ASSESSMENT OF THE STREAM NETWORK POLLUTION IN THE EĞIRDIR LAKE BASIN (TURKEY) USING WATER QUALITY INDEX AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Abstract

Eğirdir Lake which is one of the sources of the drinking water of Isparta (Turkey) is the second largest fresh water lake of Turkey. The most important surface waters in the study area are Pupa, Hoyran, Yalvaç and Çay Streams. Pollutants from point and nonpoint sources are transported into the lake via these four main streams. In this study, stream water quality, seasonal variations and its suitability for drinking usage were evaluated. Parameters which are controlled to chemical variations of stream water, were analyzed with R-mode factor and correlation analysis. According to R-mode factor analysis, EC, NO₃, NO₂, NH₃, BOD, COD in dry season and K, HCO₃, Cl, NH₃, NH₄, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, BOD, COD in wet season are the most important parameters. In addition, Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied to suitability for drinking purpose and evaluation of stream water quality. According to the WQI in dry season, 46.66% of stream water samples exhibited ‘‘good water’’, 20% exhibited ‘‘poor water’’, and 33.33% exhibited “very poor water”. In wet season 46.66% of stream water samples exhibited ‘‘excellent water’’, 13.33% exhibited ‘‘good water’’, 26.66% indicated ‘‘poor water’’ and 13.33% showed “very poor water”.

Keywords

• WQI (Water Quality Index),Stream water,Eğirdir Lake Basin,Hydrochemistry

EĞİRDİR GÖLÜ HAVZASI AKARSU AĞINDAKİ KİRLİLİĞİN SU KALİTE İNDEKSİ VE ÇOK DEĞİŞKENLİ ANALİZ YÖNTEMİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Eğirdir Gölü Türkiye'nin ikinci büyük tatlı su gölüdür ve Isparta'nın içme suyu ihtiyacının bir kısmı bu gölden sağlanmaktadır. Havza içerisinde akan en önemli yüzey suları Pupa, Hoyran, Yalvaç ve Çay dereleridir. Noktasal ve noktasal olmayan kaynaklardan gelen kirleticiler bu dört ana akış yoluyla göle taşınır. Bu çalışmada, dere sularının kalitesi, mevsimsel değişimleri ve içme kullanımına uygunluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Dere sularının kimyasal varyasyonlarına göre kontrol edilen parametreler R-mod faktörü ve korelasyon analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. R-mod faktörü analizine göre, kurak dönemde EC, NO₃, NO₂, NH₃, BOİ ve KOİ kurak dönemde; K, HCO₃, Cl, NH₃, NH₄, ortofosfat, toplam fosfor, BOİ ve KOİ ise yağışlı dönemde en önemli parametrelerdir. Ayrıca, akarsu su kalitesinin araştırılması ve içme amaçlı kullanıma uygunluğa için Su Kalitesi İndeksi (WQI) uygulanmıştır. Kurak dönem WQI indeksine göre, dere suyu örneklerinin 46.66%'sı "iyi su", 20%'si "zayıf su", 33.33%'ü "çok zayıf su" özelliği göstermektedir. Yağışlı dönemde örneklerin 46.66%'sı "mükemmel su", 13.33%'ü "iyi su", 26.66%'sı "zayıf su" ve 13.33%'ü "çok zayıf su" özelliği göstermektedir.

Keywords

• WQI (Su Kalite İndeksi),Eğirdir Gölü Havzası,Dere suyu,Hidrokimya

References

1. Al-Khashman, O.A, (2007) Assessment of the spring water quality in The Shoubak area, Jordan. Environmentalist 28:203–215
2. Adams, S., Titus R, Pietersen K, Tredoux G, Harris C (2001) Hydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa. J Hydrol 241:91–103
3. Aghazadeh, N., Mogaddam, A.A., (2010) Assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses in the Oshnavieharea, Northwest of Iran. Journal of Environmental Protection 1:30-40.
4. Alam, M., Rais, S., Aslam, M., (2012) Hydrochemical investigation and quality assessment of ground water in rural areas of Delhi, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 66(1): 97-110.
5. Alemdaroğlu, T., Onur, E., Akgün, H., (2000) Determination of major and trace elements in sediments of lake Eğirdir, Turkey. Int J Environ Stud 57(2):157–166
6. AOAC (1995) Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis, 16th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD March 1998 revision
7. AWWA (1995) Chemical oxygen demand, argentometric method. In standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington 4(49):5–12
8. Bahar, M.M., Yamamuro, M. (2008) Assessing the influence of watershed land use patterns on major ion chemistry of river waters in the Shimousa Upland Japan. Chem Ecol 24(5):341–355

9. Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., (2011) Surface and groundwater quality characterization of Deoria District, Ganga plain, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 63(2):383-395
10. Bhatt, J.P., Panditt, M.K., (2010) A macro-invertebrate based new biotic index to montor river water quality. Current Science. 99, 196- 203
11. Bostancı, D., Polat, N., Yılmaz, M., (2007) The evaluation of the similarity and difference on the ages of different bony structures of the Crucian carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782). J Fish Sci 1:124–129
12. Boyacioglu, H., (2007) Development of a water quality index based on a European classification scheme. Water SA. 33 (1), 101-106
13. Giridharan, L., Venugopal, T., Jayaprakash, M., (2008) Evaluation of the seasonal variation on the geochemical parameters and quality assessment of the groundwater in the proximity of River Cooum, Chennai, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment 143(1-3):161-178
14. Güneş, K., (2008) Point and nonpoint sources of nutrients to lakes-ecotechnological measures and mitigation methodologies-case study. Ecol Eng 3(4):116–126
15. Horton, R.K., (1965) An index number system for rating water quality. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 37 (3), 300–305.
16. Karami, B., Dhumal, K.N., Golabi, M., Jaafarzadeh, (2009) Optimization and Relationship Between Water Quality Index and Physical and Chemical Parameters of Water in Bamdezh Wetland, Iran. Journal of Applied Science 9:3900-3905
17. Kesici, E., Kesici, C., (2006) The effects of interverences in natural structure of Eğirdir Lake (Isparta) to ecological disposition of the lake. E.U. J Fish Aquat Sci 23:99–103
18. Koçyiğit, A., (1983) Tectonics of the Hoyran Lake (Isparta Angle) around. Bull Turkey Geol Corp 26:1–10
19. Liu, C.W., Lin, K.H., Kuo, Y.M., (2003) Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 313(1–3):77–89
20. Miller, W.W., Joung, H.M., Mahannah, C.N., Garrett, J.R., (1986) Identification of water quality differences in Nevada through index application. J. Environ. Quality 15:265–272
21. Möller, P., Rosenthal, E., Geyer, S., Guttman, J., Dulski, P., Rybakov, M., (2007) Hydrochemical processes in the lower Jordan valley and in the Dead Sea area. ChemGeol 239:27–49
22. Nagarajan, R., Rajmohan, N., Mahendran, U., Senthamilkumar, S., (2010) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Thanjavur City, Tamil Nadu, India, Environ Monit Assess 171:289–308
23. Naik, S., Purohit, K.M., (2001) Studies on water quality of river Brahmani in Sundargarh District, Orissa. Indian J Environ Ecoplan 5(2):397–402
24. Nunes, M.L., Ferreira Da Silva, E., De Almeida, S.F.P., (2003) Assessment of water quality in the Caima and Mau river basins (Portugal) using geochemical and biological indices. Water Air Soil Pollut 150(1–4):227–250
25. Parizi, H.S., Samani, N., (2013) Geochemical evolution and quality assessment of water resources in the Sarcheshmeh copper mine area (Iran) using multivariate statistical techniques. Environ Earth Sci 69:1699–1718
26. Piper, A.M., (1944) A graphic procedure in the chemical interpretation of water analysis. Am Geophys Union Trans 25:914–923
27. Ramesh, K., Elango, L. (2012) Groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic and agricultural use in Tondiar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment 184(6):3887-3899
28. Sahinci, A., (1991) Geochemistry of natural waters, Reform Publications, Section 2., p. 33, Izmir
29. Said, A., Stevens, D., Selke, G., (2004) An innovative index for evaluating water quality in streams. Environmental Management 34:406–414
30. Samatya, S., Kabay, N., Yüksel, Ü., Arda, M., Yüksel, M., (2006). Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution by nitrate selective ion exchange resins. Reactive and Functional Polymers 66(11):1206-1214
31. Schoeller, (1965) Hydrodynamique lans lekarst (ecoulemented emmagusinement). Actes Colloques Doubronik, I, AIHS et UNESCO, pp 3–20
32. Siddiqui, A., Naseem, S., Jalil, T., (2005) Groundwater quality assessment and around Kalu Khuhar, Super Highway, Sindh Pakistan. J Appl Sci 5(7):1260–1265
33. Şener, Ş., (2010) Hydrogeochemical investigation of Eğirdir Lake water and bottom sediments, PhD thesis. Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, 348 p (in Turkish)
34. Şener, Ş., Davraz, A., Karagüzel, R., (2013) Evaluating the anthropogenic and geologic impacts on water quality of the Eğirdir Lake, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences 70(6):2527-2544
35. Şener, Ş., Davraz, A., Karagüzel, R., (2014) Assessment of trace metal contents in water and bottom sediments from Eğirdir Lake, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences 71(6):2807-2819
36. Sidle, W.C., Roose, D.L., Shanklin, D.R., (2000) Isotopic evidence for naturally occurring sulfate pollution of ponds in The Kankakee River Basin, Illinois-Indiana. J Environ Qual 29(5):1594–1603
37. Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., Sinha, S., (2004) Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water qualityof Gomti River (India)—a case study, Water Research 38: 3980–3992
38. Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Sinha, S., (2005) Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. Analytica Chimica Acta 538(1):355-374
39. Srinivasamoorthy, K., Chidambaram, M., Prasanna, M.V., Vasanthavigar, M., John Peter, A., Anandhan, P. (2008) Identification of majör sources controlling groundwater chemistry from a hard rock Terrain—a case study from Mettur Taluk, Salem District, Tamilnadu India. J Earth Syst Sci 117(1):49–58
40. Srivastava, S.K., Ramanathan, A.L., (2008) Geochemical assessment of groundwater quality in vicinity of Bhalswa Landfill, Delhi, India. Using Graph Multivar Stat Methods Environ Geol 53:1509–1528
41. Subba Rao, N., (2002) Geochemistry of groundwater in parts of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geol 41:552–562
42. Subramani, T., Elango, L., Damodarasamy, S.R., (2005) Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Geol 47:1099–1110
43. Subramani T (2005) Hydrogeology and identification of geochemical processes in Chithar River Basin. Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. Thesis, Anna University, Chennai, India.
44. Tsegaye T, Sheppard D, Islam KR, Johnson A, Tadesse W, Atalay A, Marzen L (2006) Development of Chemical Index as a Measure of in Stream water Quality in Response to Land use and Land cover Changes. Water Air and Soil Poll 174:161–179
45. TSI 266 (2005) Standards for drinking waters, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara-Turkey
46. Varol, S., Davraz, A., (2015) Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: a case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences 73(4):1725-1744
47. Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Prasanna, M.V., (2013) Identification of groundwater contamination zones and its sources by using multivariate statistical approach in Thirumanimuthar subbasin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Earth Sci 68:1783–1795
48. Wayland, K., Long, D., Hyndman, D., Pijanowski, B., Woodhams, S., Haack, K., (2003) Identifying relationships between Baseflow geochemistry and land use with synoptic sampling and R-mode factor analysis. J Environ Qual 32:180–190
49. WHO (1989) Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Report of a WHO Scientific Group-Technical Report Series 778, WHO Geneva, pp 74
50. WHO (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality (2nd Ed., Vol. 1, p 188). Recommendations, Geneva: World Health Organization
51. WHO (2008) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
52. Wunderlin, D.A., Pilar, D.M.D., Valeria, A.M., Fabiana, P.S., Cecilia, H.A., De, B.M. (2001) Los Angeles, Water Res 35:2881
53. Yidana, S.M., Yidana, A., (2010) Assessing water quality using water quality index and multivariate analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences 59(7):1461-1473