Investigation of the Prediction Status of Love Styles and Gender on Attitudes towards Dating Violence

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 33 - 58, 30.12.2021

Meltem Yıldız , Jale Eldeleklioğlu

https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.984998

Abstract

Attitudes that support dating violence are also related to the severity and frequency of aggression in romantic relationships. It is therefore important to understand the variables that influence this attitude. The aim of this study was to reveal the mediation status of love styles in attitudes towards dating violence in gender in emerging adults aged 18-25. The study was conducted on 268 emerging adults (54% female, 46% male) aged 18-25 years (͞X͞=20.34). In the research, the “Dating Violence Attitude Scale” and “Love Attitudes Scale-Short Form” were used to measure attitudes towards dating violence and attitudes towards love, respectively. As a result of the mediation analysis, it was determined that the Ludus and Pragma love styles partially mediated the relationship between gender and attitudes towards general violence and physical violence in romantic relationships. The Ludus, Mania, and Pragma love styles were related to the relationship between gender and attitudes towards emotional violence in romantic relationships;. It was determined that the Eros, Pragma and Agape love styles partially mediated the relationship between gender and attitudes towards economic violence in romantic relationships. It was determined that only the Ludus love style mediated the relationship between gender and attitudes towards sexual violence in romantic relationships, while the Ludus, Mania and Pragma love styles partially mediated the relationship between gender and the mean attitudes towards violence in romantic relationships. Looking at the results of the mediation analysis, it was determined that the Ludus, Pragma, and Mania love styles partially mediated the relationship between gender and attitudes towards violence in romantic relationships. It can be said that men with the Ludus love style have a more accepting attitudes towards general, physical, emotional and sexual violence in romantic relationships compared to their female peers with this love style. It can be said that women with the Pragma love style have a more accepting attitudes towards general, physical, emotional and economic violence in romantic relationships compared to their female peers with this love style. It can be said that women with the Mania love style have a more accepting attitudes towards emotional violence in romantic relationships.

Keywords

Attitude Towards Dating Violence, Love Styles, Turkish Youth

References

• Abel, E.M. (2001). Comparing the social service utilization, exposure to violence, and trauma symptomology of domestic violence female “victims” and female “batterers”. Journal of Family Violence, 16(4), 401-420. DOI: 10.1023/A:1012276927091
• Açıkel, M. (2013) Relationship between love styles and personality traits of university students (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No: 339075).
• Altan-Sarıkaya, N., & Çömez -İkican, T. (2019). Level of intimate partner violence among nursing faculty students. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 22(2), 114-120. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunihem/issue/46381/427674
• American Psychological Association (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington: American Psychological Association. Available from: https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf
• Anderson, J.R., Chen, W.C., Johnson, M.D., Lyon, S.E., Lee, C-Y.S., Zheng, F., Ratcliffe, G.C., & Peterson, R. (2011). Attitudes toward dating violence among college students in mainland China: An exploratory study. Violence and Victims, 26(5), 631-647. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/16477639.pdf
• Archer, J. and Graham-Kevan, N. (2003). Do beliefs about aggression predict physical aggression to partners? Aggressive Behavior, 29(1), 41-54. DOI: 10.1002/ab.10029
• Arias, I., Samios, M., & O’Leary, D. (1987). Prevalence and correlates of physical aggression during courtship. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2(1). DOI: 10.1177/088626087002001005
• Arias, I., & Johnson, P. (1989). Evaluations of physical aggression among ıntimate dyads. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4(3), 298-307. DOI: 10.1177/088626089004003004
• Ayyıldız, A.B., & Taylan, H. H. (2018). Dating violence attitudes in university students: Case of Sakarya university. The Journal of Academic Social Sciences, 6 (86), 413-427. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330105063_UNIVERSITE_OGRENCILERINDE_FLORT_SIDDETI_TUTUMLARI
• Bailey, W.C., Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1987). Relation of sex and gender role to love, sexual attitudes, and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 16(11-12), 637–648. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00300378.pdf
• Bethke, T. M., & DeJoy, D. M. (1993). An experimental study of factors influencing the acceptability of dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(1), 36–51. DOI: 10.1177/088626093008001003
• Bookwala, J., Frieze, I. H., & Smith, C., & Ryan, K.(1992). Predictors of dating violence: A multivariate analysis’. Violence and Victims-7(4): 297-310. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21848144_Predictors_of_Dating_Violence_A_Multivariate_Analysis
• Bookwala, J., Frieze, I. H., & Grote, N. K. (1994). Love, aggression and satisfaction in dating relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 11(4), 625-632. DOI: 10.1177/0265407594114010
• Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1989). Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships. In M. A. Pirog-Good & J. E. Stets (Eds.), Violence in dating relationships: Emerging social issues (pp. 72–93). Praeger Publishers. Reprinted from Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(3), 272-285.
• Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100(2), 204-232. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.204
• Büyükşahin, A. (2006). Commitment in close relationship: The investigation of investment model in terms of attachment styles and some relational variable (Doctoral Thesis). Ankara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis No: 186996).
• Büyükşahin, A., & Hovardaoğlu, S. (2004). A study of couples’ love attitudes within Lee’s multidimensional love styles framework. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 19(54), 59-72. Retrieved from http://psikiyatridizini.net/articles.aspx?journalid=80&year=2004&volume=19&number=54
• Bryant, S. A., & Spencer, G. A. (2003). University students' attitudes about attributing blame in domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence , 18(6), 369–376. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1026205817132.pdf
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (3 ed.). New York: Routledge.
• Caldwell, J. E., Swan, S. C., & Woodbrown, V. D. (2012). Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes. Psychology of Violence, 2(1), 42–57. DOI: 10.1037/a0026296
• Cassepp-Borges, V. (2021). Should ı stay or should ı go? Relationship satisfaction, love, love styles and religion compatibility predicting the fate of relationships. Sexuality & Culture, 25(876), 871–883. DOI: 10.1007/s12119-020-09798-2
• Cassepp-Borges, V., & Ferrer, E. (2019). Are we missing the circumplexity? An examination of love styles. Journal of Relationships Research, 10(e21),1-10. DOI: 10.1017/jrr.2019.13.
• Cate, R. M.., Lloyd, S. A., & Long, E. (1988). The role of rewards and fairness in developing premarital relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50(2), 443-452. DOI: 10.2307/352009
• Craig, M. E. (1990). Coercive sexuality in dating relationships: A situational model. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(4), 395-423. DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90045-C
• Cornelius, T. L.., & Resseguie, N. (2007). Primary and secondary prevention programs for dating violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(3), 364-375. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2006.09.006
• Davies, M. F. (2001). Socially desirable responding and impression managamet in the endorsement of love styles. The Journal of Psychology, 135(5), 562-570. DOI:10.1080/00223980109603719
• Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (1973). Correlates of romantic love. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41(1), 51–56. DOI:10.1037/h0035571
• Doğan, S., Altun, M., & Kaçmaz, E. D. (2018). Examination of attitudes of nursing students on dating violence. The Journal of International Social Research, 11(56), 335-346. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/973f/67036e6c1af3e04910505d7e445c9f5be0f5.pdf
• Durmaz, H., & Ercan, H. (2019). Beliren yetişkinlikte aşk stillerinin demografik değişkenler, ana babaya bağlanma ve kişilik özellikleri açısından incelenmesi. Başkent University Journal of Education, 6(1), 98-110. Retrieved from https://earsiv.kmu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11492/4266/Durmaz%2c%20Hakan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Ellis, B. J., & Malamuth, N. M. (2000). Love and anger in romantic relationships: A discrete systems model. Journal of Personality, 68(3), 525-556. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.00105
• Ercan, H. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin aşk stillerinin demografik değişkenler ve ana babaya bağlanma ile ilişkisi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 25-37. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/399592
• Eren, E. (2019). Predicting forgiveness in romantic relationships according to love styles (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No. 583746).
• Erdem, A., & Şahin, R. (2017). Undergraduates’ attitudes toward dating violence: Its relationship with sexism and narcissism. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(6), 91-105. DOI: 10.5430/ijhe.v6n6p91
• Feiring, C., Deblinger, E. Espada, A-H., & Haworth, T. (2002). Romantic relationship aggression and attitudes in high school students: The role of gender, grade, and attachment and emotional styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(5), 373–385. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1015680625391.pdf
• Felson, R. B. (1997). Anger, aggression, and violence in love triangles. Violence and Victims, 12(4), 345-362. Retrieved from https://richardfelson.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/love-triangles.pdf
• Fiedler, K., Schott, M., & Meiser, T. (2011). What mediation analysis can (not) do. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1231-1236. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.007
• Fricker, J., & Moore, S. (2002). Relationship satisfaction: The role of love styles and attachment styles. Current Research in Social Psychology, 7(11), 182–204. Retrieved from https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/5bf7e7b2-8bcd-41fa-a80c-121c21488789/1/PDF%20(Published%20version).pdf
• Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., & White, K. B. (2004). First and second-generation measures of sexism, rape myths and related beliefs, and hostility toward women. Violence Against Women, 10(3), 236–261. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203256002
• Forbes,. G. B., Jobe, R. L., White, K. B., & Adams-Curtis, L. E. (2005). Perceptions of dating violence following a sexualor nonsexual betrayal of trust: Effects of gender, sexism, acceptance of rape myths, and vengeance motivation. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 52(3-4), 165–173. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-1292-6
• Forbes, G., Adams-Curtis, L., Pakalka, A., & White, K. (2006). Dating aggression, sexual coercion, and aggression-supporting attitudes among college men as a function of participation in aggressive high school sports. Violence Against Women, 12(5), 441-455. DOI: 10.1177/1077801206288126.
• Foshee, V. A., Linder, F., MacDougall, J. E., & Bangdiwala, S. (2001). Gender differences in the longitudinal predictors of adolescent dating violence. Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 128-141. DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0793
• Geiger, B., Fischer, M., & Eshet, Y. (2004). Date-rape-supporting and victim-blaming attitudes among high school students in a multiethnic society: Israel. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(4), 406-426. DOI: 10.1177/0886260503262080
• Gini, G. (2008). Associations among overt and relational victimization and adolescents’ satisfaction with friends: The moderating role of the need for affective relationships with friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(7), 812–820. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-007-9236-9
• Goodboy, A. K., Myers, S. A., & Members of Investigating Communication (2010). Relational quality indicators and love styles as predictors of negative relational maintenance behaviors in romantic relationships. Communication Reports, 23(2), 65-78. DOI:10.1080/08934215.2010.511397
• Hamby, S., & Jackson, A. (2010). Size does matter: the effects of gender on perceptions of dating violence. Sex Roles, 63(5-6), 324–331. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-010-9816-0
• Hanson, R. K., Cadsky, O., Harris, A., & Lalonde, C. (1997). Correlates of battering among 997 men: family history, adjustment, and attitudinal differences. Violence and Victims, 12(3), 191-208. DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.12.3.191
• Heaven, P. C. L., Da Silva, T., Carey, C., & Holen, J. (2004). Loving styles: Relationships with personality and attachment styles. European Journal of Personality, 18(2), 103–113. DOI: 10.1002/per.498
• Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. S., Foote, E. H., & Slapion-Foote, M. J. (1984). Do men and women love differently? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1(2), 177-195. DOI: 10.1177/0265407584012003
• Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-402. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392
• Hendrick, S., & Hendrick, C. (1987). Love and sexual attitudes, self-disclosure and sensation seeking. Joumal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(3), 281-297. DOI: 10.1177/026540758700400303
• Hendrick, S., & Hendrick, C. (1988). Lovers wear rose colored glasses. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 5(2). 161-183 DOI: 10.1177/026540758800500203
• Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. & Dicke, A. (1998). The love attitudes scale: Short form. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 15(2), 147-159. DOI: 10.1177/0265407598152001
• Henton, J., Cate, R., Koval, J., Lloyd, S., & Christopher, S. (1983). Romance and violence in dating relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 4(3), 467-482. DOI: 10.1177/019251383004003004
• İftar, M. (2016). Attitudes towards datingviolence and behavior of university students (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No: 460101).
• Karlsson, M. E., Temple, J. R., Weston, R., & Le, V. D. (2016). Witnessing interparental violence and acceptance of dating violence as predictors for teen dating violence victimization. Violence Against Women, 22(5), 625-646. DOI: 10.1177/1077801215605920
• Kaura, S. A., & Lohman, B. J. (2007). Dating violence victimization, relationship satisfaction, mental health problems, and acceptability of violence: A comparison of men and women. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 367-381. DOI: 10.1007/s10896-007-9092-0
• Küçük-Helvacı, F. (2012). Relationship between and problem solving and social interest with love attitudes in romantic relationships (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No: 308753).
• Langhrinrichsen-Rohling, J., Friend, J., & Powell, A. (2009). Adolescent suicide, gender, and culture: A rate and risk factor analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 402-–414. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.010
• Lauritsen, J. L., & Heimer, K. (2009). Gender and violent victimization, 1973-2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
• Lee, J. A. (1973). The colors of love: An exploration of the ways of loving. Toronto: New Pres.
• Levy, M. B., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Love styles and attachment styles compared: Their relations to each other and to various relationship characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relations, 5(4), 439- 471. DOI: 10.1177/0265407588054004
• Lewis, S. F., Travea, L., & Fremouw, W. J. (2002). Characteristics of female perpetrators and victims of dating violence. Violence and Victims, 17(5), 593–606. DOI: 10.1891/vivi.17.5.593.33711
• Libby, R. W., & Straus, M. A. (1980). Make love not war? Sex, sexual meanings, and violence in a sample of university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 9(2), 133–148. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01542265.pdf
• Lin, L. W., Huddleston-Casas, C.A. (2005). Agape love in couple relationships. Children, Youth and Family Studies 20(4), 29-48. DOI: 10.1300/J002v37n04_03
• Locke, L. M., & Richman, C. L. (1999). Attitudes toward domestic violence: Race and gender issues. Sex Roles, 40(3/4), 227-247. DOI: 10.1023/A:1018898921560
• Mercer, S. (1988). Not a pretty picture: An exploratory study of violence against women in high school dating relationships. Resources for Feminist Research, 17(2), 15–25. Retrieved from https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/titel/741024
• Mazur, A. G. (1996). Gender bias and the state: symbolic reform at work in fifth republic france. London: University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Nabors, E. L., Dietz, T. L., & Jasinski, J. L. (2006). Domestic violence beliefs and perceptions among college students. Violence & Victims, 21(6), 783799. DOI: 10.1891/vv-v21i6a007
• Neto, F. (1993). Love styles and self-representations. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(6), 795-803. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90092-H
• Neto, F. (2007). Love styles: A cross-cultural study of British, Indian, and Portuguese college students. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38(2), 239-254. DOI: 10.3138/JCFS.38.2.239
• Ohno, S. (1967). Sex Chromosomes and Sex-linked Genes. N.Y.: Springer-Verlag.
• Özdere, M., & Kürtül, N.(2018). The effect of dating violence training on the attitudes of university students towards dating vıolence. Social Science Development Journal, 3(9), 123-136. Retrieved from http://www.ssdjournal.org/Makaleler/1665436475_8_3-9.ID46.%20%c3%96zdere&K%c3%bcrt%c3%bcl_123-136.pdf
• Öztemel, O. (2017). Study on university students' personality and temperament features' effects upon their manners relating to love (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No.525882).
• Özgür, G., Yörükoğlu, G., & Baysan-Arabacı, L. B. (2011). High school student’s perception of violence, level of tendency to violence and effective factors. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2(2), 53-60. Retrieved from http://www.journalagent.com/phd/pdfs/PHD_2_2_53_60.pdf
• Pradubmook-Sherer, P. (2011). Youth attitudes toward dating violence in Thailand. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(2), 182-206. DOI: 10.1177/0306624X09360659.
• Price, E. L., Byers, E. S., & the Dating Violence Research Team. (1999). The Attitudes towards Dating Violence Scales: Development and initial validation. Journal of Family Violence, 14(4), 351-375. . Retrieved from http://www.ncdsv.org/images/JFV_Attitudes-towards-dating-violence-scales-development-and-initial-validation_1999.pdf
• Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A method for comparing completely standardized solutions in multiple groups. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 7(2), 292-308. DOI: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0702_9
• Regan, P. C. (2016). Loving unconditionally: Demographic correlates of the agapic love style. An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 10(1), 28-35. DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.199
• Rhatigan, D. L., Stewart, C., & Moore, T. M. (2011). Effects of gender and confrontation on attributions of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence. Sex Roles, 64(11–12), 875–887. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-9951-2
• Riggs, D., & O’Leary, K. (1996). Aggression between heterosexual dating partners: An examination of a causal model of courtship aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(4), 519-540. DOI: 10.1177/088626096011004005
• Rodríguez-Santero, J., Muñoz, A. G. C., & Galvez, A. M. P. (2017). Love attitudes styles amongst college students. Differences by sex-gender. Revista Internacional De Sociología, 75(3), e073. DOI: 10.3989/ris.2017.75.3.15.171
• Russell, B. L., & Oswald, D. L. (2002). Sexual coercion and victimization of college men: The role of love styles. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(3), 273-285. DOI: 10.1177/0886260502017003003
• Ryan, K. M. (1995). Do courtship-violent men have characteristics associated with a“battering personality”? Journal of Family Violence, 10(1), 99−120. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02110539.pdf
• Sarwer, D. B., Kalichman, S. C., Johnson, J. R., Early, J., & Ali, S. A. (1993). Sexual aggression and love styles: An exploratory study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22(3), 265-275. DOI: 10.1007/bf01541771
• Sezer, Ö. (2008). The adaptation of acceptance of couple violence scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability studies. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 9(16), 1- 15. Retrieved from https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/ciftler-arasi-siddeti-kabul-olcegi-toad.pdf
• Sezer, Ö., & Sumbas, E. (2018). Investigation of acceptance of pairs violence among university students in terms of different variables. The Journal of International Social Research, 11(56), 638-649. DOI: 10.17719/jisr.20185639036
• Sis, F. (2018, October). Üniversite öğrencilerinin flört şiddetine karşi tutumları. Paper presented at II. International Symposium of Educational Sciences and Social Science, Çanakkale, Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/37975895/II._ULUSLARARASI_E%C4%9E%C4%B0T%C4%B0M_B%C4%B0L%C4%B0MLER%C4%B0_VE_SOSYAL_B%C4%B0L%C4%B0MLER_SEMPOZYUMU_II._Uluslararas%C4%B1_E%C4%9Fitim_Bilimleri_ve_Sosyal_Bilimler_Sempozyumu
• Smith R., & Klases, A. (2016). Predictors of love attitudes: The contribution of cultural orientation, gender attachment style, relationship length and age in participants from the UK and HongKong An International Journalon Personal Relationships, 10(1), 90-108. DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.204
• Stewart, C., Moore, T., Crone, T., DeFreitas, S. C., & Rhatigan, D. (2012). Who gets blamed for intimate partner violence? The relative contributions of perpetrator sex category, victim confrontation, and observer attitudes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(18), 3739–3754. DOI: 10.1177/0886260512447571
• Stith, S. M., & Farley, S. C. (1993). A predictive model of male spousal violence. Journal of Family Violence, 8(2), 183–201. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00981767.pdf
• Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 10(1), 65-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001
• Straus, M. A. (1977). Sociological perspective on the prevention and treatment of wife-beating. In M. Roy (Ed.). Battered women: A psychological study of domestic violence. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
• Sünetci, B., Say, A., Gümüştepe, B., Enginkaya, B., Yıldızdoğan, Ç., & Yalçın, M. (2016). A research on university students’ perception of dating violence. Beyond the Horizon of Scientific Journal, 16(1), 56-83. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uobild/issue/42561/513072
• Terzioğlu, F., Gönenç, İ. M., Özdemir, F., Güvenç, G., Kök, G., Yılmaz-Sezer, N., & Demirtaş-Hiçyılmaz, B. (2016). The validity and reliability of the dating violence scale. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 19(4), 225-232. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/275548
• Torres, J., Schumm, J. A., Weatherill, R. P., Taft, C. T. , Cunningham, K. C., & Murphy, C. (2012). Attitudinal correlates of physical and psychological aggression perpetration and victimization in dating relationships. Partner Abuse, 3(1), 76-88. DOI: 10.1891/1946-6560.3.1.76
• Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (pp. 136–179). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. (4) (PDF) Parental Investment Theory. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345346708_Parental_Investment_Theory [accessed Nov 15 2021].
• Tüfekci, S. (2008). An assessment of love attitudes and characteristics of young adults in romantic relationships in terms of transactionaol analaysis ego states (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No: 226433).
• Uzun-Özer, B., & Tezer, E. (2008). Love attitude styles as the predictors of positive and negative affect. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(30), 19-29. Retrieved from http://turkpdrdergisi.com/index.php/pdr/article/view/241
• Walsh, A. (1993). Love styles, masculinity/femininity, physical attractiveness, and sexual behavior: A test of evolutionary theory. Ethology & Sociobiology, 14(1), 25–38. DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(93)90015-A
• Wan, W. W. N., Luk, C. L., & Lai, J. C. L. (2000). Personality correlates of loving styles among Chinese students in Hong Kong. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(1), 169–175. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00185-3
• Wang, L. (2016). Education, perception factors, and prevention of ıntimate partner violence: Empirical research on Chinese university students’ perceptions and attitudes concerning intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1611-1632. DOI: 10.1177/0886260516652263
• Wan Shahrazad, W. S., Hoesni, S. M., & Chong, S. T. (2012). Investigating the factor structure of the Love Attitudes Scale (LAS) with Malasian samples. Asian Social Science, 8(9), 66- 73. DOI: 10.5539/ass.v8n9p66
• Weisz, A. N., & Black, M. (2001). Evaluating a sexual assault and dating violence prevention program for urban youths. Social Work Research, 25(2), 89–100. DOI: 10.1093/swr/25.2.89
• White, J. K., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2004). Big five personality variables and relationship constructs. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1519-1530. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.019
• Whitaker, D. J., Murphy, C. M., Eckhardt, C. I., Hodges, A. E., & Cowart, M.(2013). Effectiveness of primary prevention efforts for ıntimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 4(2). 175–195. DOI: 10.1891/1946-6560.4.2.175
• Woll, S. B. (1989). Personality and relationship correlates of loving styles. Journal of Research in Personality, 23(4), 480–505. DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(89)90016-0
• Xie, M., Heimer, K., & Lauritsen, L. J. (2012). Violence against women in US metropolitan areas: Changes in women’s status and risk, 1980-2004. Criminology, 50(1), 105-143. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/335e/b8491aa4017e6c151a08a40eb2d015844deb.pdf
• Yakut, S. (2012). The relationship between religiosity and violence tendency in high-school students (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No: 321724).
• Yumuşak, A. (2013). The relationship among university students' attitudes towards dating violence, sexism and their narcissistic personality traits (Master Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No: 350200).
• Yumuşak, A., & Sürücü, Ş. (2012, May). An analyse of university students’ acceptance levels of dating violence. Paper presented at from International Counseling and Education Conference, İstanbul, Turkey. 3-5 May (Publishing No: 105760).
• Yücel, D. (2014). The effect of childhood abuse on attachment processes, psychopathological symptoms, psychological tendencies associated with intimate relationships and love attitudes in adulthood (Doctoral Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center (Thesis No: 377042).
• Yüzügülen, A. (2016). The role of gender, romantic jealousy and ıntimate partner violence on relationship satisfaction during young adulthood (Master Thesis). Retrieved from http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11129/3740/y%C3%BCz%C3%BCg%C3%BClenakile.pdf?sequence=1
• Zeng, X., Pan, Y., Zhou, P., Yu, S., & Liu, X. (2016). Exploring different patterns of love attitudes among chinese college students. PLoS ONE, 11(11), 1-12. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166410