FRP KOMPOZİT MALZEMELER İLE GÜÇLENDİRİLMİŞ BETONARME ÇERÇEVELERİN PERFORMANSA DAYALI SİSMİK RETROFİT TASARIMI

Abstract

Fiber takviyeli polimer (FRP) kompozit malzemelerin, betonarme (RC) elemanların sismik olarak güçlendirilmesi, sismik açıdan yetersiz sistemlerin onarılması ve güçlendirilmesi amacıyla kullanımı köklü bir teknik haline gelmiştir. FRP ile güçlendirilen betonarme elemanların davranışının modellenmesi ve performansa dayalı analiz ve tasarım kavramlarının uygulanması konusunda son yıllarda önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmesine rağmen, güçlendirilmiş çerçevelerin genel sismik davranışını araştıran çalışmalar hala sınırlıdır. Bu makale, betonarme çerçeveler için performansa dayalı FRP güçlendirme tasarımına yönelik bir metodoloji sunmakta ve farklı güçlendirme konfigürasyonlarına sahip iki boyutlu çerçeve modelleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilen sayısal çalışmalar aracılığıyla bunun analitik bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, kare veya dikdörtgen kolonlu çerçeve sistemlerin eğilme kapasitesini arttırmak amacıyla kirişlerin, ilave sargılama ve süneklik için ise kolonların sarılması şeklinde FRP ile güçlendirilmesi ele alınmıştır. Çerçevelerin güçlendirme öncesi ve sonrası doğrusal olmayan itme analizleri, literatürde önerilen çeşitli çelik sargılı ve FRP sargılı beton modellerinin kullanımına dayalı moment-eğrilik analizlerinden belirlenen doğrusal olmayan mafsal parametreleri kullanılarak karşılaştırmalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları ışığında her bir güçlendirme konfigürasyonunun çerçevelerin sismik davranışına ve performansına katkısı ortaya konularak FRP ile güçlendirme kararlarına kılavuzluk yapacak çeşitli tasarım hususları öne çıkarılmıştır.

Keywords

• FRP Güçlendirme
• İtme Analizi
• Deprem Performansı
• Betonarme Çerçeveler
• Sargılama

PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC RETROFIT DESIGN FOR RC FRAMES USING FRP COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Abstract

Seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC) members using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials has become a well-established technique for repairing and strengthening seismically deficient systems. Although there has been significant progress on behavioral modeling of FRP retrofitted RC members as well as on implementation of performance-based analysis and design concepts, the studies investigating the overall seismic behavior of the retrofitted frames are still limited. This paper presents a methodology for performance-based FRP retrofit design for RC frames and provides an analytical investigation of this through numerical studies performed on 2-D frame models with different retrofit configurations. More specifically, frame systems with square or rectangular columns were assumed to be retrofitted through FRP strengthening of beams for improved flexural capacity and/or wrapping of columns for additional confinement and resulting ductility. Nonlinear pushover analyses of frames before and after retrofitting were performed using nonlinear hinge parameters determined from moment-curvature analyses based on comparative use of various steel- and FRP-confined concrete models proposed in the literature. Analysis results reveal the expected contribution of each retrofit configuration to the seismic behavior and performance of the frames, highlighting various design considerations for proper FRP retrofit decisions.

Keywords

• FRP Retrofitting
• Pushover Analysis
• Seismic Performance
• RC Frames
• Confinement

References

1. Akguzel, U. and Pampanin, S., 2012. Assessment and design procedure for the seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using FRP composite materials. Journal of Composites for Construction, 16(1), pp. 21–34. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000242.
2. Alhaddad, M., Siddiqui, N., Abadel, A., Alsayed, S. and Al-Salloum, Y., 2012. Numerical investigations on the seismic behavior of FRP and TRM upgraded rc exterior beam-column joints. Journal of Composites for Construction, 16(3), pp. 308–321.
3. Al-Salloum, Y. and Almusallam, T., 2007. Seismic response of interior RC beam-column joints upgraded with FRP sheets. I: Experimental study. Journal of Composites for Construction, 11(6), pp. 575–589. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:6(575).
4. Alsayed, S.H., Al-Salloum, Y.A., Almusallam, T.H., and Siddiqui, N.A., 2010. Seismic response of FRP-upgraded exterior RC beam-column joints. Journal of Composites for Construction, 14(2), pp. 195–208. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000067.
5. Antonopoulos, C. and Triantafillou, T., 2003. Experimental investigation of FRP-strengthened RC beam-column joints. Journal of Composites for Construction, 7(1), pp. 39–49. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:1(39).
6. ASCE, 2007. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, ASCE/SEI Standard 41/06. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
7. ATC, 1996. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, ATC-40. California: Applied Technology Council.
8. ATC, 2001. Evaluation and Improvement of Inelastic Seismic Analysis Procedures, ATC-55. California: Applied Technology Council.

9. Balsamo, A., Colombo, A., Manfredi, G., Negro, P. and Prota, A., 2005. Seismic Behavior of a Full-Scale RC Frame Repaired using CFRP Laminates. Engineering Structures, 27, pp. 769-780.
10. Binici, B. and Mosalam, K. M., 2007. Analysis of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with fiber reinforced polymer lamina. Composites Part B: Engineering, 38(2), pp. 265–276.
11. Bournas, D.A., Lontou, P.V., Papanicolaou, C.G., and Triantafillou, T.C., 2007. Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP confinement in reinforced concrete columns. ACI Structural Journal, 104(6), pp. 740–748.
12. Bousias, S., Spathis, A.-L., and Fardis, M.N., 2007. Seismic retrofitting of columns with lap spliced smooth bars through FRP or concrete jackets. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 11(5), pp. 653–674. doi:10.1080/13632460601125714.
13. Bousselham, A., 2010. State of Research on Seismic Retrofit of RC Beam-Column Joints with Externally Bonded FRP. Journal of Composites for Construction, 14(1), pp. 49-61.
14. Buyukozturk, O., Hearing, B. and Gunes, O., 1999. FRP Strengthening and Repair: Where do we go from here? In: M. C. Forde, ed. Structural Faults and Repair 99. London, UK.
15. Cao, V. V. and Pham, S. Q., 2020. Damage-based seismic retrofitting approach for nonductile reinforced concrete structures using FRP composite wraps. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020, pp. 1-21.
16. Choi, S. W., Kim, Y. and Park, H. S., 2014. Multi-objective seismic retrofit method for using FRP jackets in shear-critical reinforced concrete frames. Composites Part B: Engineering, 56, pp. 207-216.
17. Colomb, F., Tobbi, H., Ferrier, E. and Hamelin, P., 2008. Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Short Columns by CFRP Materials. Composite Structures, 82, pp. 475-487.
18. CSI, 2020. SAP2000 Integrated software for structural analysis and design. Berkeley: Computers and Structures Inc.
19. D’Ayala, D., Penford, A., and Valentini, S., 2003. Use of FRP fabric for strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair. Edinburgh, UK: Engineering Technics Press.
20. Danraka, M.N., Mahmod, H.M., and Oluwatosin, O.J., 2017. Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using FRP technique: a review. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 7(6), pp. 13199–13213.
21. De Luca, A., Nardone, F., Matta, F., Nanni, A., Lignola, G. P. and Prota, A., 2011. Structural evaluation of full-scale FRP-confined reinforced concrete columns. Journal of Composites for Construction, 15(1), pp. 112-123.
22. del Rey Castillo, E., Griffith, M. and Ingham, J., 2018. Seismic behavior of RC columns flexurally strengthened with FRP sheets and FRP anchors. Composite Structures, 203, pp. 382-395.
23. Del Vecchio, C., Di Ludovico, M., Balsamo, A., Prota, A., Manfredi, G., and Dolce, M., 2014. Experimental investigation of exterior RC beam-column joints retrofitted with FRP Systems. Journal of Composites for Construction, 18(4), 04014002. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000459.
24. Del Vecchio, C., Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G., 2016. Modelling beam-column joints and FRP strengthening in the seismic performance assessment of RC existing frames. Composite Structures, 142, pp. 107-116.
25. Di Ludovico, M., Manfredi, G., Mola, E., Negro, P. and Prota, A., 2008a. Seismic Behavior of a Full-Scale RC Structure Retrofitted using GFRP Laminates. Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(5), pp. 810-821.
26. Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A., Manfredi, G. and Cosenza, E., 2008b. Seismic Strengthening of an Under-Designed RC Structure with FRP. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 37, pp. 141-162.
27. Durgadevi, S., Karthikeyan, S., Lavanya, N., and Kavitha, C., 2021. A review on retrofitting of reinforced concrete elements using FRP panel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45(Part 2), pp. 1050–1054.
28. El-Amoury, T. and Ghobarah, A., 2002. Seismic rehabilitation of beam-column joint using GFRP sheets. Engineering Structures, 24(11), pp. 1397–1407. doi:10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00081-0.
29. Engindeniz, M., Kahn, L.F., and Zureick, A.H., 2008. Performance of an RC corner beam-column joint severely damaged under bidirectional loading and rehabilitated with FRP composites. In: Seismic strengthening of concrete buildings using FRP composites. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, pp. 19–36.
30. FEMA, 1997. NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofit of Buildings, FEMA-273. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
31. FEMA, 2000. Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, FEMA-356. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
32. FEMA, 2005. Improvements of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures, FEMA-440. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
33. Ferreira, D.R.S.M. and Barros, J.A.O., 2006. CFRP-Based confinement strategies for RC columns-experimental and analytical research (April). Available at: http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/5986.
34. Fossetti, M., Basone, F., D’Arenzo, G., Macaluso, G. and Siciliano, A. F., 2018. FRP-confined concrete columns: a new procedure for evaluating the performance of square and circular sections. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018, Article ID 2543850, 15 pp.
35. Fu, B., Teng, J. G., Chen, G. M., Chen, J. F. and Guo, Y. C., 2018. Effect of load distribution on IC debonding in FRP-strengthened RC beams: Full-scale experiments. Composite Structures, 188, pp. 483-496.
36. Fyfe, 2008. Available at: http://www.fyfeco.com/products/compositesystems.html.
37. Galal, K. and El-Sokkary, H., 2008. Analytical Evaluation of Seismic Performance of RC Frames Rehabilitated using FRP for Increased Ductility of Members. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 22(5), pp. 276-288.
38. Garcia, R., Hajirasouliha, I. and Pilakoutas, K., 2010. Seismic Behavior of Deficient RC Frames Strengthened with CFRP Composites. Engineering Structures, 32, pp. 3075-3085.
39. Garcia, R., Jemaa, Y., Helal, Y., Guadagnini, M., and Pilakoutas, K., 2014. Seismic strengthening of severely damaged beam-column RC joints using CFRP. Journal of Composites for Construction, 18(2), 04013048. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000448.
40. Ghosh, A., Ray, C. and Biswas, D., 2024. Seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete structures using fibre reinforced polymer. In: Singh, S.B. and Murty, C.V.R. (eds.) RC structures strengthened with FRP for earthquake resistance. Composites Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0102-5_7
41. Gunes, O., 2004. A Fracture Based Approach to Understanding Debonding in FRP Bonded Structural Members. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
42. Hasan, Q.F., Tekeli, H., and Demir, F., 2016. NSM Rebar and CFRP laminate strengthening for RC columns subjected to cyclic loading. Construction and Building Materials, 119, pp. 21–30. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.120.
43. Hognestad, E., 1951. A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members. University of Illinois Engineering Experimental Station, Bulletin Series No: 399, 128 pp.
44. Kadhim, A. M., Numan, H. A. and Özakça, M., 2019. Flexural strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beam using BFRP composites: finite element approach. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, Article ID 4981750, 17 pp.
45. Lam, L. and Teng, J. G., 2003. Design-Oriented Stress-Strain Model for FRP-Confined Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 17, pp. 471-489.
46. Le-Trung, K., Lee, K., Lee, J., Lee, D.H., and Woo, S., 2010. Experimental study of RC beam-column joints strengthened using CFRP composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 41(1), pp. 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.06.005.
47. Li, L. J., Guo, Y. C., Liu, F. and Bungey, J. H., 2006. An experimental and numerical study of the effect of thickness and length of CFRP on performance of repaired reinforced concrete beams. Construction and Building Materials, 20(10), pp. 901–909.
48. Maalej, M., Tanwongsval, S. and Paramasivam, P., 2003. Modeling of Rectangular RC Columns Strengthened with FRP. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25, pp. 263-276.
49. Mahini, S. S. and Ronagh, H. R., 2010. Strength and ductility of FRP web-bonded RC beams for the assessment of retrofitted beam–column joints. Composite Structures, 92(6), pp. 1325–1332.
50. Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N. and Park, R., 1988. Theoretical Stress–strain Model for Confined Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 114(8), pp. 1804–1826.
51. MathWorks Inc., 2022. MATLAB version: 9.13.0, R2022b. Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc.
52. Motavalli, M. and Czaderski, C., 2007. FRP Composites for Retrofitting of Existing Civil Structures in Europe: State-of-the-Art Review. Composites and Polycon 2007, Oct. 17-19, 2007, Tampa, FL.
53. Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D. and Dolan, C. W., 2005. Design of Concrete Structures. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
54. Pampanin, S., Bolognini, D., and Pavese, A., 2007. Performance-based seismic retrofit strategy for existing reinforced concrete frame systems using fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 11(2), 211–226.
55. Park, R., Priestley, M. J. N. and Gill, W. D., 1982. Ductility of Square-confined Concrete Columns. Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, 108(4), 929-950.
56. Pendhari, S.S., Kant, T. and Desai, Y.M., 2008. Application of Polymer Composites in Civil Construction: A General Review. Composite Structures, 84, 114-124.
57. Pham, H. and Al-Mahaidi, R., 2004. Experimental investigation into flexural retrofitting of reinforced concrete bridge beams using FRP composites. Composite Structures, 66(1–4), pp. 617–625.
58. Pohoryles, D.A., Melo, J., Rossetto, T., Varum, H., and Bisby, L., 2019. Seismic retrofit schemes with FRP for deficient RC beam-column joints: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23(4), 03119001. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000950.
59. Polies, W., Ghrib, F. and Sennah, K., 2010. Rehabilitation of Interior Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Connections using FRP Sheets. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 1272-1285.
60. Prakash, V., Powell, G.H. and Campbell, S., 1994. Drain-3DX: Base Program Description and User Guide. SEEM Report 94/07, University of California Berkeley.
61. Priestley, M.J. N., Seible, F. and Calvi, G. M., 1996. Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
62. Promis, G., Ferrier, E., and Hamelin, P., 2009. Effect of external FRP retrofitting on reinforced concrete short columns for seismic strengthening. Composite Structures, 88(3), 367–379.
63. Prota, A., Nanni, A., Manfredi, G., and Cosenza, E., 2004. Selective upgrade of underdesigned reinforced concrete beam-column joints using carbon fiber-reinforced polymers. ACI Structural Journal, 101(5), pp. 699–707. doi:10.14359/13392.
64. Rougier, V. C. and Luccioni, B. M., 2007. Numerical assessment of FRP retrofitting systems for reinforced concrete elements. Engineering Structures, 29(8), 1664–1675.
65. Saatcioglu, M. and Razvi, S., 1992. Strength and Ductility of Confined Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 118(6), 1590-607.
66. Saqan, E. I., Rasheed, H. A., and Alkhrdaji, T., 2018. Evaluation of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames strengthened with CFRP fabric and NSM bars. Composite Structures, 184, 839-847.
67. Sheikh, S.A. and Li, Y., 2007. Design of FRP confinement for square concrete columns. Engineering Structures, 29(6), pp. 1074–1083. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.07.016.
68. Shin, J., Scott, D. W., Stewart, L. K., Yang, C. S., Wright, T. R., and DesRoches, R., 2016. Dynamic response of a full-scale reinforced concrete building frame retrofitted with FRP column jackets. Engineering Structures, 125, 244-253.
69. Shiohara, H., Kusuhara, F., Tajiri, S., and Fukuyama, H., 2009. Seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete beam-column joints with CFRP composites. In: Improving the seismic performance of existing buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE, pp. 1449–1459.
70. Teng, J.G., Chen, J.F., Smith S.T. and Lam. L., 2003. Behaviour and Strength of FRP-Strengthened RC Structures: A State-of-the-art Review. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, 156(1), 51-62.
71. Triantafillou, T.C., 2001. Seismic retrofitting of structures with fibre-reinforced polymers. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 3(1), pp. 57–65.
72. Tumer, R., 2006. Seismic Retrofit of RC Frame Buildings Using FRP Composite Materials. MSc. Thesis, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA.
73. Wight, J. K. and MacGregor, J. G., 2009. Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, 5th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ.
74. Yu, J., Shang, X., and Lu, Z., 2016. Efficiency of externally bonded L-shaped FRP laminates in strengthening reinforced-concrete interior beam-column joints. Journal of Composites for Construction, 20(3), 04015064. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000622.
75. Zou, X.K., Teng, J.G., De Lorenzis, L. and Xia, S.H., 2007. Optimal Performance-Based Design of FRP Jackets for Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Frames. Composites: Part B, 38, 584-597.