KÜTAHYA KENT MERKEZİNDE HAVA KALİTESİNİN ZAMANSAL VE MEKANSAL DEĞİŞİMİ

Abstract

Şehirlerdeki insan nüfusunda hızlı sanayileşme ile ciddi bir artış yaşanmaya başlamış ve bunun sonucunda kentlerdeki hava kalitesinin insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi görülmeye başlanmıştır. Hava kirliliği özellikle çarpık kentleşmenin ve plansız sanayileşmenin sonucu olarak birçok şehirde tehlike sınırlarını aşmaya başlamıştır. Kentsel alanlarda hava kirliliği, küresel ölçekte halk sağlığı üzerinde doğrudan etkisi olan temel çevre sorunları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Kütahya ilinde belirlenen 5 farklı dış ortam noktasında partikül madde (0,3, 0,5, 1, 2, 5 ve 10 μm boyutlarında) ve karbondioksit miktarları ölçülmüş, veriler SPSS 22.0 paket programı yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçüm Kütahya ilindeki farklı özelliklere sahip bu bölgelerin hava kalitesi açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Hava kirliliğinin ana kaynağı olarak sanayii faaliyetleri, trafik ve insan aktiviteleri gelmektedir. Kirlilik düzeyinin yüksek seviyede olması insan sağlığını önemli ölçüde etkileyebilmektedir. Bundan dolayı kentsel planlamalarda bu durumun göz önüne alınarak gerekli tedbirlerin alınması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Kütahya şehir merkezinin kış dönemine ait CO2 kirliliği ve partikül madde yoğunluğunun zamansal ve mekansal değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kütahya’daki hava kirliliğinin artışında ısınma başta olmak üzere kullanılan yakıtlar, endüstri faaliyetleri, enerji sağlama ve ulaşım araçlarından kaynaklı olarak yüksek düzeyde kirlilik tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Hava kirliliği
• karbondioksit
• kütahya
• partikül madde
• Hava Kalitesi

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF AIR QUALITY IN KÜTAHYA CITY CENTER

Abstract

The human population and industrialization has increased that occur negative effect of the air quality on human health in the cities. Air pollution has started to exceed the limits of danger in many cities, especially due to unplanned urbanization and unplanned industrialization. The air pollution in urban areas is among the main environmental problems that show a adverse impact to public health in global sclae. In this study, the amounts of particulate matter (0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 μm) and carbon dioxide were measured at 5 different outdoor locations determined in the province of Kütahya and the data were evaluated with the help of SPSS 22.0 package program. In terms of air quality measurement in regions where were evaluated and compared with different characteristics in Kütahya province. Industrial activities, traffic and human activities are the primary sources of air pollution. The high level of air pollution can significantly affect human health. For this reason, it is necessary to consider some precaution in urban planning. Thus, it is aimed to determine the temporal and spatial changes of CO2 and particulate matter pollution in Kütahya city center during the winter. In the increase of air pollution originating, a high level of air pollution was detected due to the use of fuels used in other activities, industrial activities, energy supply and transportation, especially heating in Kütahya.

Keywords

• Air Pollution
• Carbon Dioxide
• Kütahya
• Particulate Matter
• Air Quality.

References

1. Abbas, K. A., Suliman, A. K., Hamad, A. T., & Saleh, K. N. (2019). Assessment of CO2 with Weather Factors and its Percentage for Indoor and Outdoor. Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science, 13(2), 23-31.
2. Adelasoye, K.A., Alamu, L.O., (2016). Accumulation of heavy metal pollutants in soil and vegetation and their effects on soil microbial population on roadsides in Ogbomosho, Nigeria. J. Environ. Sci. Water Res. 5 (1), 001–007.
3. Adin, H., Yaşar, F., Altun, Ş., & İşcan, B. (2017). Batman Şehir Merkezinde Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1/2), 48-55.
4. Atkinson, R. W., Fuller, G. W., Anderson, H. R., Harrison, R. M., & Armstrong, B. (2010). Urban ambient particle metrics and health: a time-series analysis. Epidemiology, 501-511.
5. Bayraktar OY (2012) The resistance of the alternative plaster mortars to the high temperature effect. Gazi University, Institute of Science and Technology, Master’s thesis, Ankara.
6. Bayraktar, O. Y., Saglam-Citoglu, G., & Abo Aisha, A. E. S. (2019a). The use of scrap tires in the construction sector. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 6(1), 253–256.
7. Bayraktar, O. Y., Saglam-Citoglu, G., & Abo Aisha, A. E. S. (2019b). Performance research of lime based mortars. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 6(1), 257–259.
8. Bell, M.L., Morgenstern, R.D., Harrington, W., (2011). Quantifying the human health benefits of air pollution policies: review of recent studies and new directions in accountability research. Environ. Sci. Pol. 14, 357–368.

9. Bergeron, O., & Strachan, I. B. (2011). CO2 sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city. Atmospheric Environment, 45(8), 1564-1573.
10. Brauer, M., Amann, M., Burnett, R. T., Cohen, A., Dentener, F., Ezzati, M., ... & Thurston, G. D. (2012). Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environmental science & technology, 46(2), 652-660.
11. Briber, B. M., Hutyra, L. R., Dunn, A. L., Raciti, S. M., & Munger, J. W. (2013). Variations in atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios across a Boston, MA urban to rural gradient. Land, 2(3), 304-327.
12. Cadelis, G., Tourres, R., & Molinie, J. (2014). Short-term effects of the particulate pollutants contained in Saharan dust on the visits of children to the emergency department due to asthmatic conditions in Guadeloupe (French Archipelago of the Caribbean). PloS one, 9(3), e91136.
13. Casati, R., Scheer, V., Vogt, R., & Benter, T. (2007). Measurement of nucleation and soot mode particle emission from a diesel passenger car in real world and laboratory in situ dilution. Atmospheric Environment, 41(10), 2125-2135.
14. Cetin, M., Şevik, H., Türkyilmaz, A., & Işinkaralar, K. Using Abies’s Needles as Biomonitors of Recent Heavy Metal Accumulation. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(1), 1-6.
15. Cheung, K., Daher, N., Kam, W., Shafer, M. M., Ning, Z., Schauer, J. J., & Sioutas, C. (2011). Spatial and temporal variation of chemical composition and mass closure of ambient coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5) in the Los Angeles area. Atmospheric environment, 45(16), 2651-2662.
16. Chmura, L., Rozanski, K., Necki, J. M., Zimnoch, M., Korus, A., & Pycia, M. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in southern Poland: Comparison of mountain and urban environments. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 17(6), 859.
17. Clark-Thorne, S. T., & Yapp, C. J. (2003). Stable carbon isotope constraints on mixing and mass balance of CO2 in an urban atmosphere: Dallas metropolitan area, Texas, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 18(1), 75-95.
18. Crump, D. (2011). Climate change–health impacts due to changes in the indoor environment; research need.
19. De Kok, T. M., Driece, H. A., Hogervorst, J. G., & Briedé, J. J. (2006). Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: a review of recent studies. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 613(2-3), 103-122.
20. Esworthy, R. (2013, January). Air quality: EPA's 2013 changes to the particulate matter (PM) standard. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service.
21. Fisk, W. J. (2017). The ventilation problem in schools: literature review. Indoor Air, 27(6), 1039-1051.
22. Garcia, M. O., Ovasapyan, T., Greas, M., & Treseder, K. K. (2008). Mycorrhizal dynamics under elevated CO 2 and nitrogen fertilization in a warm temperate forest. Plant and Soil, 303(1), 301-310.
23. Gratani, L., Varone, L., (2006). Carbon sequestration by Quercus ilex L. and Quercus pubescens Willd. and their contribution to decreasing air temperature in Rome. Urban Ecosyst. 9, 27–37.
24. Grimmond, C. S. B., King, T. S., Cropley, F. D., Nowak, D. J., & Souch, C. (2002). Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: methodological challenges and results from Chicago. Environmental Pollution, 116, S243-S254.
25. Grzędzicka, E. (2019). Is the existing urban greenery enough to cope with current concentrations of PM2. 5, PM10 and CO2. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(1), 219-233.
26. https://www.co2.earth (erişim tarihi: Ağustos 2021).
27. Isinkaralar K., Cetin M., İçen H.B., Sevik H. 2015. Indoor quality analysis of CO2 for student living areas. The international conference on science, Ecology and technology I (Iconsete’2015 – Vienna) Abstract Book pp:123, August 25-28, 2015, Vienna, Austria
28. Isinkaralar, K, Gullu, G. 2017. Investigation of Particulate Matter (Pm10) Concentration Depend on Time in Kastamonu Atmosphere. Ecology Symposium 2017. p.199. 11-13 May, Kayseri Turkey
29. Isinkaralar, K, Gullu, G. 2018. The Impact of Meteorological Parameters on Urban Air Quality (PM10 and SO2) in Kastamonu Province. Ecology Symposium 2018. p.371. 19-23 June, Kastamonu Turkey
30. Isinkaralar, K. (2020). Removal of Formaldehyde and BTEX in Indoor Air Using Activated Carbon Produced from Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) Shell. Ph.D. Thesis Hacettepe University Institute of Science Department of Environmental Engineering. Ankara, Turkey.
31. Jacobson, M. Z. (2010). Enhancement of local air pollution by urban CO2 domes. Environmental science & technology, 44(7), 2497-2502.
32. Jacobson, T. A., Kler, J. S., Hernke, M. T., Braun, R. K., Meyer, K. C., & Funk, W. E. (2019). Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature Sustainability, 2(8), 691-701.
33. Jo, J., Jo, B., Kim, J., Kim, S., & Han, W. (2020). Development of an iot-based indoor air quality monitoring platform. Journal of Sensors, 2020.
34. Kabir, E., Kim, K. H., Sohn, J. R., Kweon, B. Y., & Shin, J. H. (2012). Indoor air quality assessment in child care and medical facilities in Korea. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184(10), 6395-6409.
35. Keeling, C. D., & Whorf, T. P. (2005). Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from Mauna Loa. Carbon Dioxide Research Group, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California La Jolla, California, 92093-0444.
36. Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Kabir, S. (2015). A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment international, 74, 136-143.
37. Kim, M. K., & Choi, J. H. (2019). Can increased outdoor CO2 concentrations impact on the ventilation and energy in buildings? A case study in Shanghai, China. Atmospheric environment, 210, 220-230.
38. Kimbrough, S., Baldauf, R.W., Hagler, G.S.W., Shores, R.C., Mitchell, W., Whitaker, D.A., Croghan, C.W., Vallero, D.A. (2013). Long-term continuous measurement of near-road air pollution in Las Vegas: seasonal variability in traffic emissions impact on local air quality. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 6, 295–305.
39. Kinney, P. L. (2018). Interactions of climate change, air pollution, and human health. Current environmental health reports, 5(1), 179-186.
40. Kumar, P., de Fatima Andrade, M., Ynoue, R.Y., Fornaro, A., de Freitas, E.D., Martins, J., Martins, L.D., Albuquerque, T., Zhang, Y., & Morawska, L. (2016). New directions: from biofuels to wood stoves: the modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of Sau Paulo. Atmos. Environ. 140, 364–369.
41. Lelieveld, J., & Pöschl, U. (2017). Chemists can help to solve the air-pollution health crisis.
42. Newman, S., Xu, X., Affek, H. P., Stolper, E., & Epstein, S. (2008). Changes in mixing ratio and isotopic composition of CO2 in urban air from the Los Angeles basin, California, between 1972 and 2003. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D23).
43. Menteşe, S. & Çotuker, O. (2021). Partikül madde, karbon monoksit ve karbondioksit seviyelerinin iç ve diş ortamlarda değişimi . Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi , 9 (3) , 723-734 . DOI: 10.21923/jesd.811053
44. Öztürk, S., & Işinkaralar, Ö. (2019a). Kastamonu kent merkezinde otopark sorunsali: eleştirel bir değerlendirme parking problematique in kastamonu city center: a critical evaluation. The Journal, 12(67). http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3738
45. Öztürk, S. & Işınkaralar, Ö. (2019b). Eğlence parklarinda ziyaretçi memnuniyet düzeyinin belirlenmesi: wonderland eurasia tema parki örneğİ . Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 3. Uluslararasi bati asya turizm araştirmalari kongresi özel sayisi , 31-52 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yyusbed/issue/51801/673519
46. Öztürk, S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D. & Çılgınoğlu, H. (2021a). Bir kültür turizmi destinasyonu olarak hasankeyf örneğinde ziyaretçi memnuniyeti . Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2) , 359-369 . DOI: 10.24011/barofd.901027
47. Öztürk, S. , Işınkaralar, Ö. & Yılmaz, D. (2021b). Restorasyon çalişmalari sonrasi yerel halkin algi ve tutumlari (Kayseri Kalesi Örneği) . Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi , 26 (45) , 183-194 . DOI: 10.17295/ataunidcd.933070
48. Palanivelraja, S., & Manirathinem, K. I. (2009). A comparative study on indoor air quality in a low cost and a green design house. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3(5), 120-130.
49. Savas, D. S., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2021). The potential of using Cedrus atlantica as a biomonitor in the concentrations of Cr and Mn. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8.
50. Schweizer, C., Edwards, R. D., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Gauderman, W. J., Ilacqua, V., Jantunen, M. J., ... & Künzli, N. (2007). Indoor time–microenvironment–activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 17(2), 170-181.
51. Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Khalid, S., Schreck, E., Xiong, T., & Niazi, N. K. (2017). Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake. Journal of hazardous materials, 325, 36-58.
52. Sikar, E., & La Scala, N. (2004). Methane and carbon dioxide seasonal cycles at urban Brazilian inland sites. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 47(2), 101-106.
53. Tepe, A. M. & Doğan, G. (2019). Türkiye’nin güney sahilinde yer alan dört şehrin hava kalitelerinin incelenmesi . Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi , 7 (3) , 585-595 . DOI: 10.21923/jesd.535124
54. Tomos, I., Dimakopoulou, K., Manali, E. D., Papiris, S. A., & Karakatsani, A. (2021). Long-term personal air pollution exposure and risk for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Environmental Health, 20(1), 1-13.
55. Tong, Z., Whitlow, T.H., MacRae, P.F., Landers, A.J., & Harada, Y. (2015). Quantifying the effect of vegetation on near-road air quality using brief campaigns. Environ. Pollut. 201, 141–149.
56. Türkyılmaz A, Şevik H, Işınkaralar K, 2018. Investigation of Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Black Pine Needles. Ecology Symposium 2017. p.196. 11-13 May, Kayseri Turkey
57. Türkyılmaz, A. & Işınkaralar, K. (2020). Sulu çözeltilerden aktif karbon üzerine adsorpsiyon ile antibiyotiklerin (tetrasiklin ve penisilin g) giderimi . Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi , 8 (3) , 943-951 . DOI: 10.21923/jesd.762953
58. Turkyilmaz, A., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2017). Investigation of heavy metal accumulation in the black pine needles. In Ecology Symposium 2017 (p. 196) 11–13 May, Kayseri, Turkey
59. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996) Review of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information (Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC), EPAy452y5-96-007, pp. 34–37
60. Varol T, Canturk U, Cetin M, Ozel HB, Sevik H (2021) Impacts of climate change scenarios on European ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management. Forest Ecology and Management 491 (2021) 119199. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119199.
61. Ward, H. C., Kotthaus, S., Grimmond, C. S. B., Bjorkegren, A., Wilkinson, M., Morrison, W. T. J., ... & Iamarino, M. (2015). Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: Observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England. Environmental Pollution, 198, 186-200.
62. World Health Organization. (2013). Health Effects of Particulate Matter: Policy implications for countries in eastern Europe, Caucasus and central Asia.
63. Yoon, C., Lee, K., & Park, D. (2011). Indoor air quality differences between urban and rural preschools in Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18(3), 333-345.
64. Zhu, T., Shang, J., & Zhao, D. (2011). The roles of heterogeneous chemical processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze. Science China Chemistry, 54(1), 145-153.