] Candan, M., Yılmaz, M., Tay, T., Erdem, M., and Türk, A.Ö. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 62 (7-8), 619-621.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS

Year 2020, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 251 - 257, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.633056

Abstract

Abstract



It is well known that there are halophilic
or non-halophilic bacteria in salt, soak liquors, salted and soaked hides/skins
in high numbers in leather industry. These bacteria have several hydrolytic
enzymes which cause irreversible defects on finished leather product. However,
antimicrobial agents are utilized to control bacterial population in soaking
process, these agents have not sufficient efficacy due to inadequate
application of these agents or the presence of antimicrobial-resistant
bacterial strains in soak liquors. In this respect, alternative agents or
strategies may be helpful for controlling bacterial population. For this
purpose, ten isolates were obtained from different soak liquor samples and the
antibacterial effects of acetone extracts of Parmelia sulcata and Hypogymnia
tubulosa
lichen species were evaluated on these isolates. Colony
morphologies on agar plates, Gram staining, oxidase and catalase tests,
bacterial growth on several selective media of these isolates were
investigated.
They were Gram-positive,
rod-shaped and catalase positive. While bacterial growth was observed on
Manntiol Salt Agar, Baird Parker agar, 5% sheep blood agar in most isolates, no
growth was detected on Eosine-methylene blue agar and Cetrimide agar.
Additionally, a
ntibacterial activities for acetone
extracts of Parmelia sulcata and Hypogymnia tubulosa against these
isolates were tested at certain concentrations of
240, 120, 60 and 30 µg/ml. Hypogymnia tubulosa extracts were found to be more successful in
comparison to the extracts of Parmelia
sulcata
on tested isolates. T
hese tested lichen species can be used
to control the population of bacteria in the soaking process and also to
prevent potential defects on the skin that may be seen in subsequent tanning
processes due to the development of these bacteria.

References

  • [1] Dahl, S. (1956). Prevention of microbiological deterioration of leather. Leather Chem. Ass., 51, 103-117.
  • [2] Birbir, M. and Ilgaz, A. (1996). Isolation and identification of bacteria adversely affecting hide and leather quality. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 80, 147- 153.
  • [3] Birbir, M., Calli, B., Mertoglu, B., Elevi Bardavid, R., Oren, A., Ogmen, M.N. and Ogan, A. (2007). Extremely halophilic archaea from Tuz Lake, Turkey, and the adjacent Kaldirim and Kayacık Salterns. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23 309-316.
  • [4] Bailey, D.G. (2003). The preservation of hides and skins. The Jour¬nal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 98, 308- 319.
  • [5] Kallenberger, E.W. (1984). Halophilic bacteria in brine cu¬ring. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Associ¬ation, 79, 104-114.
  • [6] Bailey, D.G. and Birbir, M. (1996). The Impact of Halophilic Organisms on the Grain Quality of Brine Cured Hides. The Journal American Leather Chemists Association, 91 47-51.
  • [7] Caglayan, P., Birbir, M., Sánchez-Porro, C., and Ventosa, A. (2018). Detection of industrially potential enzymes of moderately halophilic bacteria on salted goat skins. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 43(3), 312-322.
  • [8] Haines, M.B. (1984). Quality rawstock. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 4, 164-173.
  • [9] Birbir, M. and Bailey, D.G. (2000). Controlling the growth of extremely halophilic bacteria on brine cured cattle hides. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 84 (5), 201-204.
  • [10] Bailey, D.G. & Birbir, M. (1993). A study of the extremely halophilic microorganisms found on commercially brine-cured cattle hides. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 88, 285-293.
  • [11]Toptaş A. (2004). Deri işlentisinde hata kaynakları, ReinLeader-Okkimya, Sade Ofset ve Matbaacılık, İstanbul, Türkiye, 65-71.
  • [12] Vivian, G.W. (1969). The preservation of hides and skins against bacterial damage. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 64 (10) 489-500.
  • [13] Weiss, E.F. and Thornton, R.L. (1984). Growth and control of microbiological activity during hide curing process, Buckman Laboratories Inc., 18.
  • [14] Birbir, Y., Uğur, G., and Birbir, M. (2008). Inactivation of bacterial population in hide-soak liquors via direct electric current. Journal of Electrostatics, 66 (7-8), 355-360.[15] Türkan, M.F., Aslan, A., Yapici, A.N., Yapici, B.M., and Bilgi, S.T. (2013). Assessment of antimicrobial activity of natural leathers treated with Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf extracts. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 23 (2), 176-180.
  • [16] Nash, III TH. 2008. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, pp.303.
  • [17] Molnár, K.and Farkas E. 2010. Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65 (3-4): 157-173. [18] Paudel, B., Bhattarai, H. D., Lee, J. S., Hong, S. G., Shin, H. W., and Yim, J. H. (2008). Antibacterial potential of Antarctic lichens against human pathogenic Gram‐positive bacteria. Phytotherapy research, 22(9), 1269-1271.
  • [19] Çobanoğlu, G., Sesal, C., Gökmen, B., and Çakar, S. (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of some lichens. South Western Journal of Horticulture, 1(2), 153-158.
  • [20] Ranković, B., Ranković, D., Kosanić, M., and Marić, D. (2010). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Anaptychya ciliaris, Nephroma parile, Ochrolechia tartarea and Parmelia centrifuga. Central European Journal of Biology, 5(5), 649-655.
  • [21] Sweidan, A., Chollet-Krugler, M., Sauvager, A., Van de Weghe, P., Chokr, A., Bonnaure-Mallet, M. and Bousarghin, L. (2017). Antibacterial activities of natural lichen compounds against Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Fitoterapia, 121, 164-169.
  • [22] Harley, J.P. and Prescott, L.M. (2002). Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, 5th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY, pp. 93–95, 117-120, 143–144, 161-163, 291–295.
  • [23] Birbir, M., Ogan, A., Calli, B. and Mertoğlu, B. (2004). Enzy¬matic characteristics of extremely halophilic archaeal com¬munity in Tuzkoy Salt Mine, Turkey. World Journal of Mic¬robiology and Biotechnology, 20, 613-621.
  • [24] Birbir, M. (1997). Investigation of salted-cured France and Russian hides for halophilic bacteria. Journal of Turkish Microbiological Society, 27, 68-73.
  • [25] Birbir, M., Kallenberger, W., Ilgaz, A. and Bailey, G. (1996). Halophilic bacteria isolated from brine cured cattle hides. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 80, 87-90.
  • [26] Berber, D. and Birbir, M. (2010). Examination of bacterial po¬pulations in salt, salted hides, soaked hides and soak liqu¬ors. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 105 (10), 320-326.
  • [27] Aslan, E., and Birbir, M. (2011). Examination of Gram posi¬tive bacteria on salt-pack cured hides. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 106 (12), 372-380.
  • [28] Aslan, E. and Birbir, M. (2012). Examination of Gram-Negative bacteria on salt-pack cured hides. The Journal of the Ameri¬can Leather Chemists Association, 4 (107), 106-115.
  • [29] Akpolat, C., Ventosa, A., Birbir, M., Sánchez-Porro, C. and Caglayan, P. (2015). Molecular identification of moderately halophilic bacteria and extremely halophilic archaea isolated from salted sheepskins containing red and yellow discoloratios, The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 110, 211-220.
  • [30] Caglayan, P., Birbir, M., Sanchez-Porro, C. and Ventosa, A. (2017). Screening of industrially important enzymes produced by moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from salted sheepskins of diverse origin. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 112 (6), 207-216.
  • [31] Ulusoy, K. and Birbir, M. (2015). Identification and metabolic activities of bacterial species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae on salted cattle hides and sheep skins. J Am Leather Chem As 110: 86–199.
  • [32] Birbir, M., Yazici, E., Caglayan, P., Birbir, Y., and Goebel, R.A. (2019). Elimination of antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae via combined application of direct electric current, alternating electric current and 2-thiocyanomethylthio benzothiazole. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 103(2), 85-90.
  • [33]Berber, D., Birbir, M., and Hacioglu, H. (2010). Efficacy assessment of bactericide containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride on bacteria found in soak liquor at different exposure times. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists' Association, 105(11), 354-359.
  • [34] Veyselova C, Birbir M, Berber D (2013). Minimal bactericidal concentration for a quaternary ammonium compound used in soak liquors. J Soc Leath Tech Ch 4(97): 166–171.
  • [35] Gulluce, M., Aslan, A., Sokmen, M., Sahin, F., Adiguzel, A., Agar, G, Sokmen, A. (2006). Screening the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina polymorpha and Umbilicaria nylanderiana. Phytomedicine 13 (7), 515-521.
  • [36] Rankovic, B., and Kosanic, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Lecanora atra, Lecanora muralis, Parmelia saxatilis, Parmelia sulcata and Parmeliopsis ambigua. Pak. J. Bot. 44:429-33.
  • [37] Çobanoğlu G., Sesal C., Gökmen B., and Çakar S. (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of some lichens. South Western Journal of Horticulture, 1(2): 153-158.
  • [38] Çobanoğlu G., Sesal C., Açıkgöz B., and Karaltı I. (2016). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Physcia aipolia, Xanthoria parietina, Usnea florida, Usnea subfloridana and Melanohalea exasperata. Modern Phytomorphology, 10: 21-26.
  • [39] Mitrović T., Stamenković S., Cvetković V., Tošıć S, Stanković M., Radojević I., Stefanović O., Čomić L, Dačić D., Ćurčić M., and Marković S. (2011). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12: 5428- 5448.
  • [40] Kıran, F., Yıldız, A., and Osmanağaoğlu, Ö. (2013). Determination of antimicrobial properties of some lichen samples. Türk Mikrobiyol. Cem. Derg. 43 (3):97-103. doi:10.5222/TMCD.2013.097
  • [41] Altuner, E.M., Ceter, T., Demirkapı, D., Ozkay, K., Hayal, U., and Eser, G. (2011). Investigation on antimicrobial effects of some lichen species collected from Kastamonu region. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C: Biology, 23 (1-2), 21-31.
  • [42] Cansaran-Duman, D., Cetin, D., Simsek, H., and Coplu, N. (2010). Antimicrobial activities of the lichens Hypogymnia vittata, Hypogymnia physodes and Hypogymnia tubulosa and HPLC analysis of their usnic acid content. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22 (8), 6125.
  • [43] Rankovic, B., Misic, M., and Sukdolak, S. (2007). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Lasallia pustulata, Parmelia sulcata, Umbilicaria crustulosa, and Umbilicaria cylindrica. Микробиология, 76 (6), 817-821.
  • [44] Candan, M., Yılmaz, M., Tay, T., Erdem, M., and Türk, A.Ö. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 62 (7-8), 619-621.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Didem Berber 0000-0001-5813-160X

Publication Date September 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Berber, D. (2020). ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 32(3), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.633056
AMA Berber D. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS. JEPS. September 2020;32(3):251-257. doi:10.7240/jeps.633056
Chicago Berber, Didem. “ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32, no. 3 (September 2020): 251-57. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.633056.
EndNote Berber D (September 1, 2020) ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32 3 251–257.
IEEE D. Berber, “ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS”, JEPS, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 251–257, 2020, doi: 10.7240/jeps.633056.
ISNAD Berber, Didem. “ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32/3 (September 2020), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.633056.
JAMA Berber D. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS. JEPS. 2020;32:251–257.
MLA Berber, Didem. “ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, vol. 32, no. 3, 2020, pp. 251-7, doi:10.7240/jeps.633056.
Vancouver Berber D. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PARMELIA SULCATA AND HYPOGYMNIA TUBULOSA ACETONE EXTRACTS AGAINST ISOLATES FROM SOAK LIQUORS. JEPS. 2020;32(3):251-7.