Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints

Reji Kurien Thomas

doi:10.30521/jes.1895217

Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints

Abstract

This study proposes a planning-stage techno-economic framework for sizing a standalone PV–wind–battery–diesel microgrid under simultaneous reliability and operational carbon-intensity constraints. Candidate system configurations defined by photovoltaic capacity, wind capacity, battery storage size, and diesel generator rating are evaluated using an hourly energy-balance simulation over a full annual cycle. Supply reliability is enforced through a loss-of-power-supply probability (LPSP) constraint of 1%, while environmental performance is controlled via a delivered-energy CO₂-intensity threshold of 0.25 kg CO₂/kWh. Renewable resource and load profiles were obtained from publicly available datasets to support transparency and reproducibility. System performance metrics included unmet load, renewable curtailment, battery utilization, diesel dispatch, fuel consumption, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Results showed that feasible configurations achieved LCOE values between 0.19 – 0.31 USD/kWh and operational CO₂ intensity between 0.14 – 0.29 kg CO₂/kWh. Increasing renewable penetration and battery storage reduced diesel energy contribution by 52 – 78%. The framework provides a transparent and reproducible screening approach for identifying technically feasible and economically viable hybrid microgrid configurations prior to detailed optimization.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

TOL Biotech, India (institutional support only; no external funding)

Ethical Statement

This study is based entirely on numerical modelling, simulation, and analysis of publicly available energy and environmental datasets. No human participants, animal subjects, or personal data were involved in the research. Therefore, ethical committee approval and informed consent were not required. The authors confirm that the work has been carried out in accordance with accepted scientific and ethical research standards, and that all data sources used are properly acknowledged and cited.

Thanks

Acknowledgements The author acknowledges the use of publicly available datasets and tools that supported the analysis presented in this study. No external institutional or technical assistance was received during the preparation of the manuscript.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Renewable Energy Resources

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Reji Kurien Thomas ^*
0009-0001-9411-5305
India

Early Pub Date

May 12, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

February 22, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1895217

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA29AJ22SY

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Thomas, R. K. (2026). Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints. Journal of Energy Systems, Advanced Online Publication, 97-110. https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1895217

AMA

1.Thomas RK. Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints. Journal of Energy Systems. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):97-110. doi:10.30521/jes.1895217

Chicago

Thomas, Reji Kurien. 2026. “Planning-Stage Sizing of a PV – Wind – Battery – Diesel Microgrid under Joint Reliability and Operational CO₂-Intensity Constraints”. Journal of Energy Systems, no. Advanced Online Publication: 97-110. https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1895217.

EndNote

Thomas RK (May 1, 2026) Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints. Journal of Energy Systems Advanced Online Publication 97–110.

IEEE

[1]R. K. Thomas, “Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints”, Journal of Energy Systems, no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 97–110, May 2026, doi: 10.30521/jes.1895217.

ISNAD

Thomas, Reji Kurien. “Planning-Stage Sizing of a PV – Wind – Battery – Diesel Microgrid under Joint Reliability and Operational CO₂-Intensity Constraints”. Journal of Energy Systems. Advanced Online Publication (May 1, 2026): 97-110. https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1895217.

JAMA

1.Thomas RK. Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints. Journal of Energy Systems. 2026;:97–110.

MLA

Thomas, Reji Kurien. “Planning-Stage Sizing of a PV – Wind – Battery – Diesel Microgrid under Joint Reliability and Operational CO₂-Intensity Constraints”. Journal of Energy Systems, no. Advanced Online Publication, May 2026, pp. 97-110, doi:10.30521/jes.1895217.

Vancouver

1.Reji Kurien Thomas. Planning-stage sizing of a PV – wind – battery – diesel microgrid under joint reliability and operational CO₂-intensity constraints. Journal of Energy Systems. 2026 May 1;(Advanced Online Publication):97-110. doi:10.30521/jes.1895217