Sex Discrimination in Clinics: Do Female Undergraduate Gender Feel in Health Services Less Secure?

GÜLDEN Aynacı; ZUHAL Guksu

Research Article

Year 2019, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 225 - 232, 31.12.2019

Abstract

Aim: To determine the knowledge and self-confidence levels of undergraduate health science students in terms of patient safety.
Material and Methods: This study was performed with 583 health science students of Trakya University between December 2018 and June 2019. Two hundred forty-five were student nurses, 134 were nutrition and dietetics students, 141 were physical therapy and rehabilitation students, 14 (2.40%) were audiology students, and 49 (8.40%) were healthcare management students. They answered the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS). The H-PEPPS evaluated knowledge and experience on patient safety through 3 themes; confidence in learning certain patient safety areas, information about the broader aspects of patient safety, and comfort in speaking up about safety.
Results: The confidence of males in studying in teams, managing safety risks, and recognizing unexpected situations was higher than in females. Females were more confident in understanding the safety equipment in the working environment. Males also stated that they could report adverse events even if they were students. The students’ confidence to approach someone they saw engaging in unsafe care practice in clinical settings was low.
Conclusion: The females thought that through effective communication, they could improve patient safety. The females had a better understanding of the role of environmental factors. Females were better in emotions, skills, and memory. When the perception levels were evaluated, males scored higher. This study has shown that students are not comfortable in reporting adverse events. The quality of continuous undergraduate education should be increased in order to increase the ability of health science professionals to provide patient safety and to find solutions to risks.

Keywords

gender discrimination, perinatology clinics, patient care, heath science

References

1. Bath J, Dombrovskiy VY, Vogel TR. Impact of Patient Safety Indicators on readmission after abdominal aortic surgery. Journal of Vascular Health science. 2018;36(4):189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2018.08.002 2. Sun N, Lv DM, Man J, Wang Xy, Cheng Q, Fang Hl, et al. The correlation between quality of life and social support in female health sciences. Journal of clinical health science. 2017;26(7-8):1005-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13393. 3. Lukewich J, Edge DS, Tranmer J, Raymond J, Miron J, Ginsburg L, et al. Undergraduate baccalaureate health science students’ self-reported confidence in learning about patient safety in the classroom and clinical settings: An annual cross-sectional study (2010–2013). International Journal of Health science Studies. 2015;52(5):930-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.01.010 4. Wong BM, Etchells EE, Kuper A, Levinson W, Shojania KG. Teaching quality improvement and patient safety to trainees: a systematic review. Academic Medicine. 2010;85(9):1425-39. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181e2d0c6 5. Kane JM. Patient safety education: overreported and still lacking. Academic Medicine. 2010;85(9):1397-98. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181eb4c7f 6. Fagan A, Parker V, Jackson D. A concept analysis of undergraduate health science students speaking up for patient safety in the patient care environment. Journal of advanced health science. 2016;72(10):2346-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13028 7. Bressan V, Stevanin S, Bulfone G, Zanini A, Dante A, Palese A. Measuring patient safety knowledge and competences as perceived by health science students: An Italian validation study. Health science education in practice. 2016;16(1):209-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.08.006 8. Stevanin S, Bressan V, Bulfone G, Zanini A, Dante A, Palese A. Knowledge and competence with patient safety as perceived by health science students: The findings of a cross-sectional study. Health science education today. 2015;35(8):926-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.04.002 9. Ginsburg L, Castel E, Tregunno D, Norton PG. The H-PEPSS: an instrument to measure health professionals' perceptions of patient safety competence at entry into practice. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012;21(8):676-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000601 10. Jacob S, Thomas S. Effect of Educational Intervention on Knowledge Regarding Patient Safety among Undergraduate Health science Students of Navi Mumbai. International Journal of Health science Education and Research. 2018;6(1):61-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-2660.2018.00015.7 11. Montoya ID, Kimball OM. Gauging patient safety programs. Journal of allied health. 2013;42(3):182-86. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asahp/jah/2013/00000042/00000003/art00012#expand/collapse 12. Kim L, Lyder CH, McNeese‐Smith D, Leach LS, Needleman J. Defining attributes of patient safety through a concept analysis. Journal of advanced health science. 2015;71(11):2490-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12715 13. Duhn L, Karp S, Oni O, Edge D, Ginsburg L, VanDenKerkhof E. Perspectives on patient safety among undergraduate health science students. Journal of Health science Education. 2012;51(9):526-31. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20120706-04 14. VanDenKerkhof E, Sears N, Edge DS, Tregunno D, Ginsburg L. Patient safety in practical health sciences' education: A cross-sectional survey of newly registered practical health sciences in Canada. Health science education today. 2017;51:48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.01.003 15. Usher K, Woods C, Parmenter G, Hutchinson M, Mannix J, Power T, et al. Self-reported confidence in patient safety knowledge among Australian undergraduate health science students: A multi-site cross-sectional survey study. International journal of health science studies. 2017;71:89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.03.006 16. Berta W, Laporte A, Perreira T, Ginsburg L, Dass AR, Deber R, et al. Relationships between work outcomes, work attitudes and work environments of health support workers in Ontario long-term care and home and community care settings. Human resources for health. 2018;16(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0277-9 17. Doyle P, VanDenKerkhof EG, Edge DS, Ginsburg L, Goldstein DH. Self-reported patient safety competence among Canadian medical students and postgraduate trainees: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(2):135-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003142 18. Lukewich J, Edge DS, VanDenKerkhof E, Williamson T, Tranmer J. Association between registered health science staffing and management outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes within primary care: a cross-sectional linkage study. CMAJ open. 2016;4(2):E264. https://dx.doi.org/10.9778%2Fcmajo.20150113 19. Castel ES, Ginsburg LR, Zaheer S, Tamim H. Understanding health sciences’ and physicians’ fear of repercussions for reporting errors: clinician characteristics, organization demographics, or leadership factors? BMC health services research. 2015;15(1):326. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0987-9 20. Ginsburg LR, Tregunno D, Norton PG. Self-reported patient safety competence among new graduates in medicine, health science and pharmacy. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012:bmjqs-2012-001308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001308 21. Colet PC, Cruz JP, Cruz CP, Al-Otaibi J, Qubeilat H, Alquwez N. Patient safety competence of health science students in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported survey. International journal of health sciences. 2015;9(4):418. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26715921 22. Dekker SW, Breakey H. ‘Just culture:’improving safety by achieving substantive, procedural and restorative justice. Safety science. 2016;85:187-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.01.018 23. Dankoski ME, Bickel J, Gusic ME. Discussing the undiscussable with the powerful: why and how faculty must learn to counteract organizational silence. Academic Medicine. 2014;89(12):1610-13. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000428 24. Hutchinson M, Jackson D. Troubling fragments and small stories: an analysis of public commentary on health science through a web blog. Collegian. 2014;21(2):81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2013.12.002 25. Sahay A, Hutchinson M, East L. Exploring the influence of workplace supports and relationships on safe medication practice: A pilot study of Australian graduate health sciences. Health science education today. 2015;35(5):e21-e26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.01.012 26. Tella S, Smith NJ, Partanen P, Turunen H. Learning patient safety in academic settings: A comparative study of Finnish and British health science students’ perceptions. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Health science. 2015;12(3):154-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12088 27. Lee NJ, Jang H, Park SY. Patient safety education and baccalaureate health science students' patient safety competency: A cross‐sectional study. Health science & health sciences. 2016;18(2):163-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12237 28. Weatherford BH, Viveiros JA. senior Health science students’ Perspectives on safety competencies: An end-of-Program outcome evaluation. Health science Education Perspectives. 2015;36(3):182-84. DOI: 10.5480/13-1182 29. Tregunno D, Ginsburg L, Clarke B, Norton P. Integrating patient safety into health professionals’ curricula: a qualitative study of medical, health science and pharmacy faculty perspectives. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(3):257-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001900 30. Mansour M. Examining patient safety education in pre-registration health science curriculum: Qualitative study. Journal of Health science Education and Practice. 2013;3(12):157. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v3n12p157 31. Steven A, Magnusson C, Smith P, Pearson PH. Patient safety in health science education: contexts, tensions and feeling safe to learn. Health science education today. 2014;34(2):277-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.04.025

Sex Discrimination in Clinics: Do Female Undergraduate Gender Feel in Health Services Less Secure?

Year 2019, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 225 - 232, 31.12.2019

GÜLDEN Aynacı , ZUHAL Guksu

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı, Sağlık Bilimlerindeki lisans öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği açısından bilgi ve özgüven düzeylerini belirlemekti.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma Aralık 2018 ve Haziran 2019 tarihleri arasında Trakya Üniversitesi'nden 583 sağlık bilimi öğrencisiyle yapıldı. 245 hemşirelik öğrencisi, 134 hemşire beslenme ve diyetetik öğrencisi, 141 fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon öğrencisi, 14 odyoloji öğrencisi, 49 sağlık yönetimi öğrencisi idi. Sağlık Mesleki Eğitiminde Hasta Güvenliği ölçeğinden aldıkları puanlar değerlendirildi. Öğrencilerin, hasta güvenliği konusundaki bilgi ve deneyimi 3 tema üzerinden değerlendirildi. Kliniklerde hasta güvenliği alanlarını öğrenmede kendilerine duydukları güven, hasta güvenliğinin daha geniş yönleri hakkında bilgileri ve etkileyen parametreler incelendi.
Bulgular: Erkek üniversite öğrencilerin ekip çalışmasına, güvenlik risklerini yönetmeye ve beklenmedik durumları tanımadaki güven kızlara göre daha yüksekti. Kız öğrenciler, çalışma ortamındaki güvenlik ekipmanlarını anlama konusunda kendilerine güvenleri daha yüksekti. Erkekler, öğrenci olsalar da olumsuz olayları şikayet edebildiklerini belirttiler. Katılımcıların klinik ortamlarda güvensiz bakım uygulamasında yer aldığını gördüğü birine yaklaşma konusundaki güvenleri düşüktü.
Sonuç: Kız öğrenciler etkili iletişim yoluyla hasta güvenliğini artırabileceklerini düşünüyorlardı ve çevresel faktörlerin kliniklerde kendilerini etkilediğini belirtti. Kızlar duygular, beceriler ve bellekte daha iyiydi. Algılama düzeyleri değerlendirildiğinde erkekler daha yüksek puan aldı. Bu çalışma öğrencilerin olumsuz olayları bildirmekte rahat olmadıklarını göstermektedir. Sağlık bilimi profesyonellerinin hasta güvenliği sağlama ve risklere çözüm bulma yeteneklerini artırmak için lisans eğitimlerine hasta güvenliği bilinci kazandırıcak eğitimleri arttırmak gereklidir.

Keywords

cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, üniversite öğrencileri, perinatoloji, hasta bakımı

References

1. Bath J, Dombrovskiy VY, Vogel TR. Impact of Patient Safety Indicators on readmission after abdominal aortic surgery. Journal of Vascular Health science. 2018;36(4):189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2018.08.002 2. Sun N, Lv DM, Man J, Wang Xy, Cheng Q, Fang Hl, et al. The correlation between quality of life and social support in female health sciences. Journal of clinical health science. 2017;26(7-8):1005-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13393. 3. Lukewich J, Edge DS, Tranmer J, Raymond J, Miron J, Ginsburg L, et al. Undergraduate baccalaureate health science students’ self-reported confidence in learning about patient safety in the classroom and clinical settings: An annual cross-sectional study (2010–2013). International Journal of Health science Studies. 2015;52(5):930-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.01.010 4. Wong BM, Etchells EE, Kuper A, Levinson W, Shojania KG. Teaching quality improvement and patient safety to trainees: a systematic review. Academic Medicine. 2010;85(9):1425-39. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181e2d0c6 5. Kane JM. Patient safety education: overreported and still lacking. Academic Medicine. 2010;85(9):1397-98. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181eb4c7f 6. Fagan A, Parker V, Jackson D. A concept analysis of undergraduate health science students speaking up for patient safety in the patient care environment. Journal of advanced health science. 2016;72(10):2346-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13028 7. Bressan V, Stevanin S, Bulfone G, Zanini A, Dante A, Palese A. Measuring patient safety knowledge and competences as perceived by health science students: An Italian validation study. Health science education in practice. 2016;16(1):209-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.08.006 8. Stevanin S, Bressan V, Bulfone G, Zanini A, Dante A, Palese A. Knowledge and competence with patient safety as perceived by health science students: The findings of a cross-sectional study. Health science education today. 2015;35(8):926-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.04.002 9. Ginsburg L, Castel E, Tregunno D, Norton PG. The H-PEPSS: an instrument to measure health professionals' perceptions of patient safety competence at entry into practice. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012;21(8):676-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000601 10. Jacob S, Thomas S. Effect of Educational Intervention on Knowledge Regarding Patient Safety among Undergraduate Health science Students of Navi Mumbai. International Journal of Health science Education and Research. 2018;6(1):61-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-2660.2018.00015.7 11. Montoya ID, Kimball OM. Gauging patient safety programs. Journal of allied health. 2013;42(3):182-86. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asahp/jah/2013/00000042/00000003/art00012#expand/collapse 12. Kim L, Lyder CH, McNeese‐Smith D, Leach LS, Needleman J. Defining attributes of patient safety through a concept analysis. Journal of advanced health science. 2015;71(11):2490-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12715 13. Duhn L, Karp S, Oni O, Edge D, Ginsburg L, VanDenKerkhof E. Perspectives on patient safety among undergraduate health science students. Journal of Health science Education. 2012;51(9):526-31. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20120706-04 14. VanDenKerkhof E, Sears N, Edge DS, Tregunno D, Ginsburg L. Patient safety in practical health sciences' education: A cross-sectional survey of newly registered practical health sciences in Canada. Health science education today. 2017;51:48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.01.003 15. Usher K, Woods C, Parmenter G, Hutchinson M, Mannix J, Power T, et al. Self-reported confidence in patient safety knowledge among Australian undergraduate health science students: A multi-site cross-sectional survey study. International journal of health science studies. 2017;71:89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.03.006 16. Berta W, Laporte A, Perreira T, Ginsburg L, Dass AR, Deber R, et al. Relationships between work outcomes, work attitudes and work environments of health support workers in Ontario long-term care and home and community care settings. Human resources for health. 2018;16(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0277-9 17. Doyle P, VanDenKerkhof EG, Edge DS, Ginsburg L, Goldstein DH. Self-reported patient safety competence among Canadian medical students and postgraduate trainees: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(2):135-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003142 18. Lukewich J, Edge DS, VanDenKerkhof E, Williamson T, Tranmer J. Association between registered health science staffing and management outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes within primary care: a cross-sectional linkage study. CMAJ open. 2016;4(2):E264. https://dx.doi.org/10.9778%2Fcmajo.20150113 19. Castel ES, Ginsburg LR, Zaheer S, Tamim H. Understanding health sciences’ and physicians’ fear of repercussions for reporting errors: clinician characteristics, organization demographics, or leadership factors? BMC health services research. 2015;15(1):326. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0987-9 20. Ginsburg LR, Tregunno D, Norton PG. Self-reported patient safety competence among new graduates in medicine, health science and pharmacy. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012:bmjqs-2012-001308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001308 21. Colet PC, Cruz JP, Cruz CP, Al-Otaibi J, Qubeilat H, Alquwez N. Patient safety competence of health science students in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported survey. International journal of health sciences. 2015;9(4):418. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26715921 22. Dekker SW, Breakey H. ‘Just culture:’improving safety by achieving substantive, procedural and restorative justice. Safety science. 2016;85:187-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.01.018 23. Dankoski ME, Bickel J, Gusic ME. Discussing the undiscussable with the powerful: why and how faculty must learn to counteract organizational silence. Academic Medicine. 2014;89(12):1610-13. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000428 24. Hutchinson M, Jackson D. Troubling fragments and small stories: an analysis of public commentary on health science through a web blog. Collegian. 2014;21(2):81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2013.12.002 25. Sahay A, Hutchinson M, East L. Exploring the influence of workplace supports and relationships on safe medication practice: A pilot study of Australian graduate health sciences. Health science education today. 2015;35(5):e21-e26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.01.012 26. Tella S, Smith NJ, Partanen P, Turunen H. Learning patient safety in academic settings: A comparative study of Finnish and British health science students’ perceptions. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Health science. 2015;12(3):154-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12088 27. Lee NJ, Jang H, Park SY. Patient safety education and baccalaureate health science students' patient safety competency: A cross‐sectional study. Health science & health sciences. 2016;18(2):163-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12237 28. Weatherford BH, Viveiros JA. senior Health science students’ Perspectives on safety competencies: An end-of-Program outcome evaluation. Health science Education Perspectives. 2015;36(3):182-84. DOI: 10.5480/13-1182 29. Tregunno D, Ginsburg L, Clarke B, Norton P. Integrating patient safety into health professionals’ curricula: a qualitative study of medical, health science and pharmacy faculty perspectives. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(3):257-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001900 30. Mansour M. Examining patient safety education in pre-registration health science curriculum: Qualitative study. Journal of Health science Education and Practice. 2013;3(12):157. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v3n12p157 31. Steven A, Magnusson C, Smith P, Pearson PH. Patient safety in health science education: contexts, tensions and feeling safe to learn. Health science education today. 2014;34(2):277-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.04.025

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	GÜLDEN Aynacı 0000-0002-2112-8631 ZUHAL Guksu 0000-0003-0150-3227
Publication Date	December 31, 2019
Submission Date	December 27, 2019
Acceptance Date	January 6, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2019 Volume: 16 Issue: 4

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Vancouver	Aynacı G, Guksu Z. Sex Discrimination in Clinics: Do Female Undergraduate Gender Feel in Health Services Less Secure?. JGON. 2019;16(4):225-32.

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