BANDIRMA VE ERDEK İLÇELERİNDE (BALIKESİR-TÜRKİYE) KAYMA DALGASI HIZI İLE STANDART PENETRASYON DENEYİ SONUÇLARI ARASINDAKİ AMPİRİK BAĞINTILARIN BELİRLENMESİ
Year 2026,
Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 89 - 108, 20.03.2026
Hatice Kübra Erdönmez
,
Elçin Gök
,
Yusuf Erzin
Abstract
Kayma dalgası hızı (Vs30), jeofizik araştırmalar, zemin sınıflandırmaları ve sismik mikrobölgeleme çalışmaları açısından kritik bir parametredir. Bu çalışma, MASW (Çok Kanallı Yüzey Dalgası Analizi) yöntemi verilerine dayalı olarak elde edilen kayma dalgası hızı (Vs30) ile Standart Penetrasyon Testi darbe sayısı (SPT-N) arasındaki ampirik ilişkilerin belirlenmesini amaçlamıştır. Araştırmada kum, kil ve tüm zemin türleri için ayrı korelasyonlar geliştirilmiş ve orta düzeyde determinasyon katsayıları (R²: 0.596–0.675) elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, oluşturulan korelasyonların güvenilir ve uygulanabilir olduğunu göstermektedir. SPT-N ile kayma dalgası hızı arasındaki ilişkiler, doğrudan ölçüm yapılamayan bölgelerde kayma dalgası hızının tahmin edilmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Özellikle kentleşmiş alanlarda bu tahminler, mühendislik ve geoteknik uygulamalarda karar verme süreçlerini destekleyerek zemin davranışının anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Vs30 ve SPT-N arasındaki ampirik bağıntıların pratik uygulamalarda kullanılabilirliğini ortaya koymaktadır.
References
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Akçay, A., Kadir, S., Güngör, Y., 2008. Kapıdağ Yarımadası ve çevresinin jeolojisi (MTA Rapor No: 15). Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
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Armijo, R., Pondard, N., Meyer, B., Ucarkus, G., Mercier de Lépinay, B., Malavieille, J., Dominguez, S., Gustcher, M. A., Schmidt, S., Beck, C., Cagatay, N., Cakir, Z., Imren, C., Eris, K., Natalin, B., Ozalaybey, S., Tolun, L., Lefèvre, I., Seeber, L., Gasperini, L., Rangin, C., Emre, O., Sarikavak, K., (2005). Submarine Fault Scarps in the Sea of Marmara Pull-Apart (North Anatolian Fault): Implications for Seismic Hazard in Istanbul. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, Q06009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000896.
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ASTM., 2011. ASTM D1586-11: Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils. ASTM International.
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Bard, P.-Y. and Bouchon, M., 1985, The two-dimensional resonance of sediment-filled valleys, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 75, 519-541.
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Barka, A. A., 1992. The North Anatolian Fault Zone. Annales Tectonicae, 6 (Special Issue), 164–195.
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Barka, A., Akyüz, H. S., Altunel, E., Sunal, G., & Çakır, Z., 2002. The surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake (Mw 7.4), North Anatolian Fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(1), 43–60.
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Budhu, M., 2004. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (Metric ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-73138-2.
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BSSC., 2003. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 450). Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences.
Canıtez, N., & Üçer, S. B. 1967. Computer determinations for the fault-plane solutions in and near Anatolia. Tectonophysics, 4(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(67)90032-7.
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Cürebal, İ.,1999. Coastal Use and Planning between Gönen Stream (Tahirova) and Edincik (Balıkesir) (Unpublished Master's Thesis), Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
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Dikmen, Ü., 2009. Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 6(1), 61–72.
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Durbin, J. & Watson, G. S. (1950). Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression—I. Biometrika, 37(3-4), 409–428.
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Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., & Aktuğ, B., 2013. Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası. Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, 1–9.
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Herece, E., 1990. The Fault Trace of 1953 Yenice-Gönen Earthquake and the Westernmost Known Extension of the NAF System in the Biga Peninsula. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 111(111), 31–42.
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International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)., 2005. Geotechnical manual. ISSMGE Publications.
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İyisan, R., 1996. Zeminlerde kayma dalgası hızı ile penetrasyon deney sonuçları arasındaki bağıntılar. Teknik Dergi, 7(32), 1–12.
-
Liao, S. S. C., & Whitman, R. V., 1986. Overburden correction factors for SPT in sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(3), 373–377.
-
Ketin, İ., & Roesli, F., 1953. Makroseismische Untersuchungen über das nordwestanatolische Beben vom 18 März 1953. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 46, 187–208.
-
McGregor, J., & Duncan, J. M., 1998. Performance and use of the standard penetration test in geotechnical engineering practice. Report of CGPR. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
-
McKenzie, D.P., 1972. Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 30, p. 109–185. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1972. tb02351.x.
-
NEHRP., 2003. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 450). Federal Emergency Management Agency.
-
Okay, A. İ., & Möstler, H., 1994. Karakaya Kompleksi'nde Karbonifer ve Permiyen yaşlı radyolarit blokları. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 3(1), 23–28.
-
Okay, A.İ., Siyako, M., Bürkan, K.A., 1990. Biga Yarımadası’nın Jeolojisi ve Tektonik Evrimi. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Dergisi, 2 (1), 83-121.
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Okay, A. İ., & Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In B. Durand, L. Jolivet, E. Horváth & M.
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Seranne (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen (Vol. 156, pp. 475–515).
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Park, C. B., Miller, R. D., & Xia, J., 1999. Multichannel analysis of surface waves. Geophysics, 64(3), 800–808. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444590
-
Parsons, T., Barka, A. A., Toda, S., Stein, R. S., & Dieterich, J. H., 2000. Influence of the 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake on Seismic Hazards in Istanbul. In A. Barka, O. Kozacı, S. Akyüz & E. Altunel (Eds.), The 1999 Izmit and Düzce Earthquakes: Preliminary results (pp. 295–310). Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University Press.
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Pınar, N., (1953). Preliminary Note on the Earthquake of Yenice Gönen, Turkey, March 18, 1953: Bull, of the Seismo. Soc. of Am. v. 43, pp. 307-310.
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Reynolds, J. M., 1997. An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Sanglerat, G., 1972. The penetration and soil exploration. Development in geotechnical engineering, Elsevier Sci-entific Publishing, New York, 52-80.
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Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö. ve Kuşçu, İ., 1992. The East Anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Annales Tectonicae, Special Issue-Supplement to volume VI, 99-125.
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Şengör, A.M.C., 1979. The North Anatolian fault : its age, offset and tectonic significance. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 136, 269 - 282.
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Taymaz, T., Jackson, J., McKenzie, D. P., 1991. Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea. Geophysical Journal International, 106, 433–490.
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Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., & Mesri, G., 1996. Soil mechanics in engineering practice (3rd ed.). Wiley.
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EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY AND SPT-N RESULTS IN BANDIRMA AND ERDEK (BALIKESIR, TURKEY)
Year 2026,
Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 89 - 108, 20.03.2026
Hatice Kübra Erdönmez
,
Elçin Gök
,
Yusuf Erzin
Abstract
Shear wave velocity (Vs30) is a critical parameter for geophysical investigations, site classifications, and seismic microzonation studies. This study aims to establish empirical relationships between Vs30 obtained from the MASW (Multiple Analysis of Surface Waves) method and Standard Penetration Test blow counts (SPT-N). Correlations were developed separately for sandy, clayey, and all soil types, yielding moderate determination coefficients (R² = 0.596–0.675), indicating the reliability and applicability of the proposed correlations. The relationships between SPT-N and shear wave velocity allow for the reliable estimation of Vs30 in areas where direct measurements cannot be performed. This is particularly beneficial in urbanized regions, as such estimations support engineering and geotechnical applications and contribute to the understanding of soil behavior. The present study demonstrates the practical applicability of empirical correlations between Vs30 and SPT-N for geotechnical and seismic site characterization purposes.
References
-
AFAD., 2018. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği. T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı.
Alpar, B., & Yaltırak, C., 2000. Evolution of the middle strand of North Anatolian Fault and shallow seismic investigation of the southeastern Marmara Sea (Gemlik Bay). Marine Geology, 190(1–2), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00352
-
Akçay, A., Kadir, S., Güngör, Y., 2008. Kapıdağ Yarımadası ve çevresinin jeolojisi (MTA Rapor No: 15). Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
-
Armijo, R., Pondard, N., Meyer, B., Ucarkus, G., Mercier de Lépinay, B., Malavieille, J., Dominguez, S., Gustcher, M. A., Schmidt, S., Beck, C., Cagatay, N., Cakir, Z., Imren, C., Eris, K., Natalin, B., Ozalaybey, S., Tolun, L., Lefèvre, I., Seeber, L., Gasperini, L., Rangin, C., Emre, O., Sarikavak, K., (2005). Submarine Fault Scarps in the Sea of Marmara Pull-Apart (North Anatolian Fault): Implications for Seismic Hazard in Istanbul. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, Q06009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000896.
-
ASTM., 2011. ASTM D1586-11: Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils. ASTM International.
-
Ayhan, E., Alsan, E., Sancaklı, N., & Üçer, S. B., 1981. Turkey and surrounding earthquake catalogue 1881–1980. Boğaziçi University Publications, Istanbul.
-
Bard, P.-Y. and Bouchon, M., 1985, The two-dimensional resonance of sediment-filled valleys, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 75, 519-541.
-
Barka, A. A., 1992. The North Anatolian Fault Zone. Annales Tectonicae, 6 (Special Issue), 164–195.
-
Barka, A., Akyüz, H. S., Altunel, E., Sunal, G., & Çakır, Z., 2002. The surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake (Mw 7.4), North Anatolian Fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(1), 43–60.
-
Bingöl, E., Akyürek, B. ve Korkmazer, B., 1973. Biga Yarımadası’nın jeolojisi ve Karakaya Formasyonu’nun bazı özellikleri. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, MTA Yayınları, s. 70-77.
-
Bowles, J. E., 1996. Foundation analysis and design (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
-
Budhu, M., 2004. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (Metric ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-73138-2.
-
BSSC., 2003. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 450). Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences.
Canıtez, N., & Üçer, S. B. 1967. Computer determinations for the fault-plane solutions in and near Anatolia. Tectonophysics, 4(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(67)90032-7.
-
Cürebal, İ.,1999. Coastal Use and Planning between Gönen Stream (Tahirova) and Edincik (Balıkesir) (Unpublished Master's Thesis), Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
-
Dikmen, Ü., 2009. Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 6(1), 61–72.
-
Durbin, J. & Watson, G. S. (1950). Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression—I. Biometrika, 37(3-4), 409–428.
-
Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., & Aktuğ, B., 2013. Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası. Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, 1–9.
-
ESRI, (2011). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10, Environmental Systems Research Institute. Redlands, USA.
-
Eurocode 8., 2005. Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects (EN 1998-5). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
-
Herece, E., 1990. The Fault Trace of 1953 Yenice-Gönen Earthquake and the Westernmost Known Extension of the NAF System in the Biga Peninsula. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 111(111), 31–42.
-
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)., 2005. Geotechnical manual. ISSMGE Publications.
-
İyisan, R., 1996. Zeminlerde kayma dalgası hızı ile penetrasyon deney sonuçları arasındaki bağıntılar. Teknik Dergi, 7(32), 1–12.
-
Liao, S. S. C., & Whitman, R. V., 1986. Overburden correction factors for SPT in sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(3), 373–377.
-
Ketin, İ., & Roesli, F., 1953. Makroseismische Untersuchungen über das nordwestanatolische Beben vom 18 März 1953. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 46, 187–208.
-
McGregor, J., & Duncan, J. M., 1998. Performance and use of the standard penetration test in geotechnical engineering practice. Report of CGPR. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
-
McKenzie, D.P., 1972. Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 30, p. 109–185. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1972. tb02351.x.
-
NEHRP., 2003. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 450). Federal Emergency Management Agency.
-
Okay, A. İ., & Möstler, H., 1994. Karakaya Kompleksi'nde Karbonifer ve Permiyen yaşlı radyolarit blokları. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 3(1), 23–28.
-
Okay, A.İ., Siyako, M., Bürkan, K.A., 1990. Biga Yarımadası’nın Jeolojisi ve Tektonik Evrimi. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Dergisi, 2 (1), 83-121.
-
Okay, A. İ., & Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In B. Durand, L. Jolivet, E. Horváth & M.
-
Seranne (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen (Vol. 156, pp. 475–515).
London: Geological Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
-
Park, C. B., Miller, R. D., & Xia, J., 1999. Multichannel analysis of surface waves. Geophysics, 64(3), 800–808. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444590
-
Parsons, T., Barka, A. A., Toda, S., Stein, R. S., & Dieterich, J. H., 2000. Influence of the 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake on Seismic Hazards in Istanbul. In A. Barka, O. Kozacı, S. Akyüz & E. Altunel (Eds.), The 1999 Izmit and Düzce Earthquakes: Preliminary results (pp. 295–310). Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University Press.
-
Pınar, N., (1953). Preliminary Note on the Earthquake of Yenice Gönen, Turkey, March 18, 1953: Bull, of the Seismo. Soc. of Am. v. 43, pp. 307-310.
-
Reynolds, J. M., 1997. An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
-
Sanglerat, G., 1972. The penetration and soil exploration. Development in geotechnical engineering, Elsevier Sci-entific Publishing, New York, 52-80.
-
Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö. ve Kuşçu, İ., 1992. The East Anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Annales Tectonicae, Special Issue-Supplement to volume VI, 99-125.
-
Şengör, A.M.C., 1979. The North Anatolian fault : its age, offset and tectonic significance. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 136, 269 - 282.
-
Taymaz, T., Jackson, J., McKenzie, D. P., 1991. Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea. Geophysical Journal International, 106, 433–490.
-
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., & Mesri, G., 1996. Soil mechanics in engineering practice (3rd ed.). Wiley.
-
Tüysüz, O., & Yiğitbaş, E., 1994. The Karakaya Basin: A Palaeo-Tethyan marginal basin and its age of opening. Acta Geologica Hungarica, 37(3–4), 327–350.