Kripto Para Merkezli Kara Para Aklama Senaryolarının Adli Bilişim Açısından İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 285 - 296, 30.09.2023

Düzgün Küçük , Emre Çakar , Ömer Faruk Yakut , Fatih Ertam

https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.1224416

Abstract

Dijitalleşen dünyanın getirdiği en büyük yeniliklerden biri şüphesiz merkeziyetçi olamayan, anonim ve karmaşık yapısı ile blok zincir teknolojisine bağlı kripto paranın icadıdır. Nispeten yeni olan bu teknoloji dünya üzerinde değiştirdiği ekonomik dengelerin yanı sıra ödeme sistemlerinde yaptığı devrim niteliğindeki değişiklik ve piyasadaki büyük fiyat hareketleri ile birlikte birçok insanın ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu ilginin yanı sıra diğer taraftan suç ve suç örgütlerinin de dikkatini kısa sürede çekerek zamanla suçtan elde edilen gelirlerin aklanması gibi yasa dışı oluşumların kullandığı bir araca dönüşmüştür. Bu yapı başlangıçta ulus devletleri düzeyinde bazı devletlerin tepkisine maruz kalmış olsa da diğer taraftan birçok devletin de desteğini arkasına almayı başarmıştır. Ancak blokzincir merkezli kara para aklama yöntemlerinin yaygınlaşması, devletlerin tamamı için yadsınamaz bir problem olmasına rağmen, bu durumun önüne geçmek için uluslararası işbirlikleri ve organizasyonlar tarafından kayda değer bir iş birliği sağlanamamıştır. Diğer taraftan kolluk kuvvetleri ve adli bilişim analistleri için bu durumu aydınlatmak ve bu yapılar ile mücadele etmek ulusal çıkarları korumak adına büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada; yapısı gereği iz sürmenin çok zor olduğu kripto para merkezli kara para aklama yöntemlerine geniş bir bakış açısı getirilerek, örnek senaryolar üzerinden kara para aklamayı tespit edecek bir yaklaşım sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca önerilen yaklaşımın uygulamadaki zorlukları açık bir şekilde ele alınarak daha sonra yapılacak çalışmalara ışık tutması ve ilham vermesi beklenmektedir.

Keywords

Bitcoin, kümeleme buluşsal yöntemleri, kripto para, blok zincir, adli bilişim, dijital kanıt, güvenlik önlemleri

Investigation of Cryptocurrency-Centered Money Laundering Scenarios in terms of Digital Forensics

Abstract

One of the biggest innovations brought by the digitalized world is undoubtedly the invention of crypto money, which is decentralized, anonymous and complex, and connected to blockchain technology. This relatively new technology has attracted the attention of many people with its revolutionary changes in payment systems and great price movements in the market, as well as the economic balances it has changed around the world. In addition to this interest, it also attracted the attention of crime and crime organizations in a short time, and over time it turned into a tool used by illegal organizations such as laundering the proceeds of crime. Although this structure was initially exposed to the reaction of some states at the level of nation states, on the other hand, it managed to get the support of many states. However, although the spread of blockchain-based money laundering methods is an undeniable problem for all states, a significant cooperation has not been achieved by international collaborations and organizations to prevent this situation. On the other hand, it is of great importance for law enforcement and forensic analysts to clarify this situation and to fight against these structures in order to protect national interests. In this study; In this study, an approach that will detect money laundering is tried to be presented through sample scenarios by bringing a broad perspective to crypto money-based money laundering methods, which are very difficult to trace due to their nature. In addition, it is expected that the difficulties in implementation of the proposed approach will be clearly addressed and will shed light and inspire further study.

Keywords

Bitcoin, kümeleme buluşsal yöntemleri, kripto para, blok zincir, adli bilişim, dijital kanıt, güvenlik önlemleri

References

• [1] M. Milutinović, “Cryptocurrency Tt - Крипто Валуте,” Ekonomika, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 105–122, (2018), doi: 10.5937/ekonomika1801105m.
• [2] Naqvi, Syed. “Challenges of Cryptocurrencies Forensics: A Case Study of Investigating, Evidencing and Prosecuting Organised Cybercriminals.” Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (2018), doi: 10.1145/3230833.3233290.
• [3] “Bitcoin open source implementation of P2P currency - P2P Foundation.” http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source (accessed May 30, 2022).
• [4] “Büyük Kripto Para Birimi Dolandırıcılığı.” https://www.forbes.com/sites/jayadkisson/2018/11/20/the-great-cryptocurrency-scam/?sh=4b68b2cf359f (accessed May 29, 2022).
• [5] ONS, “Overview of fraud and computer misuse statistics for England and Wales,” pp. 1–21, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/overviewoffraudandcomputermisusestatisticsforenglandandwales/2018-01-25.
• [6] E. Fletcher, C. Larkin, and S. Corbet, “Countering money laundering and terrorist financing: A case for bitcoin regulation,” Research in International Business and Finance, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387.
• [7] M. Freeman, “The sources of terrorist financing: Theory and typology,” Stud. Confl. Terror., 2011, doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2011.571193.
• [8] T. A. Hulme, “The ethical and legal aspects of blockchain technology and cryptoassets,” in Batten-Corbet-Lucey Handbooks in Alternative Investments, 2020, 10.1515/9783110660807-008.
• [9] M. Fröwis, T. Gottschalk, B. Haslhofer, C. Rückert, and P. Pesch, “Safeguarding the evidential value of forensic cryptocurrency investigations,” Forensic Sci. Int. Digit. Investig., vol. 33, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fsidi.2019.200902.
• [10] V. Veselý and M. Žádník, “How to detect cryptocurrency miners? By traffic forensics!,” Digit. Investig., 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.diin.2019.08.002.
• [11] M. Weber et al., “Anti-Money Laundering in Bitcoin: Experimenting with Graph Convolutional Networks for Financial Forensics,” Jul. 2019, doi: 10.48550/arxiv.1908.02591.
• [12] G. Tziakouris, “Cryptocurrencies - A forensic challenge or opportunity for law enforcement? An INTERPOL perspective,” IEEE Secur. Priv., 2018, doi: 10.1109/MSP.2018.3111243.
• [13] “Money laundering in Australia 2011 | AUSTRAC.” https://www.austrac.gov.au/business/how-comply-guidance-and-resources/guidance-resources/money-laundering-australia-2011 (accessed Jul. 04, 2022).
• [14] K. Singh and P. Best, “Anti-Money Laundering: Using data visualization to identify suspicious activity,” Int. J. Account. Inf. Syst., 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2019.06.001.
• [15] “Blockchain.com | Login.” https://login.bııockchaỉn.com/#/login?product=wallet (accessed Jul. 05, 2022).
• [16] M. Brewczyńska, “Financial Intelligence Units: Reflections on the applicable data protection legal framework,” Comput. Law Secur. Rev., 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105612.
• [17] “Kara Para Aklamayı Önleme (AML) Nedir? | Binance Academy.” https://academy.binance.com/tr/articles/what-is-anti-money-laundering-aml (accessed Jul. 05, 2022).
• [18] Bonneau, J., Narayanan, A., Miller, A., Clark, J., Kroll, J. A., & Felten, E. W., Mixcoin: Anonymity for Bitcoin with accountable mixes doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_31 (2014).
• [19] Wang, Z., Chaliasos, S., Qin, K., Zhou, L., Gao, L., Berrang, P., Livshits, B.; Gervais, A. (2023). On How Zero-Knowledge Proof Blockchain Mixers Improve, and Worsen User Privacy. Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023, 2022–2032. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583217
• [20] Wu, L., Hu, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., Luo, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, F., & Ren, K. (2021). Towards understanding and demystifying bitcoin mixing services. The Web Conference 2021 - World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2021, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3449880
• [21] UniJoin, Retrieved May 21, 2023, from https://unijoin.io/en/coinjoin/btc
• [22] Coinomize.biz - Start Mixing - Bitcoin Mixer | Bitcoin Blender. Retrieved May 21, 2023, from https://coinomize.biz/start-mixing
• [23] Bitcoin Mixer — YoMix.IO. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2023, from https://yomix.io/en/bitcoin-mixer-blender
• [24] Su Liu and Jian Wang. DMC: Decentralized Mixer with Channel for Transaction Privacy Protection on Ethereum; 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and NLP (MLNLP 2021). https://doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111412
• [25] Gupta S., Sadoghi M. (2021). Blockchain Transaction Processing. Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies, 366–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77525-8_333
• [26] “BlockCypher - Blockchain Web Hizmetleri.” https://www.blockcypher.com/ (accessed Jul. 13, 2022).
• [27] “Ethereum (ETH) Blok Zinciri Gezgini.” https://etherscan.io/ (accessed Jul. 13, 2022).
• [28] “Blockchain.com | Bitcoin, Ethereum ve daha fazlasını güvenle satın alın.” https://www.blockchain.com/ (accessed Jul. 13, 2022).
• [29] “Main Page - Maltego.” https://www.maltego.com/ (accessed May. 21, 2022).
• [30] Chung, Heewon, Kyoohyung Han, Chanyang Ju, Myungsun Kim, and Jae Hong Seo. "Bulletproofs+: Shorter Proofs for Privacy-Enhanced Distributed Ledger." Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2020/735, 2020. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3167806.
• [31] Blockchain Explorer - MoneroHash. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2023, from https://monerohash.com/explorer/tx/b1e814aed40bf79a2b652753edca346d15bae90ee4d363c25b9c0d915a82430f (accessed May. 21, 2022).
• [32] Hakkımızda - NakitCoins. Retrieved July 1, 2023, from https://nakitcoins.com/hakkimizda.
• [33] Exchange BTC - Bitcoin exchange network - FlyingAtom. Retrieved July 1, 2023, from https://flyingatom.com/en/exchange-bitcoin/.
• [34] Motsi-Omoijiade, I. D. (2018). Financial Intermediation in Cryptocurrency Markets – Regulation, Gaps and Bridges. Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 1: Cryptocurrency, FinTech, InsurTech, and Regulation, 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810441-5.00009-9