ELEMENTS, PESTICIDES AND IONS POLLUTANTS IN EGİRDİR LAKE IN TURKEY: DETERMINATION AND METHOD VALIDATION

Abstract

In this study, the concentrations of elements, ions and pesticides were determined in the samples collected from the Isparta/Egirdir Lake. Firstly, it was validated an analytical method for determination of chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, methidathion, cyprodinil and pyridaben pesticide residues (total 322 pesticides), ions (total 12 anions/cations) and elements (total 17 elements) in samples. The validation parameters such as linearity, the limit of detection and quantification, selectivity, recovery (%) of the method were determined. The amounts of metal were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, strontium, vanadium and zinc were determined in different concentrations, but silver, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, thallium and antimony amounts were not determined. The concentrations of ions were assigned by the ion chromatography (IC). According to the results of these experiments the quantities of lithium, nitrate and phosphate ipns were below the limit of detections in samples. Determination of the pesticides in the same samples was performed on the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The obtained results were discussed.

Keywords

• Egirdir Lake
• Heavy metals
• Ions
• Pesticides
• Method validation

Thanks

The authors wish to thank the Akdeniz University, Food Security and Agricultural Research Center for the help in analysis.

TÜRKİYE EGİRDİR GÖLÜ'NDEKİ ELEMENTLER, PESTİSİTLER VE İYONLAR KİRLETİCİLER:TAYİNİ VE METOT VALİDASYONU

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Isparta/Eğirdir Gölü'nden alınan örneklerinde belirlenen element, iyon ve pestisit konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. İlk olarak, numunelerdeki klorpirifos, asetamiprid, methidathion, cyprodinil ve pyridaben pestisit kalıntıları (toplam 322 pestisit), iyonlar (toplam 12 anyon/katyon) ve elementlerin (toplam 17 element) tayini için analitik bir yöntem valide edilmiştir. Doğrusallık, tespit ve niceleme sınırı, seçicilik, geri kazanım (%) gibi çalışmanın validasyon parametreleri belirlendi. Metal miktarları, indüktif olarak eşleştirilmiş plazma kütle spektrometrisi (ICP-MS) ile tayin edildi. Arsenik, baryum, krom, bakır, demir, mangan, nikel, kurşun, stronsiyum, vanadyum ve çinko farklı konsantrasyonlarda belirlenmiş, ancak gümüş, berilyum, kadmiyum, kobalt, talyum ve antimon miktarları belirlenlenememiştir. İyon konsantrasyonları, iyon kromatografisi (IC) ile tayin edildi. Bu deneylerin sonuçlarına göre lityum, nitrat ve fosfat iyonlarının miktarları numunelerde tespit sınırının altındaydı. Aynı numunelerdeki pestisitlerin tayini, sıvı kromatografi-tandem kütle spektrometrisi’nde (LC-MS/MS) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar tartışıldı.

Keywords

• Eğirdir Gölü
• Ağır metaller
• İyonlar
• Pestisitler
• Metot validasyonu

References

1. Aceña, J., Stampachiacchiere, S., Pérez, S., Barceló, D., 2015. Advances in liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative and qualitative environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem, 407, 6289–6299.
2. Akinsete, E., Apostolaki, S., Chatzistamoulou, N., Koundouri, P., 2019. The link between ecosystem services and human wellbeing in the implementation of the European water framework directive: Assessing four river basins in Europe. Water, 11(3), 508.
3. Altenburger, R., Brack, W., Burgess, R.M., Busch, W., Escher, B.I., Focks, A., Hewitt, L.M., Bo-Jacobsen, N., Lopez de Alda, M., Ait-Aissa, S., Backhaus, T., Ginebreda, A., Hilscherova, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Neale, P.A., Schulze, T., Schymanski, E.L., Teodorovic, I., Tindall, A.J., De Aragao Umbuzeiro, G., Vrana, B., Zonja, B., Kraus, M., 2019. Future water quality monitoring: improving the balance between exposure and toxicity assessments of real-world pollutant mixtures. Environmental Science Europen, 31(1), 1-17.
4. Andrade-Eiroa, A., Canle, M., Leroy-Cancellieri, V., Cerdà, V., 2016. Solid-phase extraction of organic compounds: a critical review (part I). TrAC Trends Analytical Chemistry, 80, 641–654.
5. Bade, R., Causanilles, A., Emke, E., Bijlsma, L., Sancho, J.V., Hernandez, F., de Voogt, P., 2016. Facilitating high resolution mass spectrometry data processing for screening of environmental water samples: an evaluation of two deconvolution tools. Science Total Environmental, 569–570, 434–441.
6. Berberler, E., Gemici, B.T., Ucun-Ozel, H., Demir, D., Karakas, D., 2022. Source identification of water-insoluble single particulate matters in rain sequences. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13, 101499.
7. Carvalho, L., Mackay, E.B., Cardoso, A.C., Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Birk, S., Blackstock, K.L., Borics, G., Borja, A., Feld, C.K., Ferreira, M.T., Globeynik, L., Grizetti, B., Hendry, S., Hering, D., Kelly, M., Langaas, S., Meissner, K., Panagopoulos, Y., Penning, E., Rouillard, J., Sabater, S., Schmedtje, U., Spears, B.M., Venohr, M., Van de Bund, W., Solheim, A.L., 2019. Protecting and restoring Europe's waters: An analysis of the future development needs of the Water Framework Directive. Science Total Environmental, 658, 1228-1238.
8. Ccanccapa-Cartagena, A., Pico, Y., Ortiz, X., & Reiner, E.J. 2019. Suspect, non-target and target screening of emerging pollutants using data independent acquisition: Assessment of a Mediterranean River basin. Science Total Environmental, 687, 355-368.

9. Cengiz, M.F., Kilic, S., Yalcin, F., Kilic, M., Yalcin, M.G., 2017. Evaluation of heavy metal risk potential in Bogacayi River water (Antalya, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 189(6), 248.
10. Christophoridis, C., Evgenakis, E., Bourliva, A., Papadopoulou, L., Fytianos, K., 2020. Concentration, fractionation, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals and phosphorus in surface sediments from lakes in N. Greece. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 42(9), 2747-2769.
11. Chowdhury, S., Mazumder, M.A.J., Al-Attas, O., Husain, T., 2016. Heavy metals in drinking water: occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Science Total Environmental, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.166
12. Dickens, C., Smakhtin, V., Mccartney, M., O’Brien, G.C., Dahir, L., 2019. Defining and quantifying national-level targets, indicators and benchmarks for management of natural resources to achieve the sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 11(2), 462.
13. Eurachem, 2014. The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods: A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics. Uppsala, Sweden, 75.
14. Faraji, M., Yamini, Y., Gholami, M., 2019. Recent Advances and Trends in Applications of Solid-phase Extraction Techniques in Food and Environmental Analysis. Chromatographia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-019- 03726-9.
15. Hashemi, B., Zohrabi, P., Shamsipur, M., 2018. Recent developments and applications of different sorbents for SPE and SPME from biological samples. Talanta, 187, 337–347.
16. Hussain, M.I., Muscolo, A., Farooq, M., Ahmad, W., 2019. Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments. Econpapers, 221, 462-476.
17. Kayembe, J.M., Bokwokwo, M.I., Sivalingam, P., Ngelinkoto, P., Otamonga, J.P., Mulaji, C.K., Mubedi, J.I., Pote, J., 2020. Effect of untreated urban effluents on the accumulation of toxic metals in river sediments under tropical conditions: Funa River, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Water and Environmental, 34(2), 180-188.
18. Kümmerer, K., Dionysiou, D.D., Olsson, O., Fatta-Kassinos, D., 2019. Reducing aquatic micropollutants–Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. Leuphana, 652, 836-850.
19. Laskowski, S.R., 2007. Information, Participation and Public Control in Water Management & Water Infrastructure Development: the European and German Perspective, in Urban Water Management for Future Cities. 2019, Springer. pp. 391-402.
20. Lehotay, S.J., 2007. Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioninig with magnesium sulfate: collaborative study. Jornal of AOAC International, 90, 485-520.
21. Lenntech, 2018. https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cr.htm#ixzz5QOPz41ym
22. Li, Y., Chen, W., Chen, J., Oai, X., Jones, K.C., Zhang, H., 2019. Development of a passive sampling technique for measuring pesticides in waters and soils. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 67(22), 6397-6406.
23. Merga, L.B., Mengistie, A.A., Fabe, J.H., Van den Brink, P., 2020. Trends in chemical pollution and ecological status of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia: a review focussing on nutrients, metals and pesticides. Afr J Aquat Sci, 45(4), 1-15.
24. Madikizela, L.M., Ncube, S., Chimuka, L., 2019. Recent developments in selective materials for solid phase extraction. Chromatographia, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018- 3644-8.
25. Moustaka-Gouni, M., Sommer, U., Economou-Amilli, A., Arhonditsis, G.B., Katsiapi, M., Papastergiadou, E., Kormas, K.A., Varsaka, E., Karayanni, H., Papadimitriou, T., 2019. Implementation of the Water Framework Directive: Lessons learned and future perspectives for an ecologically meaningful classification based on phytoplankton of the status of Greek lakes, Mediterranean region. Environmental Manage, 64(6), 675-688.
26. Ondoo, K., Kiptoo, J.K., Anam, O., Shivaji, S.M., 2019. Assessment of Anions and Heavy Metals in Sediments from River Sio, Busia County, Kenya. Chemistry Science International of Journal, 1-18.
27. Pastorino, P., Prearo, M., Bertoli, M., Abete, M.C., Dondo, A., Salvi, G., Zaccaroni, A., Elia, A.C., Pizzul, E., 2020. Accumulation of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in sediment, chironomids and fish from a high-mountain lake: First insights from the Carnic Alps. Science Total Environmental, 10,729, 139007.
28. Rowden, A.A., Stephenson, F., Clark, M., Anderson, O.F., Guinotte, J.M., Baird, S.J., Roux, M.J., Wadhwa, S., Cryer, M., Lundquist, C.J., 2019. Examining the utility of a decision-support tool to develop spatial management options for the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas around New Zealand. Ocean and Coastal Manage, 170, 1-16.
29. Ruiz‐Gil, L., Romero-Gonzalez, R., Frenich, A.G., Vidal, J.L.M., 2008. Determination of pesticides in water samples by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Seperation Science, 31(1), 151-161.
30. Satapathy, S., Panda, C.R., Jena, B.S., 2019. Risk-based prediction of metal toxicity in sediment and impact on human health due to consumption of seafood (Saccostrea cucullata) found in two highly industrialised coastal estuarine regions of Eastern India: a food safety issue. Environmental Geochemistery Health, 41(5), 1967-1985.
31. Sheikh, J.A., Jeelani, G., Gavali, R.S., Shah, R.A., 2014. Weathering and anthropogenic influences on the water and sediment chemistry of Wular Lake, Kashmir Himalaya. Environmental Earth Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2661-z. Sibal, L.N., Espino, M.P.B., 2018. Heavy metals in lake water: a review on occurrence and analytical determination. International of Journal Environmental Analaytical Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03067319.2018.1481212
32. Şehnaz, Ş., Şener, E., Davraz, A., Varol, S., 2020. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigation in the Burdur Saline Lake Basin, southwest Turkey.Chemie Der erde-Geochemistry, 80, 1-14.
33. TS EN ISO 10304-1/ Ocak 2010 Ion chromatograpy method
34. TS EN ISO 14911 /Nisan 2000 Ion chromatograpy method
35. Tokalıoğlu, Ş., Kartal, Ş., 2002. Chemometrical interpretation of lake waters after their chemical analysis by using AAS, flame photometry and titrimetric techniques. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 82(5), 291-305.
36. Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Su, Y., Du, Y., Liu, Z., 2019. Long-term changes of water quality in aquaculture-dominated lakes as revealed by sediment geochemical records in Lake Taibai (Eastern China). Chemosphere, 235, 297-307.
37. Zhou, Q., Yang, N., Li, Y., Ren, B., Ding, X., Bian, H., Yao, X., 2020. Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017. Global Ecology Conservation, 22, e00925.