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Assessment Of Anesthesia-Related Maternal Deaths In Turkey: A Population Based Study

Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 99 - 101, 01.07.2018

Abstract

Aim: Anesthesia-related complications, especially secondary to difficult or failed tracheal intubation can result in severe outcomes, including the death of the mother and the baby. Endotracheal intubation mostly required in emergency cesarean sections during which a detailed preoperative assessment is impossible due to the nature of emergency.Material And Methods: Case files of maternal deaths between years 2012-2014 were reviewed by the Preliminary Investigation Committee for Maternal Deaths retrospectively. The deaths related to anesthetic complications were evaluated. The age, parity, gestational age, body mass index BMI , risk factors, delivery route, delivery outcome, history of anesthesia, anesthesia provider, urgency of case, preoperative airway assessment and cause of death were recorded and any existing delay and preventability of maternal death were assessed.Results: There were 4 anesthesia-related maternal deaths between years 2012-2014. All of the deaths were associated with difficult or failed tracheal intubation. The mean age of the cases was 29.5±8.3 years. Only 1 woman was nulliparous, the other 3 were multiparous and had cesarean section in their previous deliveries. The gestational age was greater than 37 weeks in all of the cases and all of them resulted as live births. The risk factors were scoliosis in 2 women, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and congenital hip dislocation in 1 woman. The last case had no risk factor. Three of the cesarean sections were emergency procedures. One woman with scoliosis had Mallampati score of 4 which shows difficult intubation. While there was no delay in 3 women, phase 3 delay was found in one case. According to the results of delays, only 1 maternal death was identified as preventable.Conclusion: Difficulty in airway management occurs more in obstetric patients due to the anatomical and physiological changes of pregnancy. In order to reduce the anesthesia-related mortality secondary to difficult airway, preoperative airway assessment and prediction of difficult airway is important as this will highlight the need for specific equipment and experienced anesthetist. Regional anesthesia techniques should be the first choice of anesthesia in cesarean sections.

References

  • Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deat- hs during obstetric delivery in the United Satates, 1979-1990. Anesthe- siology 1997; 86: 277-84.
  • Ranasinghe JS, Birnbach D. Current status of obstetric anaesthesia: Improving satisfaction and safety. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009; 53: 608-616.
  • El Daba A, Amr YM, Marouf HM, Mostafa M. Retrospective study of maternal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Egypt. Anesthesia Essays and Researches 2010; 4: 29-32.
  • Hignett R, Fernando R, McGlennan A, McDonald S, Stewart A, Columb M, Adamou T, Dilworth P. A randomized cross-over study to determine the effect of a 30ᴼ head-up versus a supine position on the functional residual capacity of term parturients. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011; 113: 1098-1102.
  • Cooper GM, McClure JH. Anaesthesia chapter from Saving Mothers’ Li- ves; reviewing maternal deaths to make pregnancy safer. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008; 100: 17-22.
  • D’Angelo R. Anesthesia-related maternal mortality. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 1082-1084.
  • Petitti DB, Cefalo RC, Shapiro S, Whalley P. In-hospital maternal morta- lity in the United States; times trends and relation to method of delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 6-12.
  • Kinsella SM, Winton AL, Mushambi MC, Ramaswamy K, Swales H, Qu- inn AC, Popat M. Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general ana- esthesia: a literature review. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015; 24: 356-374.
  • Quinn AC, Milne D, Columb M, Gorton H, Knight M. Failed tracheal in- tubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013; 110: 74-80.
  • Bercker S, Schmidbauer W, Volk T, Bogusch G, Bubser HP, Hensel M, Kerner T. A comparison of seal in seven supraglottic airway devices using a cadaver model of elevated esophageal pressure. Anesthesia Analgesia 2008; 106: 445-448.
  • Rudra A, Mondal M, Acharya A, Nayak S, Mukherjee S. Anaesthesia-re- lated maternal mortality. Journal of Indian Medical Association 2006; 104: 312-316.
  • Halaseh BK, Sukkar ZFL, Hassan HAJ, Sia ATH, Bushnaq WA, Adarbeh H. The use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in caesarean section-ex- perience in 3000 caesarean. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38: 1023- 1028.
  • Chau-in W, Hintong T, Rodanant O, Lekprasert V, Punjasawadwong Y, Charuluxananan S, Tanudsintum S.Anesthesia-related complications of caesarean delivery in Thailand: 16,697 cases from the Thai Anaesthesia Incidents Study. J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93:1274-83.
  • Enright A, Grady K, Evans F. A New Approach to Teaching Obstetric Ana- esthesia in Low-Resource Areas. See comment in PubMed Commons belowJ Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37: 880-884.
  • McClure JH, Cooper GM, Clutton-Brock TH. Saving Mothers’ Lives: re- viewing maternal deaths to make motherhhod safer: 2006-8: a review. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011; 107: 127-132.
  • Chowdhury ME, Ronsmans C, Killewo J, Anwar I, Gausia K Das-Gupta S Equity in use of home-based or facility-based skilled obstetric care in rural Bangladesh: An observational study. Lancet 2006; 367: 327-332.

Türkiye’deki Anestezi Ilişkili Anne Ölümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Populasyon Temelli Çalışma

Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 99 - 101, 01.07.2018

Abstract

Amaç: Gebelerde özellikle zor veya başarısız endotrakeal entübasyona ikincil olarak gelişen anestezi ilişkili komplikasyonlar, anne ve bebeğin ölümü ile sonuçlanabilecek ciddi sonuçlar doğurur. Endotrakeal entübasyon en sık acil sezaryen operasyonlarında gerekir ve durumun aciliyeti nedeniyle genellikle bu hastalarda preoperatif hasta ve havayolu değerlendirilmesi yapılamaz.Gereç ve Yöntemler: 2012-2014 yılları arasında gerçekleşen anne ölümlerine ait dosyalar “Anne Ölümleri Ön İnceleme Komisyonu” tarafından retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Anestetik komplikasyonlara ait ölümler incelendi. Yaş, parite, gestasyonel yaş, beden kitle indeksi, risk faktörleri, doğum şekli, doğum sonucu, önceye ait anestezi hikayesi, anestezi uygulayıcısı, aciliyet durumu, preoperatif havayolu değerlendirilmesinin yapılıp yapılmadığı, ölüm nedeni kaydedildi ve gecikme olup olmadığı ve önlenebilirlik komisyon tarafından değerlendirildi.Bulgular: 2012-2014 yılları arasında anestezi ilişkili 4 anne ölümü tespit edildi. Tüm ölümler zor veya başarısız trakeal entübasyona bağlı gerçekleşmişti. Vakaların yaş ortalaması 29.5±8.3 yıldı. Bir hasta nullipar, diğer 3 hasta multipardı ve önceki doğumları sezaryen ile gerçekleşmişti. Tüm hastaların gebelik yaşı 37 haftadan büyük ve hepsi canlı doğum ile sonuçlanmıştı. Risk faktörü olarak 2 hastada skolyoz, 1 hastada kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı ve doğuştan kalça çıkığı olduğu belirlendi. Son hastada herhangi bir risk faktörü saptanmadı. Sezaryen operasyonlarının 3’ü acil olarak gerçekleştirilmişti. Skolyozu olan bir hastada zor entübasyonu gösteren Mallampati skoru 4 olarak saptanmıştı. 3 hastada gecikme modeli olmadığı, 1 hastada ise 3. gecikme modeli olduğuna karar verildi. Gecikme modellerine göre 4 anestezi ilişkili anne ölümünden birinin önlenebilir olduğu belirlendi.Sonuç: Gebeliğe bağlı anatomik ve fizyolojik değişiklikler nedeniyle obstetrik hasta grubunda zor havayolu ile daha sık karşılaşılmaktadır. Zor havayoluna sekonder gelişen anestezi ilişkili mortalitenin azaltılması için, hastalarda zor havayolu preoperatif havayolu değerlendirilmesi yapılarak belirlenmeli ve özel ekipman ve tecrübeli anestezist ihtiyacı saptanarak buna yönelik hazırlıklar yapılmalıdır. Ayrıca sezaryen operasyonları için rejyonal anestezi teknikleri ilk seçenek olarak tercih edilmelidir.

References

  • Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP. Anesthesia-related deat- hs during obstetric delivery in the United Satates, 1979-1990. Anesthe- siology 1997; 86: 277-84.
  • Ranasinghe JS, Birnbach D. Current status of obstetric anaesthesia: Improving satisfaction and safety. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009; 53: 608-616.
  • El Daba A, Amr YM, Marouf HM, Mostafa M. Retrospective study of maternal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Egypt. Anesthesia Essays and Researches 2010; 4: 29-32.
  • Hignett R, Fernando R, McGlennan A, McDonald S, Stewart A, Columb M, Adamou T, Dilworth P. A randomized cross-over study to determine the effect of a 30ᴼ head-up versus a supine position on the functional residual capacity of term parturients. Anesthesia Analgesia 2011; 113: 1098-1102.
  • Cooper GM, McClure JH. Anaesthesia chapter from Saving Mothers’ Li- ves; reviewing maternal deaths to make pregnancy safer. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008; 100: 17-22.
  • D’Angelo R. Anesthesia-related maternal mortality. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 1082-1084.
  • Petitti DB, Cefalo RC, Shapiro S, Whalley P. In-hospital maternal morta- lity in the United States; times trends and relation to method of delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 6-12.
  • Kinsella SM, Winton AL, Mushambi MC, Ramaswamy K, Swales H, Qu- inn AC, Popat M. Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general ana- esthesia: a literature review. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015; 24: 356-374.
  • Quinn AC, Milne D, Columb M, Gorton H, Knight M. Failed tracheal in- tubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013; 110: 74-80.
  • Bercker S, Schmidbauer W, Volk T, Bogusch G, Bubser HP, Hensel M, Kerner T. A comparison of seal in seven supraglottic airway devices using a cadaver model of elevated esophageal pressure. Anesthesia Analgesia 2008; 106: 445-448.
  • Rudra A, Mondal M, Acharya A, Nayak S, Mukherjee S. Anaesthesia-re- lated maternal mortality. Journal of Indian Medical Association 2006; 104: 312-316.
  • Halaseh BK, Sukkar ZFL, Hassan HAJ, Sia ATH, Bushnaq WA, Adarbeh H. The use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in caesarean section-ex- perience in 3000 caesarean. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38: 1023- 1028.
  • Chau-in W, Hintong T, Rodanant O, Lekprasert V, Punjasawadwong Y, Charuluxananan S, Tanudsintum S.Anesthesia-related complications of caesarean delivery in Thailand: 16,697 cases from the Thai Anaesthesia Incidents Study. J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93:1274-83.
  • Enright A, Grady K, Evans F. A New Approach to Teaching Obstetric Ana- esthesia in Low-Resource Areas. See comment in PubMed Commons belowJ Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37: 880-884.
  • McClure JH, Cooper GM, Clutton-Brock TH. Saving Mothers’ Lives: re- viewing maternal deaths to make motherhhod safer: 2006-8: a review. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011; 107: 127-132.
  • Chowdhury ME, Ronsmans C, Killewo J, Anwar I, Gausia K Das-Gupta S Equity in use of home-based or facility-based skilled obstetric care in rural Bangladesh: An observational study. Lancet 2006; 367: 327-332.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşe Özcan This is me

Hüseyin Levent Keskin This is me

Yaprak Engin-üstün This is me

Dilek Uygur This is me

Sema Sanisoğlu This is me

Selma Karaahmetoğlu This is me

Hülya Dede This is me

Bekir Keskinkılıç This is me

İrfan Şencan This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Özcan A, Keskin HL, Engin-üstün Y, Uygur D, Sanisoğlu S, Karaahmetoğlu S, Dede H, Keskinkılıç B, Şencan İ. Türkiye’deki Anestezi Ilişkili Anne Ölümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Populasyon Temelli Çalışma. JGON. 2018;15(3):99-101.