Aluminium Levels In Parenterally Fed Premature Infants

Abstract

Premature infants having received parenteral nutrition are faced with the risk of aluminum toxicity. It is necessary to minimize aluminum contamination that might be caused by materials, tools, and containers used during mixing, distributing and applying processes and by products used while preparing parenteral nutrition solutions.

Keywords

• Preterm,parenteral nutrition,aluminum,toxicity

Parenteral Beslenen Prematüre Bebeklerde Alüminyum Düzeyleri

Abstract

Parenteral beslenme alan prematüre bebekler alüminyum toksisitesi riski ile karşı karşıyadır. Parenteral beslenme solüsyonları hazırlanırken kullanılan ürünlerden, karışım, dağıtım ve uygulama işlemleri sırasında kullanılan saklama kapları, cihazlar ve malzemelerden kaynaklanabilecek alüminyum kontaminasyonunu en aza indirgemek gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Prematüre bebek,parenteral beslenme,alüminyum,toksisite

References

1. Frederick A, Moore MD. Compared with parenteral reduces postoperative septic complications. Ann. Surg 1992; 190:172-82.
2. Vinnars E, Wilmore D. History of parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27: 225.
3. Dudrick SJ, Wilmore DW, Vars HM. Long-term total parenteral nutrition with growth in puppies and positive nitrogen balance in patients. Surg Forum 1967; 18:356-7.
4. te Braake FW, van den Akker CH, Riedijk MA, et al. Parenteral amino acid and energy administration to premature infants in early life. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 12:11-8.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 1986; 78:1150- 4.
6. Smith BS, Kothari H, Hayes BD, et al. Effect of additive selection On calculated aluminum content of parenteral nutrient solutions. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:730-9.
7. Lukiw WJ. Evidence supporting a biological role for aluminum in chromatin compaction and epigenetics. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104: 1010–1012.
8. Lima PD, Vasconcellos MC, Montenegro RC, Bahia MO, Costa ET, Antunes LM et al. Genotoxic effects of aluminum, iron and manganese in human cells and experimental systems: a review of the literature. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1435–1444.

9. Gura KM. Aluminum contamination in products used in parenteral nutrition: has anything changed? Nutrition 2010; 26: 585–594.
10. Arnold, C.J. Miller, G.G. Zello, G.A. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: The role of aluminum. Nutr. Rev. 2003; 61: 306–310.
11. Klein GL. Aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions and its impact on the pediatric patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2003; 18: 302–307.
12. Alfrey AC, Le Gendre GR, Kaehny WD. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. The New Eng J Med 1976; 294: 184-188.
13. Prior JC, Cameron EC, Knickerbocker WJ, et al. Dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacic bone disease. The Am J Med 1982; 72:33-42.
14. Yokel RA. Aluminium exposure produces learning and memory deficits. A model of Alzheimer’s disease. toxin- Induced Models Neurol Disord. In:Woodruff, Michael L.;Nonneman, Arthur J.Plenum. New York 1994: 301-318.
15. Sedman AB, Klein GL, Merritt RJ, et al. Evidence of aluminum loading in infants receiving intravenous therapy. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1337-43.
16. Klein GL, Targoff CM, Ament ME, et al. Bone disease associated with parenteral nutrition. Lancet 1980; 2:1041-1044.
17. Klein GL. Aluminum in paranteral solutions revisited again. Am J elin Nutr 1995; 61:449-56.
18. Driieke TB. Adynamic bone desease, anemia, resistance to erythropoietin and iron-aluminium interaction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 12- 16.
19. Food and Drug Administration. Aluminum in large and small volume parenterals used in total parenteral nutrition. Fed. Regist. 2000; 65: 4103–4111.
20. Food and Drug Administration. Aluminum in large and small volume parenterals used in total parenteral nutrition; amendment; delay of effective date. Fed. Regist 2002; 67: 70691–70692.
21. Advenier E, Landry C, Colomb V, Cognon C, Pradeau D, Florent M et al. Aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition and aluminum loading in children on longterm parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 36: 448–453.
22. Poole, R.L. Hintz, S.R. Mackenzie, N.I. Kerner, J.A. Aluminum exposure from pediatric parenteral nutrition: Meeting the new FDA regulation. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr 2008; 32: 242–246.
23. Poole, R.L. Schiff, L. Hintz, S.R. Wong, A. Mackenzie, N. Kerner, J.A. Jr. Aluminum content of parenteral nutrition in neonates: Measured versus calculated levels. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50: 208–211.
24. Poole RL, Pieroni KP, Gaskari S, Dixon T, Kerner JA. Aluminum exposure in neonatal patients using the least contaminated parenteral nutrition solution products. Nutrients 2012; 4:1566-74.
25. Koo WW, Kaplan LA, Bendon R, Succop P, Tsang RC, Horn J, Steichen JJ. Response to aluminum in parenteral nutrition during infancy. J Pediatr 1986; 109:877-83.
26. Bishop, N.J. Morley, R. Day, J.P. Lucas, A. Aluminum neurotoxicity in preterm infants receiving intravenous-feeding solutions. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1557.
27. Fewtrell, M.S. Bishop, N.J. Edmonds, C.J. Isaacs, E.B.; Lucas, A. Aluminum exposure from parenteral nutrition in preterm infants: Bone health at 15-year follow-up. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 1372–1379.
28. Driscoll M, Driscoll DF. Calculating aluminum content in total parenteral nutrition admixtures. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2005; 62:312-315.
29. Fausel CA, Newton DW, Driscoll DF, et al. Effect of fat emulsion and supersaturation on calcium phosphate solubility in parenteral nutrient admixtures. Int J Pharm Comp 1997; 1:54-59.
30. Bowman BJ, Ofner CM III, Schott H. Colloidal dispersions. In: Troy DB, ed. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:308.
31. Migaki EA, Melhart BJ, Dewar CJ, Huston RK. Calcium chloride and sodium phosphate in neonatal parenteral nutrition containing TrophAmine: precipitation studies and aluminum content. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36:470-5.
32. Bohrer D, do Nascimento PC, Binotto R, Pomblum SC. Influence of the glass packing on the contamination of pharmaceutical products by aluminium. Part I: salts, glucose, heparin and albumin. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2001; 15:95-101.
33. de Oliveira SR, Bohrer D, Garcia SC, do Nascimento PC, Noremberg S. Aluminum content in intravenous solutions for administration to neonates: role of product preparation and administration methods. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010; 34:322-8.