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Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests?
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of menstrual cycle timing on cervicovaginal smear cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) results in premenopausal women.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1.096 premenopausal women under HR-HPV follow-up between March 2024 and March 2025. Patients were categorized into postmenstrual (n = 561) and premenstrual (n = 535) groups based on the timing of sample collection. Cytological classifications, HR-HPV genotypes, and colposcopy results were compared between groups. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.1 ± 6.3 years. There were no significant differences between premenstrual and postmenstrual groups regarding age, parity, smoking, intrauterine device use, or socioeconomic status. The rates of inadequate smears (8.6% vs. 6.6%), NILM (57.6% vs. 60.6%), ASC-US (19.8% vs. 21.1%), LSIL (9.7% vs. 8.7%), HSIL (2.4% vs. 1.6%), and HR-HPV positivity (13.8% vs. 15.2%) were statistically comparable (p > 0.05). No difference was observed in colposcopic outcomes between the two phases.
Conclusion: Menstrual cycle timing does not significantly influence cervicovaginal smear adequacy, cytological interpretation, or HR-HPV detection in premenopausal women. Cervical screening can be safely performed at any time outside active menstruation. Removing unnecessary timing restrictions may enhance screening compliance and accessibility.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
None
Ethical Statement
The study protocol was approved by the Ankara Bilkent City Hospital No. 1 Medical Research Scientific and Ethical Evaluation Board (TABED) (Decision No: 1-25-1841) and adhered to the ethical standards of the 1975 Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
References
- Sachan PL, Singh M, Patel ML, Sachan R. A study on cervical cancer screening using Pap smear test and clinical correlation. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. 2018;5(3):337–341. doi:10.4103/apjon.apjon_15_18. PMID: 29963597; PMCID: PMC5996593.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
October 1, 2026
Submission Date
February 20, 2026
Acceptance Date
September 9, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 23 Number: 3
APA
Şahin, M., Buran, A., & Yalçın, H. R. (2026). Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests? Jinekoloji-Obstetrik Ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 23(3), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.1893789
AMA
1.Şahin M, Buran A, Yalçın HR. Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests? Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2026;23(3):363-370. doi:10.38136/jgon.1893789
Chicago
Şahin, Mustafa, Ayşe Buran, and Hakan Raşit Yalçın. 2026. “Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests?”. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik Ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi 23 (3): 363-70. https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.1893789.
EndNote
Şahin M, Buran A, Yalçın HR (October 1, 2026) Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests? Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi 23 3 363–370.
IEEE
[1]M. Şahin, A. Buran, and H. R. Yalçın, “Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests?”, Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 363–370, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.38136/jgon.1893789.
ISNAD
Şahin, Mustafa - Buran, Ayşe - Yalçın, Hakan Raşit. “Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests?”. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi 23/3 (October 1, 2026): 363-370. https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.1893789.
JAMA
1.Şahin M, Buran A, Yalçın HR. Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests? Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2026;23:363–370.
MLA
Şahin, Mustafa, et al. “Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests?”. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik Ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 3, Oct. 2026, pp. 363-70, doi:10.38136/jgon.1893789.
Vancouver
1.Mustafa Şahin, Ayşe Buran, Hakan Raşit Yalçın. Which Days Of The Menstrual Cycle Are The Most Appropriate For Cervicovaginal Smear And High-Risk HPV Tests? Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2026 Oct. 1;23(3):363-70. doi:10.38136/jgon.1893789