Unraveling the Nexus: Emotional Abuse, Emotional Competence, Self-concept, and Academic Achievement Among Adolescents.

Abstract

This research delves into the intricate relationship between emotional abuse, emotional competence, self-concept, and academic achievement among adolescents in Kashmir, with a specific focus on gender differences. Adolescence, marked by vulnerability, witnesses the profound impact of emotional abuse on cognitive, emotional, and psychological development. A comprehensive survey involving 300 high school students reveals significant gender disparities in emotional abuse experiences, emotional competence levels, self-concept, and academic achievement. Boys are shown to be more susceptible to emotional abuse, particularly in dimensions such as rejection, terrorizing, isolation, ignoring, and corruption. Conversely, girls exhibit higher emotional competence, self-concept, and academic achievement, emphasizing the role of societal and familial dynamics. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions recognizing gender-specific nuances, aiming to mitigate emotional abuse's adverse effects and foster a conducive environment for adolescents' emotional and academic well-being. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted challenges faced by adolescents in the context of emotional well-being and academic success.

Keywords

• Emotional Abuse
• Emotional Competence
• Self-concept
• Academic Achievement
• Gender

References

1. Alcaraz-Muñoz, V., Roque, J. I. A., & Lucas, J. L. Y. (2023). How do Girls and Boys Feel Emotions? Gender Differences in Physical Education in Primary School. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 100(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2023-0016
2. Babu, N., & Fatima, M. (2022). Adolescent Health and Well-Being: Issues, Challenges, and Current Status in India. In Handbook of Health and Well-Being (pp. 157–178). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8263-6_7
3. Bierman, K. L., Torres, M. M., & Schofield, H.-L. T. (2010). Developmental Factors Related to the Assessment of Social Skills. In Practitioner’s guide to empirically based measures of social skills (pp. 119–134). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0609-0_8
4. Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In Gender and Emotion (Vol. 2, Issue 11, pp. 24–47). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628191.003
5. Bronfenbrenner, U., & others. (1994). Ecological models of human development. International Encyclopedia of Education, 3(2), 37–43. https://www.ncj.nl/wp-content/uploads/media-import/docs/6a45c1a4-82ad-4f69-957e-1c76966678e2.pdf
6. Choe, S. Y., Lee, J. O., & Read, S. J. (2020). Self‐concept as a mechanism through which parental psychological control impairs empathy development from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Social Development, 29(3), 713–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12431
7. Clark, H., Coll-Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S., Balabanova, D., … Costello, A. (2020). A future for the world’s children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 395(10224), 605–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32540-1
8. Colaguori, C., Jarvis, J., Kusz, J., Jochelson, R., Ireland, D., Quirt, M., & Trask, B. (2023). Moral Regulation, Vice Crimes, and Social Control. Crime, Deviance, and Social Control in the 21st Century: A Justice and Rights Perspective, 153.

9. Crawford, E., & Wright, M. O. (2007). The Impact of Childhood Psychological Maltreatment on Interpersonal Schemas and Subsequent Experiences of Relationship Aggression. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7(2), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v07n02_06
10. Di Tella, M., Miti, F., Ardito, R. B., & Adenzato, M. (2020). Social cognition and sex: Are men and women really different? Personality and Individual Differences, 162, 110045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110045
11. Dinleyici, M., & Dağlı, F. Ş. (2016). Duygusal ihmal, istismar ve çocuk hekiminin rolü / emotional abuse, neglect and the role of pediatrician. Osmangazi Journal Of Medicine, 38(2), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.20235
12. Fernandes, G., Fernandes, M., Vaidya, N., De Souza, P., Plotnikova, E., Geddes, R., Holla, B., … Choudhry, V. (2021). Prevalence of child maltreatment in India and its association with gender, urbanisation and policy: a rapid review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open, 11(8), e044983. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044983
13. Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2002). Life satisfaction in teenage boys: The moderating role of father involvement and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 28(2), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.90014
14. Gardner, M. J., Thomas, H. J., & Erskine, H. E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
15. Gartland, L. A., Firth, J. A., Laskowski, K. L., Jeanson, R., & Ioannou, C. C. (2022). Sociability as a personality trait in animals: methods, causes and consequences. Biological Reviews, 97(2), 802–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12823
16. Geniole, S. N., Bird, B. M., McVittie, J. S., Purcell, R. B., Archer, J., & Carré, J. M. (2020). Is testosterone linked to human aggression? A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between baseline, dynamic, and manipulated testosterone on human aggression. Hormones and Behavior, 123, 104644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104644
17. Gesinde, A. M. (2011). The Impact of Seven Dimensions of Emotional Maltreatment on Self Concept of School Adolescents in Ota, Nigeria. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2680–2686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.001
18. Ghazvini, S. D., & Khajehpour, M. (2011). Gender differences in factors affecting academic performance of high school students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1040–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.236
19. Govender, D., & Bhana, D. (2023). “Be a man”: boys’ talk about gender in families. NORMA, 18(2), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2022.2164668
20. Gupta, S. (2023). Patriarchal Territoriality: Women’s Worlds in the Sacred City of Banaras. In The ‘Crossed-Out God’ in the Asia-Pacific (pp. 129–149). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3354-9_7
21. Harvey, S. B., Epstein, R. M., Glozier, N., Petrie, K., Strudwick, J., Gayed, A., Dean, K., & Henderson, M. (2021). Mental illness and suicide among physicians. The Lancet, 398(10303), 920–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01596-8
22. Homroy, S. (2023). GHG emissions and firm performance: The role of CEO gender socialization. Journal of Banking & Finance, 148, 106721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106721
23. Izuchi, M. N., & Onyekuru, B. U. (2017). Relationships among academic selfconcept, academic motivation and academic achievement among college students. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 5(2).
24. Kacker, L., Mohsin, N., Dixit, A., Varadan, S., & others. (2007). Study on child abuse: India, 2007. (No Title). https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/4978/pdf/4978.pdf
25. Kellij, S., Lodder, G. M. A., Giletta, M., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Güroğlu, B., & Veenstra, R. (2023). Are there negative cycles of peer victimization and rejection sensitivity? Testing ri-CLPMs in two longitudinal samples of young adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579423000123
26. Khan, A., McCormack, H. C., Bolger, E. A., McGreenery, C. E., Vitaliano, G., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2015). Childhood Maltreatment, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation: Critical Importance of Parental and Peer Emotional Abuse during Developmental Sensitive Periods in Males and Females. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00042
27. Kuay, H. S., Othman, A., & Tiffin, P. A. (2023). Adolescent Perpetrators of Violence and Aggression Towards Parents. In Violence in Families (pp. 105–129). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31549-7_5
28. Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Gu, M., & Cheung, A. (2019). A longitudinal study on the relationship among childhood emotional abuse, gratitude, and suicidal ideation of Chinese adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 94, 104031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104031
29. Lam, C. B., Solmeyer, A. R., & McHale, S. M. (2012). Sibling Relationships and Empathy Across the Transition to Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1657–1670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9781-8
30. Lau, S., Chan, D. W. K., & Lau, P. S. Y. (1999). Facets of Loneliness and Depression Among Chinese Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(6), 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598251
31. Luk, M. S. K., Hui, C., Tsang, S. K. M., Fung, Y. L., & Chan, C. H. Y. (2023). Physical and Psychosocial Impacts of Parental Incarceration on Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Differentiating Age of Exposure. Adolescent Research Review, 8(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00182-9
32. Madhlopa, Y., Qin, J., & Chen, C. (2020). The relationships between child maltreatment and child behavior problems. Comparative study of Malawi and China. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105533
33. Maheshwari, G., & Nayak, R. (2022). Women leadership in Vietnamese higher education institutions: An exploratory study on barriers and enablers for career enhancement. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(5), 758–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220945700
34. May, T., Younan, R., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Adolescent maladaptive schemas and childhood abuse and neglect: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(4), 1159–1171. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2712
35. Millwood, S. N., & Manczak, E. M. (2023). Patterns of adolescent perceived social support and inflammation in adulthood within major racial groups: Findings from a longitudinal, nationally representative sample. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 110, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.017
36. Mohsin, S. M. (1979). Manual for Mohsin self-concept inventory. Varanasi: Rupa Psychological Centre.
37. Moreno-Manso, J. M., García-Baamonde, M. E., Blázquez-Alonso, M., Pozueco-Romero, J. M., & Godoy-Merino, M. J. (2016). Social communication disorders and social cognitive strategies and attitudes in victims of child abuse. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0192-9
38. Nesheen, F., & Alam, S. (2015). Emotional abuse: Agony for adolescents. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(3), 6–11.
39. Paiva, J. S. F., & Kumar, M. S. (2009). Emotional Competence Assessment Scale. Retrieved from Madurai Psychologist. Blogspot. Com.
40. Parkins, R. (2012). Gender and emotional expressiveness: An analysis of prosodic features in emotional expression. Griffith University Nathan, QLD.
41. Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136319
42. Prizeman, K., Weinstein, N., & McCabe, C. (2023). Effects of mental health stigma on loneliness, social isolation, and relationships in young people with depression symptoms. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 527. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04991-7
43. Rahe, M., Schürmann, L., & Jansen, P. (2023). Self-concept explains gender differences in mental rotation performance after stereotype activation. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1168267. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168267
44. Romano, E., Babchishin, L., Marquis, R., & Fréchette, S. (2015). Childhood Maltreatment and Educational Outcomes. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(4), 418–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014537908
45. Runyan, D. K., Shankar, V., Hassan, F., Hunter, W. M., Jain, D., Paula, C. S., Bangdiwala, S. I., Ramiro, L. S., Muñoz, S. R., Vizcarra, B., & Bordin, I. A. (2010). International Variations in Harsh Child Discipline. Pediatrics, 126(3), e701–e711. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2374
46. Seth, R. (2015). Child Abuse and Neglect in India. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 82(8), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-014-1620-3
47. Shanine, K. K., Madison, K., Combs, J. G., & Eddleston, K. A. (2023). Parenting the Successor: It Starts at Home and Leaves an Enduring Impact on the Family Business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 47(4), 1093–1131. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221088772
48. Simmel, C., Merritt, D., Kim, H. M.-S., & Kim, S. (2016). An Exploratory Study of Neglect and Emotional Abuse in Adolescents: Classifications of Caregiver Risk Factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2372–2386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0414-9
49. Sloan, S., Winter, K., Connolly, P., & Gildea, A. (2020). The effectiveness of Nurture Groups in improving outcomes for young children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties in primary schools: An evaluation of Nurture Group provision in Northern Ireland. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104619
50. Strüber, D., Lück, M., & Roth, G. (2020). Sex, aggression and impulse control: an integrative account. Neuroscience and Crime, 93–121. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003059752-10/sex-aggression-impulse-control-integrative-account-daniel-strüber-monika-lück-gerhard-roth
51. Tapia, M. (1999). The Relationships of the Emotional Intelligence Inventory.
52. Theoklitou, D., Kabitsis, N., & Kabitsi, A. (2012). Physical and emotional abuse of primary school children by teachers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.007
53. Thepsourinthone, J., Dune, T., Liamputtong, P., & Arora, A. (2020). The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155475
54. Trigueros, R., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Cangas, A. J., Bermejo, R., Ferrandiz, C., & López-Liria, R. (2019). Influence of Emotional Intelligence, Motivation and Resilience on Academic Performance and the Adoption of Healthy Lifestyle Habits among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162810
55. Unicef, & others. (2020). Global status report on preventing violence against children 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14041/3498
56. Vahl, P., van Damme, L., Doreleijers, T., Vermeiren, R., & Colins, O. (2016). The unique relation of childhood emotional maltreatment with mental health problems among detained male and female adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 62, 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.10.008
57. Valentino, K., Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Rogosch, F. A. (2006). Mother-child play and emerging social behaviors among infants from maltreating families. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.474
58. Van Tu, P., Ngoc, T. U., Nguyen, P. L., Thuong, N. H., Van Tuan, N., Van Hung, N., Nga, V. T., … Chu, D.-T. (2020). The impact of sexual harassment on obesity in female adolescents: An update and perspective to control. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(6), 1931–1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.036
59. Wan, G., Pei, T., He, X., & Zhang, B. (2023). The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Family Structures: Evidence from Children in Rural China. Journal of Family Violence, 38(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00358-w
60. Ware, H. (2023). Female and male life-cycles. In Female and male in West Africa (pp. 6–31). Routledge.
61. Webb, H. J., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Donovan, C. L. (2014). The appearance culture between friends and adolescent appearance‐based rejection sensitivity. Journal of Adolescence, 37(4), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.008