The Adsorption of Eriochrome Black T onto the Activated Carbon Produced from Pepper Stalks

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present the evaluation of the adsorption of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) on the activated carbon (trH-BS) produced from pepper stalk by activating with 50% phosphoric acid solution (H3PO4) and then by carbonizing at 650 oC for 30 min. in atmosphere of nitrogen (N2) was presented. The isotherm of trH-BS was Type IV, representing micro, meso and macroporous structures. The micropore volume and micropore surface area values of trH-BS were 0.39 cc/g and 1107.294 m2/g, respectively. Also, its meso and macropores had a volume of about 15-17 cc/g and an average surface area of 400 m2/g. The adsorption energy was 18.156 kJ/mol and the BET surface area was 756.257 m2/g. Depending on Langmuir parameters, monolayer capacity was determined as 55,56 mg/g. the enthalpy change was calculated as 30.78 kJ/mol. The structure of trH-BS was clarified structurally and morphologically and the formations like nano rod were seen at Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. By using trH-BS, the adsorption of EBT from the aqueous medium was investigated using 5 different parameters. As a result, it was found that the adsorbents obtained from pepper stalks are suitable for use in EBT adsorption with a ratio of about 50% under suitable conditions.

Keywords

• Pepper Stalk
• phosphoric acid
• activated carbon
• eriochrome black T
• adsorption

References

1. [1] Faust, S.D., Aly, O.M., "Chemistry of Water Treatment (1st ed.) ", CRC Press. (1998).
2. [2] Keith, K.H.C., Gordon, M., "Sorption of cadmium, copper, and zinc ions onto bone char using Crank diffusion model", Chemosphere 60 (2005) : 1141-1150.
3. [3] Moreno-Piraján, J-C., and Giraldo L., "Heavy metal ions adsorption from wastewater using activated carbon from orange peel", E-Journal of Chemistry 9(2) (2012) : 926-93.
4. [4] Dolas, H., Sahin, O., Demir, H., Saka, C., "A new method on producing of activated carbon: the effect of salt on the surface area and the pore size distribution of activated carbon prepared pistachio shell", Chemical Engineering Journal 166 (2010) : 191-1.
5. [5] Dolas, H., "The effect of boron compounds the pore formation and surface area of activated carbon obtained from pistachio shell", MAS Journal of Applied Sciences (MASJAPS) 7(3) (2022) : 657–669.
6. [6] Gupta, V.K., Kumar, R., Navak. A., Saleh, T.A., Barakat, M.A., "Adsorptive removal of dyes from aqueous solution onto carbon nanotubes: a review", Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 193-194 (2013) : 24-34.
7. [7] Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R., Nigam, P. "Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative", Bioresour. Technol. 77 (2001) : 247-255.
8. [8] Aly-Eldeen, M. A., El-Sayed, A. A.M., Salem, D. M.S.A., El Zokm, G. M., "The uptake of Eriochrome Black T dye from aqueous solutions utilizing waste activated sludge: Adsorption process optimization using factorial design", Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 44 (2018) : 179-186.

9. [9] Ishani, K, Ajay Kumar, S., Bharti, Jitender, M., Khurana, P., Kumar R, "Batch and dynamic adsorption of EriochromeBlack T from water on magnetic graphene oxide: Experimental and theoretical studies", Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6 (2018) : 468-477.
10. [10] Sahin, O., Saka, C., Kutluay, S., "Cold plasma and microwave radiation applications on almond shell surface and its effects on the adsorption of Eriochrome Black T", J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19 (2013) : 1617-1623.
11. [11] Saleh, T.A., Muhammad, A.M., Ali, S.A., "Synthesis of hydrophobic cross-linked polyzwitterionic acid for simultaneous sorption of Eriochrome Black T and chromium ions from binary hazardous waters", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 468 (2016) : 324-333.
12. [12] Dong, K., Qiu, F., Guo, X., Xu, J., Yang, D., He, K., "Adsorption behavior of azo dye Eriochrome Black T from aqueous solution by β-cyclodextrins/polyurethane foam material", Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 52 (2013) : 452-460.
13. [13] Moeinpour, F., Alimoradi A., Kazemi, "Efficient removal of Eriochrome Black-T from aqueous solution using NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles", J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 12 (2014) : 112.
14. [14] Attallah, O.A., Al-Ghobashy, M.M.A., Nebsen, M., Salem, Y., "Removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution with magnetite/pectin and magnetite/silica/ pectin hybrid nanocomposites: kinetic, isotherm and mechanism analysis" RSC Adv. (2016) 11461-11480.
15. [15] Zandipak, R., Sobhanardakani, S., "Synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution", Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (2016) : 11348-11360.
16. [16] Parka, J-H., Chob, J-S., Okc, Y S., Kima, S-H., Heoa, J-S., Delauned, R D., and Seo, D C., "Comparison of single and competitive metal adsorption by pepper stem biochar", Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 62(5) (2016) : 617-632.
17. [17] Chang, K-L., Chen, C-C., Lin, J-H., Hsien, J-F., Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Shih, Y-H., Xing, Z-J., Chen, S-T., "Rice straw-derived activated carbons for the removal of carbofuran from an aqueous solution", New Carbon Materials 29(1) (2014) : 47-54.
18. [18] Hui D, Guoxue L, Hongbing Y, Jiping T, Jiangyun T, "Preparation of activated carbons from cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation", Chemical Engineering Journal 163(3) (2010) : 373-381.
19. [19] Chengwen S., Wu, S., Cheng, M., Tao, P., Shao, M., and Gao, G., "Adsorption studies of coconut shell carbons prepared by KOH activation for removal of Lead(II) from aqueous solutions", Sustainability, 6 (2014) : 86-98.
20. [20] Taghizadeh, A., Rad-Moghadam, K., "Green fabrication of Cu/pistachio shell nanocomposite using Pistacia Vera L. hull: An efficient catalyst for expedient reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes", Journal of Cleaner Production, 198 (2018) : 1105-1119.
21. [21] Mousavi, MS., Hashemi, SA., Babapoor, A., Savardashtaki, A., Esmaeili, Hi., Rahnema, Y., Mojoudi, F., Bahrani, S., Jahandideh, S. and Asadi, M., "Separation of Ni (II) from industrial wastewater by Kombucha Scoby as a colony consisted from bacteria and yeast: kinetic and equilibrium studies", Acta Chim. Slov. 66 (2019) : 865-873.
22. [22] Langmuir, I., "The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (1918) : 1361-1368.
23. [23] Hall, K. R., Eagleton, L.C., Acrivos, A., Vermeulen, T., "Pore- and solid-diffusion kinetics in fixed-bed adsorption under constant-pattern conditions", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 5 (1966) : 212-223.
24. [24] Freundlich, H., "About adsorption in solutions", Z. Phys. Chem. 57 (1) (1907) : 385-470.
25. [25] Dolas, H., "Activated carbon synthesis and methylene blue adsorption from pepper stem using microwave assisted impregnation method: Isotherm and kinetics", Journal of King Saud University – Science 35 (2023) : 102559.
26. [26] El Mansouri, F., Pelaz, G., Morán, A., Da Silva, J.C.G.E., Cacciola, F., El Farissi, H., Tayeq, H., Zerrouk, M.H., Brigui, J., "Efficient removal of eriochrome black t dye using activated carbon of waste hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) grown in northern Morocco enhanced by new mathematical models", Separations 9 (2022) : 283.
27. [27] Khalid A, Zubair M, Ihsanulla, "A comparative study on the adsorption of eriochrome black t dye from aqueous solution on graphene and acid-modified graphene", Arab J Sci Eng. 43 (2018) :2167-2179.